What kind of blood test you need to take to check. Get ahead of the disease: what tests need to be done every year? Video - Cancer Symptoms That Are Often Overlooked
One of the most important physiological indicators that determine the general state of human health are indicators associated with blood and its components. As a rule, these are the hemoglobin level, the number of leukocytes and erythrocytes in the blood, and other specific parameters. When a general analysis is submitted, the ESR clarifies the whole picture, which allows the doctor to formulate a more accurate diagnosis.
Such a study provides information about the cellular composition of the blood, the presence of negative changes in its various parameters. These changes can help diagnose various diseases. According to such a study, one can judge the presence of a focus of inflammation in the human body until the main symptoms of the disease appear. At the same time, the doctor will be able to block the inflammatory process in a timely manner by prescribing the necessary treatment.
When a patient contacts a medical institution with complaints, to begin with, in order to reveal a complete picture of his condition, specialists are obliged to prescribe a general blood test. This is done in the diagnosis of various diseases, as well as during pregnancy and for the prevention of various diseases. KLA can help identify diseases directly related to the circulatory system: anemia (a disease known in the common people as anemia) and various inflammatory processes. Modern medicine makes it possible to conduct blood tests in technologically equipped laboratories and on automatic hematological analyzers.
It is advisable to hand over such an analysis at least once a year to compare the current laboratory results with the past. In this case, the doctor will immediately see a picture of the changes taking place. In the presence of chronic diseases, it is necessary to take tests much more often. This is required not only for medicinal purposes, but also for prophylactic purposes.
What can a general blood test tell you?
Such a study is aimed at determining the ratio of certain blood components and the level of their content. This is what the general analysis shows. Experts determine the concentration of hemoglobin in blood cells and its color index. Hemoglobin in our body performs the most important function: it is he who transports oxygen to the internal organs and tissues of a person. In men and women, the hemoglobin content norms differ slightly. For men, the indicators should be in the range of 135-160 grams per liter. In women, this figure is slightly lower: at least 120 g / l, the highest threshold of the norm is 140 g / l.
A finger blood test reveals the number of red blood cells, leukocytes, platelets (blood components that perform important functions in the human body). Such a study shows the level of these components in accordance with the age norm.
In the study of blood, information is given about the hematocrit values and the erythrocyte indices are determined. They will be marked on the patient record with the following Latin abbreviations: MCV, MCH, MCHC.
Together with these indicators, the analysis also determines the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). This parameter is different for men and women. In the former, it ranges from 1 to 10 mm / h, in women - from 2 to 15 mm / h.
Mandatory memo to the dealer
Currently, a general blood test can be done in any specialized medical institution, and as soon as possible. Most clinics offer patients to familiarize themselves with the results of the study on the day of the test. The procedure itself is short-lived and takes place with minimal pain. What you need to know for a person who has been prescribed a referral for a blood test:
The question arises - where does the analysis come from? Ever since childhood, we remember how we took blood in two ways: from a finger and from a vein. It is the general blood test that medical specialists take, as a rule, from the ring finger. Modern medical technologies make it possible to do this almost painlessly. In different clinics, this is done with different tools:
- Frank's needle;
- smallpox lancet;
- a surgical scalpel;
- a scarifying needle and other suitable means.
In rare cases, specialists take blood for the KLA not from a finger, but, for example, from an earlobe or from a vein in the forearm.
It is necessary to take a blood test only in absolutely sterile conditions (this also applies to blood collection instruments, and the specialist's surgical gloves, and the laboratory in general where the analysis will be taken). The technician should wash their hands with soap and water before proceeding with this procedure. Before puncturing the patient's ring finger pad, wipe it with alcohol. The puncture site must be dry so that neither water nor alcohol gets into the blood that comes to the surface, and thus its composition does not change. After a puncture and taking an analysis, a piece of cotton wool moistened with alcohol is pressed against the skin. Thus, the laboratory can ensure that the procedure completely excludes the possibility of infections entering the patient's blood, which allows him to maximally protect him from subsequent blood poisoning.
The patient should donate blood for a general analysis in the morning (usually before noon) and on an empty stomach (you can take food eight hours before the test).
When preparing for the examination, the patient should also be more attentive to his usual diet. A few days before the test, you should remove heavy fatty and fried foods from your diet. You should not drink alcohol - this can negatively affect the KLA indicators. It is forbidden to smoke before donating blood from a finger (the last cigarette can be smoked one hour before the test).
The psychological and emotional state of a person can potentially affect the picture of a blood test. Therefore, doctors advise avoiding stress and factors of nervous and emotional excitement. Before donating blood from a finger, it is worth eliminating excessive physical stress (exercising in the gym, running, swimming and other activities that require great physical effort).
If the patient is taking any medications, you should not hide this fact before referring to a general blood test and consult with your doctor in advance about this. The specificity of some drugs is such that their intake may affect the indicators of blood and its components. In this case, the analysis will show a distorted picture of the patient's condition, which is unacceptable - the results of the study will be incorrect and can only harm.
You should wait with the delivery of tests if the person has recently undergone an X-ray, rectal examination or any other physiotherapy procedures.
Blood test in conjunction with the study of ESR
Currently, experts write out an appointment for a general analysis, which is traditionally carried out in conjunction with the definition of ESR. This abbreviation stands for erythrocyte sedimentation rate. This physiological indicator, which is examined during a general blood test, helps the treating specialists to reveal a more complete picture of the patient's health. Research on the indicator "erythrocyte sedimentation rate" is an important factor in identifying hematological, infectious and inflammatory diseases. In addition to diagnosing possible diseases, the ESR analysis can be useful to the attending physician in the sense that it helps to assess the level of effectiveness of the prescribed treatment and the severity of the patient's condition. However, do not forget that the ESR indicator can be similar in the course of completely different diseases, thus, it does not reflect the specifics of any particular disease. Also, in some medical charts, ESR can be marked with the abbreviation ROE (erythrocyte sedimentation reaction).
Currently, such a study is carried out free of charge before donating blood, during which specialists, in addition to the main characteristics, will determine the blood group and the Rh factor.
People are often interested in the question of whether a complete blood count will show the presence of alcohol. There is no doubt that the presence of ethanol in the body will be reflected as a result. That is why the day before donating blood, you should not take alcohol. After all, this will significantly change the picture of the real state of health. Due to the negative effect of alcohol on the blood, it may be thought that a person has diseases that are actually absent.
How does ethanol change analysis?
When alcohol is still in the blood,. Hemoglobin, erythrocytes, glucose, lactic acid, etc. are affected. Because of this, they may decide that a person is sick with certain ailments that he actually does not have. As a result, it will not be possible to prescribe the correct treatment, and drugs that are not needed may be prescribed. Therefore, if a general blood test is planned, you should not drink alcohol.
As already mentioned, hemoglobin changes, as well as the erythrocytes in which it is contained. These cells are responsible for carrying oxygen from the lungs to other organs. Under the influence of ethanol and its decay products, erythrocytes cannot move normally, and adhesion occurs. Their number is also decreasing. Hemoglobin itself goes down, and this is bad for analysis.
It is also worth considering that alcoholic beverages make the blood viscosity higher, which cannot normally penetrate the lumen of blood vessels and capillaries due to clots.
This condition is considered dangerous not only for health, but also for life. In addition, if there is alcohol in the blood, then doctors may think that a person is developing megaloblastic anemia. Its symptoms are low hemoglobin, as well as a small number of red blood cells.
The effect of the intoxicating drink does not end there. It can also affect glucose readings. This is quite dangerous if a person has diabetes. It is also worth noting that the lactic acid content rises. This symptom can be mistaken for dangerous pathologies, for example, hemorrhagic shock.
It also happens that ethanol affects uric acid, increasing it. Because of this, doctors may think that arthritis or gout is developing. In addition, the content of triacylglycerols in the blood increases. If there are more of them, then various diseases can be suspected. Among them, hepatitis, ischemic disease, hypothyroidism, renal failure, atherosclerosis.
As you can see, alcoholic beverages have a pretty strong effect on performance. Therefore, it is important not only that reveals the very fact of drinking drinks. The analysis itself will not be considered reliable, so it will have to be redone.
Alcohol content analysis
There are various reasons when you need to specifically undergo an analysis for the presence of alcohol in the blood. Most often, it is passed by drivers who have violated the traffic rules. Also, this will be required if it is important to know whether a person has consumed ethanol or not.
As a rule, research allows you to know for sure whether the driver was drinking or not. Moreover, it will be possible to determine the presence of alcohol in the body even when there are no external signs. Therefore, this study is considered effective, and in some cases necessary. In addition, it is more accurate than analyzing urine, saliva or exhaled air.
The result will also help determine how drunk the person is:
- Up to 0.3. Alcohol does not affect behavior in any way, there are no external signs.
- 0.3 to 1. Ethanol has little effect on humans. However, self-control is lost.
- From 1 to 2. Average degree of alcoholic intoxication. The person experiences weakness, dizziness, nausea. The nervous system is overexcited. It is rather difficult to control oneself, there can be disorientation.
- Up to 2.5. In this case, the person is very drunk, he can no longer be responsible for his actions. All symptoms characteristic of alcohol intoxication are present.
- Up to 3.5. This condition is considered dangerous, since there is a risk that. As a rule, urgent help is required, which is aimed at removing toxins from the body and maintaining the functioning of organs.
- 3.8 and more. An extremely dangerous condition, there is a high risk of death. Measures must be taken immediately to reduce the concentration of alcohol in the blood.
If there is even a slight intoxication, then you should not drive. After all, the reaction will be slowed down, so you can get into an accident. You should not risk your health, as well as the lives of other people.
It should be noted that the result may be distorted in some cases.
First of all, they can detect alcohol in the body if a person takes medications containing ethanol.
But in this case, the indicator will be small. It also happens that the study is distorted due to the fact that alcohol was used for disinfection. In this case, the result can be obtained, as if the person drank a little. If a person is sure that he did not use an intoxicant at all in the near future, then you should ask that the analysis be redone. By the way, the indicator of the procedure is influenced by various factors that need to be taken into account. First of all, it is important how much alcohol a person has consumed. It is quite obvious that if you drank a little, then there will be no intoxication.
It is also important how fast a person drank alcohol, because ethanol is gradually excreted from the body. Therefore, if you drink not in one gulp, but for several hours, then the stage of intoxication will be less. It is also important to consider how strong the drink was. Naturally, the higher the concentration of alcohol, the higher the stage of intoxication will be. Therefore, the indicator may be higher after a glass of vodka than because of two bottles of beer.
It should now be clear how alcohol affects the blood test. You should also remember that before submitting the material for research, you should not drink at least a day. Otherwise, the result will not be accurate.
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Problems with the liver may not make themselves felt for many years, since it does not have nerve endings. Pain and ailment usually appear in the final stages of the lesion. By this time, the organ grows, changes its initial shape and strongly presses on its shell. In order to avoid the consequences, as well as to diagnose diseases in the early stages, you need to check the liver in time and pass tests.
Most often, tests are prescribed already with a severe course of the disease. Therefore, doctors advise to periodically undergo a preventive liver check.
Symptoms for which they are prescribed:
- pain in the right side;
- an increase in the volume of the abdomen on the right;
- yellow whites of the eyes;
- yellowish spotted coating on the tongue;
- dry and itchy skin;
- bitter taste in the mouth.
Which doctor should I go to and where to get diagnosed?
When the first symptoms occur, patients usually contact their GP. A narrower specialist in this field is a hepatologist.
Only this doctor can:
- prescribe a more complete examination;
- adjust the course of therapy;
- make an accurate diagnosis based on the results obtained;
- know how to check the liver, what tests need to be passed.
You can get diagnosed in regular and private clinics. Recently, people have been taking tests in paid laboratories.
Laboratory diagnostics: indicators and decoding
Laboratory diagnostics helps to prevent the development of the disease in the initial stages. The doctor will tell you where to start, but the first thing in case of illness, patients take blood from a vein.
Biochemical screening
This method is the most informative for patients suffering from liver disease.
If a person already has obvious symptoms of the disease, you should carefully read the following tests:
- alkaline phosphatase;
- GGTP;
- bilirubin.
Screening indicators are deciphered in the table.
| Index | Norm for adults | Above normal (possible diseases) | Below normal |
| Bilirubin (total) | 3.4–20 μmol / l | Jaundice:
| — |
| Bilirubin (direct) | Up to 8.6 μmol / l |
| — |
| ALAT (Alanine aminotransferase) | Up to 41 U / l (husband), up to 31 U / l (women). |
|
|
| AsAT (Aspartate Aminotransferase) | Up to 37 U / l (husband), up to 31 U / l (women). |
|
|
| GGT (Gamma Glutamyl Transpeptidase) | Up to 49 U / ml (husband), up to 32 U / ml (women). |
| — |
| Alkaline phosphatase | 40-150 U / l |
|
|
General blood analysis
This analysis shows minor changes in the body, but during liver damage it does not carry the full picture.
Features of this analysis:
- an increase in leukocytes indicates inflammation;
- a decrease in the level of platelets - the presence of viral hepatitis;
- ESR indicates an inflammatory process;
- indicators above the norm are found in pregnant women or in case of infection.
Analyzes and rapid tests for markers of hepatitis
Hepatitis is caused by toxins, viruses or inflammation. The sooner doctors are able to diagnose the disease, the better the chances of recovery.
If you suspect hepatitis, you need to take the following tests:
- blood biochemistry;
- blood clotting test;
- a blood test for markers of liver inflammation;
- PCR analysis.
In order not to doubt your health, you can buy a regular test for hepatitis C, B or A at the pharmacy. It will very quickly show the presence of the disease in the blood. The device contains strips that change color when exposed to human biomaterial. The reliability of this technique reaches 99%.
Additional research
In addition to standard procedures for detecting liver diseases, there are other, more modern methods of study. Such an examination gives a broad picture of the disease and allows an accurate diagnosis.
Most often, doctors carry out:
- X-ray methods;
- computed tomography;
- radionuclide methods;
Liver ultrasound
This type of research helps to examine the work of the organ, it can find any changes in the functions of the liver and gallbladder. During the examination, the emphasis is on the size of the liver vessels and the permissible shift from the norm.
Since liver health is largely dependent on the condition of other organs in the digestive tract, patients are advised to perform a cumulative abdominal examination. This includes ultrasound of the liver and pancreas.
Biopsy
Patients undergo biopsy after ultrasound and computed tomography, as a clarifying diagnostic method. An indication for this procedure can be such serious diseases as cirrhosis and sarcoidosis.
Liver cancer is also a reason for taking organ tissue for research. Often, doctors refer patients with an enlarged liver, as well as jaundice, for biopsy. For referral, the patient must have the results of all examinations with him.
CT scan
During the procedure, the tomograph takes pictures in the form of layer-by-layer sections of tissues and organs of the area under study. In one session, the device can produce from 100 to 300 photographs, depending on the thickness of the sections. The doctor sets this thickness manually in the tomograph settings.
In the pictures you can:
- consider in detail the structure of the liver;
- see possible cysts and even cirrhosis.
In addition, a specialist examines in detail the state of the gallbladder, since he sees stones and a violation of the outflow of bile.
CT is a popular diagnostic method, leading among other procedures, since it reveals all pathologies at an early stage.
Beam scanning is able to detect the slightest deviations thanks to the use of a contrast agent. The study can be carried out before the operation to find out the anatomical features of the organ.
CT can detect:
- neoplasms in the liver parenchyma, as well as on the walls of the gallbladder;
- cysts;
- hemangiomas;
- places of inflammation;
- cirrhosis;
- blockage of the bile ducts;
- changes in the tissues of the organ.
Radionuclide liver scan
This method helps to find all kinds of diseases of the liver and spleen. Before the start of the procedure, radioactive indicators are injected through a vein, which are sent through the blood to the organs. Bright light in the picture reveals places where indicators have accumulated in a huge number, and dark - where there are much fewer of them. This diagnosis can be done by a radiological technician.
What examinations and analyzes will help in time to suspect an oncological disease - the experts of the Capital Medical Clinic told the doctor of the highest category, Candidate of Medical Sciences Fedor Shpachenko and biologist and psychologist Marina Spirande.
"Planned maintenance" for the body
Maya Milich, AiF.ru: Is it possible to somehow protect oneself from such a serious disease as cancer?
Our colleagues from leading foreign clinics note that a characteristic feature of Russian cancer patients is the extreme neglect of the disease, when the chances of cure are much less than they could have been.
We often scold medicine, and we turn to doctors only when we are sick, and self-treatment and advice from friends and relatives no longer help. Although motorists, for example, try to undergo preventive maintenance once a year, they check the car in order to identify minor problems in time before serious breakdowns appear.
Any oncologist will tell you that there is no cancer without precancer. Tumors, with the exception of skin cancer, are diseases of internal organs, are invisible to the eye and in the early stages may not bother a person. This means that, in order not to be treated later, it is necessary right now to begin to control those changes that in the future can lead to oncological diseases.
We are able to protect ourselves from many serious diseases, including cancer, by undergoing preventive medical examination once a year, which in our time is often called the beautiful foreign word "CHEK-AP". CHEK-UP programs differ in the composition of studies for men and women, and take into account age.
For example, after 40 years, when the risks of oncological diseases increase, the scheduled regular examination includes tests for specific tumor markers - substances, the amount of which increases in precancerous and cancerous diseases.
Gastro- and colonoscopy is mandatory, taking into account the increase in the incidence of stomach and intestinal cancer, as well as ultrasound of the internal organs. In women, a colposcopy is included in the examination of a gynecologist, which allows detecting precancerous changes in the cervix in the early stages, in men - urological monitoring of the state of the prostate gland. After all, cancer of all these organs is much more common than, for example, brain cancer.
If blood relatives had cancer, it is recommended to undergo a specialized oncogenetic analysis, which includes not only the listed studies, but also an analysis for oncogenes, which makes it possible to assess the genetic predisposition to a certain type of cancer.
Suspect cancer
- Can a complete blood count detect cancer? Or is it a test for tumor markers that needs to be done?
Unfortunately, a general blood test cannot directly indicate such a disease. It will show only the general condition of a person, the presence of inflammatory processes (it may be a cold, or it may be cancer), by the level of ESR and hemoglobin, it will indirectly indicate problems with the liver, kidneys or blood, by the composition of the blood it will suggest a number of diseases, including cancer. This is a very important analysis, but it is basic. If there is something wrong with it, the therapist can refer to a more detailed diagnosis to clarify the diagnosis.
Tumor markers with insignificant increases in the number may indicate not cancer, but inflammatory diseases. In addition, among the most informative and common tumor markers are alpha-fetoprotein, total PSA / free PSA, CEA, CA-15.3, CA-125, CA-19.9, CA-72.4, CYFRA-21.1, HCG and cytokeratin.
There is no specific tumor marker for brain cancer. There are only indirect indicators. Although there is still unconfirmed information that such a tumor marker was found by a group of Israeli scientists.
A neurologist can suspect brain cancer, whose studies include assessing the strength of the arms and legs, balance, reflexes, sensitivity and mental state. An ophthalmologist using an ophthalmoscope can detect inflammation of the optic nerve of the fundus, which may be associated with an increase in intracranial pressure as a result of the growth of a brain tumor.
- Does it make sense to undergo an MRI scan once a year in order to prevent brain cancer?
- Any instrumental examination should be correctly carried out in the direction of a doctor. The referral should be justified when simpler and, by the way, affordable laboratory tests and examinations of specialists have already shown a suspicion of the disease. The mass craze for MRI has already passed, as the mass craze for ultrasound has gone before.But even now, if you were sent for an MRI, it is worth remembering that it is important to undergo a study on the "correct" apparatus - the magnetic field voltage should be more than 1 Tesla (so that the picture of the organs is clear) and less than 3 Tesla (such a large power is needed only for high-precision research before surgery).
Remember, if there is no data yet on the dangers of the magnetic field of the tomograph, this does not mean that it is absolutely safe. The oncologist can refer the patient to another more informative study, which is selected in each specific case, for example, for PET CT - positron emission tomography.
Nowadays it is customary to criticize the professionalism of doctors. But no matter how strong your distrust of the doctor, it is worth remembering that the doctor definitely knows more about diseases than an ordinary person. No amount of research on your hands will give you peace of mind.
Only a specialist who can interpret all the studies, by weak signals and small deviations from the norm, being able to see the disease, can help in time.
Who should I contact?
If you have symptoms, which doctor should you go to? Usually people go to a therapist - is the general practitioner able to "see" the tumor? Or is it better to go directly to a neurologist?
The therapist conducts critical baseline research that provides thought-provoking information for other specialists. Firstly, he collects anamnesis - he conducts a universal medical survey, which gives a complete picture of the general condition of the patient, the nature of his complaints, the history of past diseases, family diseases.
A well-collected anamnesis is half of the correct diagnosis. Second, the therapist will order basic laboratory tests.
Any disease will declare itself, albeit indirectly, through these indicators. And if the totality of the data obtained indicates possible brain diseases, you will be redirected to a neurologist, but not with fears and apprehensions, but with objective results of the initial examination.
Annual medical examination is an integral part of monitoring your own health. This event implies the delivery of certain tests and the passage of diagnostic studies, which will make it possible to determine even asymptomatic diseases in the early stages.
If a disease is detected in a timely manner, it can be dealt with rather quickly and inexpensively, which cannot be said about neglected pathologies, when the patient comes to the doctor with serious symptoms.
Top required annual tests
To control your own health, experts advise taking the following tests every year:
- The material for research is taken from the finger. The analysis shows the presence or absence of blood diseases, anemia, inflammatory processes. Based on the data obtained, an experienced doctor can draw a conclusion about the state of the human immune system.
- ... This is the main study for assessing the state of the genitourinary system. The presence of leukocytes in the urine will indicate inflammation, while by the level of this indicator, a specialist can determine which organ was affected and suggest the development of cystitis, urethritis, pyelonephritis and other diseases. In addition, urinalysis may indicate the development of diabetes mellitus.
- Blood chemistry... For the study, blood is taken from a vein. Having studied the results of this analysis, a specialist can assess the work of many organs and systems of the body: kidneys, liver, bile ducts. Biochemistry well reflects the well-adjusted metabolic processes in the body - one of the main indicators of good health.
- Blood test for glycated hemoglobin needed to assess blood sugar levels and fluctuations over the past 4-6 weeks.
- Analysis for STIs: ureaplasmosis, trichomoniasis, mycoplasmosis and others.
- Thyroid hormone test. For research, blood is taken from a vein and the levels of free thyroxine and thyroid-stimulating hormone are determined. Such a diagnosis is especially important for residents of large cities, where there is a pronounced natural iodine deficiency.
In addition, the annual medical examination implies the passage of the following examinations and examinations by specialists:
- electrocardiogram is a highly informative method for studying the work of the heart;
- fluorography - in the early stages, it allows one to suspect diseases and tumors of the tissues covering the lungs;
- for women - examination by a gynecologist, for men - by a urologist;
- an annual examination by an ophthalmologist will prevent the development of glaucoma and cataracts;
- sanitation of the oral cavity at the dentist will allow you to keep your teeth healthy for as long as possible.
What else needs to be checked after 45 years
At this age, the risk of developing various diseases increases, therefore, doctors recommend undergoing an annual medical examination, which implies the delivery of additional tests and the passage of highly informative studies:
- An analysis for tumor markers is required annually: men are prescribed a test for a tumor marker of the prostate gland, rectum and large intestine, women - for a tumor marker of the mammary glands, ovaries, as well as the rectum and large intestine.
- Women must be tested for sex hormones and C-peptide.
- Colonoscopy - examination of the colon.
- Gastroscopy allows you to identify in the early stages of the pathology of the stomach, esophagus and duodenum.
- A blood test to determine the lipid profile and cholesterol levels in particular. The main goal of such a study is the timely detection of atherosclerotic changes in the vessels. It can help prevent the occurrence of vascular thrombosis, sudden stroke or heart attack.
Mandatory annual tests for women
The female body is designed in such a way that many serious gynecological diseases in the early stages are completely asymptomatic. For this reason, women are recommended not only to visit a gynecologist annually, but also to take a number of mandatory tests:
- Flora smear: a study showing the quantitative and qualitative composition of the microflora of the vagina, cervix and urethra. It is the main technique for detecting the presence of pathogenic agents in scraping the surface of these areas. It is the deviations in the smear on the flora that serve as the basis for the appointment of additional high-precision analyzes.
- Bacterial sowing determines the presence and type of the causative agent of a bacterial infection. In addition, the analysis shows to which antibacterial substance the pathogenic agent found in the analysis is sensitive.
- detects the presence of STIs: ureaplasmosis, genital herpes, chlamydia and others.
- Blood test for TORCH infection allows you to determine antibodies to rubella virus, cytomegalovirus, toxoplasmosis and herpes simplex virus.
The state of health in the future largely depends on what measures a person takes to preserve it today. Therefore, one should not ignore the recommendations of doctors, but, on one's own initiative, undergo a full range of diagnostic studies describing a full picture of the well-coordinated work of all organs and systems of the body.
The introduction of this contraceptive is carried out in the last days of the menstrual cycle or in the first after it. After an abortion or childbirth without complications, the procedure is carried out immediately after the operation or after 5-6 weeks. After a cesarean section, the spiral can be installed only after 10-12 weeks.
As a rule, the installation is carried out without anesthesia. Of course, each type of spiral has its own characteristics, introduction, but the basic principle is the same. The woman sits on the gynecological chair, the external genital organs are treated with an antiseptic, and then the cervix. After that, the neck is fixed on bullet forceps and it is straightened. A guidewire with a closed contraceptive is inserted into the cervical canal and moves into the uterine cavity at the required distance. Then, by the movement of the piston, the spiral is opened and located inside. Threads - antennae are placed in the vagina and cut to the desired length. The procedure is practically painless and takes about 5-7 minutes.
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