Nikolaev Engineering School. - A

Nikolaev Engineering School

In 1855, the officer department of the Main Engineering School was separated into an independent Nikolaev Engineering Academy, and the school, having received the name "Nikolaev Engineering School", began to train only junior officers of the engineering troops. The term of study at the school was set at three years. School graduates received the title of an engineering warrant officer with a secondary general and military education (since 1884, when the title of warrant officer for peacetime was abolished, the title of engineering lieutenant). Officers were admitted to the engineering academy after at least two years of officer experience, passing entrance exams, and after two years of study they received higher education. It should be noted that the same system was introduced for gunners. Infantry and cavalry officers were trained in two-year cadet schools, where they received a secondary education. An infantry or cavalry officer could receive a higher education only at the General Staff Academy, where the enrollment was less than at the engineering academy. So, in general, the level of education of artillerymen and sappers was head and shoulders above that in the army as a whole. However, the engineering troops at that time also included railway workers, signalmen, topographers, and later aviators and aeronauts. In addition, the Minister of Finance, whose department included the border service, negotiated the right of border guard officers to study at the Nikolaev Engineering Academy.

The teaching staff of both educational institutions was the same. Both at the academy and at the school lectures were read by: chemistry D.I. Mendeleev, fortification N.V. Boldyrev, ways of communication A.I. Quist, tactics, strategy, military history G.A. Leer.

In 1857, the journal Engineering Notes was renamed into Engineering Journal and became a joint publication. Joint scientific work continues. A.R. Shulyachenko conducts extensive research on the properties of explosives and compiles their classification. in the winter of dynamite, and switched to a chemically more resistant pyroxylin explosive. Under his leadership, the mine business is being revived. In 1894, he invents a non-removable anti-personnel mine. Academician B.S. Jacobi, General KA Schilder School teacher PN Yablochkov invents his famous arc electric lamp and arc spotlight.

During the Russo-Japanese War, the whole world became aware of the name of the hero of the defense of Port Arthur, a graduate of the engineering school, General Kondratenko R.I. I do not want to exaggerate his role in organizing and conducting the defense of the fortress, but after his death on December 15, 1904, the fortress held out for only a month at Fort No. 2.

Large losses in the officer corps during the Russo-Japanese War forced the tsarist government to take extraordinary measures. Most of the engineering officers, especially those with higher education, were transferred to the infantry, artillery, and cavalry. The Nikolaev Engineering School began to graduate infantry officers. The training of engineering specialists was practically curtailed. With the beginning of the creation of aviation in the Russian army, many engineering officers were retrained as pilots. By the beginning of the First World War, there were only 820 officers in the engineering troops. The result was not slow to affect the beginning of the war. After the first few weeks of the war, when the front line had not yet taken shape, the army in the field urgently requested an increase in the number of sapper units and units. There was no one to restore bridges, roads, or destroy them during the retreat. The absence of fortification specialists did not allow to properly organize the defense of the fortresses of Warsaw and Ivan-Gorod, and they fell after a short resistance. With the transition to positional warfare, engineering specialists became even more scarce. In convulsive attempts to belatedly correct the mistake made in peacetime, the command of the Russian army did not find a better solution than to send almost all the officers of the engineering academy to the front. As a result, the training of military engineers was generally disrupted. From the engineering school, all the cadets were urgently awarded officer ranks, and they were sent to the front. Following the same fate befell the non-commissioned officers and soldiers of the units providing the educational process of the school. In the ranks of warrant officers, they also went to the front. With great difficulty, the head of the school managed to retain part of the teaching staff. The school switched to a four-month short-term training of wartime ensigns.

By the autumn of 1917, there were about a hundred cadets in the school, who had just been recruited at the school. Partly they were wounded who had recovered, partly young people of military age. The weariness of three years of war, the corrupting revolutionary propaganda, the general dissatisfaction with the failure of the war, the unwillingness to go into the trenches led to the fact that when on October 24 (November 6), 1917, together with 400 cadets of the Mikhailovsky Artillery School, they were sent to defend the Winter Palace; they refused to fight, impassively watched the approach of the Red Guards to the palace and offered no resistance. So there was no storming of the Winter Palace, so well known from the films. Historical sources documented the death that day and night in the area of the palace of seven people. At night, having handed over their rifles to the Red Guards, most of the junkers went home, a smaller part returned to the school. After that, it was pointless to continue the educational process, and all the efforts of several officers of the school and junkers were reduced to preventing the looting of property, the fight against hunger and cold. The history of the Nikolaev Engineering School is over.

1st Petrograd Engineering Courses of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army.

With the advent of the Bolsheviks to power, they began to implement the thesis of Karl Marx about replacing the professional army with the general armament of the people. The first law of the new government was the "Decree on Peace". It is believed that the Bolsheviks came to power with the capture of the Winter Palace on November 7, 1917. However, in reality, the Provisional Government ruled the country for about three more weeks, although its power was dwindling every day.

The Russian Army, under the influence of the anarchy that had set in in the country and the activities of the Bolsheviks to destroy it, was rapidly disintegrating. However, by the beginning of February 1918, the Germans resumed their offensive. In addition, the armed resistance of opponents of Soviet power was rapidly growing. These circumstances prompted the new Russian government to move to the creation of a new army. On January 15, 1918, the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars issued a decree on the creation of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army.

Feeling distrust in the command staff of the old army, the new military leadership of the country set the task of recreating the system of training command personnel. The People's Commissariat for Military Affairs, by order No. 130 of February 14, 1918, organizes accelerated courses for the training of commanders in Moscow, Petrograd, and Tver. Oddly enough, but on the whole very far from military science, Lenin, Sverdlov, and the chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council, Trotsky, correctly assessed the role and importance of the engineer troops in the war. Already on March 1, the Krasnaya Zvezda newspaper publishes an announcement about the start of admission to the Soviet engineering Petrograd training courses for the command staff of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army.

Extraordinary measures were taken to restore the activity of the engineering school. It was ordered to all officers, non-commissioned officers, cadets of the school, including those who were at the front, to return to the school. In a number of cases, the families of officers who did not return were taken hostage and placed in prison with the threat of being shot.

By the measures taken, it was possible to complete the preparations for the start of the educational process by March 20, 1918. On the evening of that day, by order No. 16, it was announced that three departments were opening at the courses - preparatory, sapper-construction and electrical engineering. The preparatory department accepted the semi-literate and its task was to give the students a diploma in a volume sufficient to master the basics of engineering. The term of study at the preparatory department was first set for 3 months, later - 6 months. 6 months at the main branches.

The courses trained technicians-instructors in sapper, pontoon business, railway workers, road builders, telegraph operators, radiotelegraph operators, projector operators, and motorists.

The courses had entrenching tools, radiotelegraph and telegraph equipment, pontoon crossing equipment, demolition equipment, and several electrical units for training. Only the kitchen and the infirmary were heated. The cadet's food ration consisted of half a pound of oatmeal bread, tea with saccharin, a bowl of vobla or herring soup, and a bowl of millet porridge per day. .

The political leadership of the courses strictly monitored the growth in the number of members of the Communist Party. If in March 1918 there were 6 of them, then by the fall 80. The courses became a loyal stronghold of the Bolsheviks in Petrograd. As early as July 7, 1918, the cadets took an active part in the suppression of the Left SR rebellion.

Petrograd Military Engineering College

In the spring of the same year, due to the inability of the courses to provide the Red Army with engineering specialists in sufficient numbers, the 2nd engineering course was launched in Petrograd. However, the teaching staff, the educational and material base were not enough, and on July 29, 1918, by order of the Chief Commissar of the military educational institutions of Petrograd, the courses were combined into a single educational institution called the Petrograd Military Engineering College. Organizationally, the technical school began to be a military unit, consisting of four companies - sapper, road and bridge, electrical, mine-blasting. In addition, the preparatory department was preserved. The term of training at the preparatory stage is 8 months, in companies - 6 months. Such an organization of the technical school turned it into a combat unit, capable of going to the front if necessary. Most of the study time was taken up by field studies in the Ust-Izhora camp near Petrograd. The Engineering Castle remained the main location of the technical school. In the camp, in addition to classes, the cadets helped the peasants in agricultural work, for which they received food.

The situation on the fronts of the civil war urgently required engineering specialists and the first graduation from the technical school took place on September 18, 1918 in the amount of 63 people. During the Civil War, several such early releases were made. In total, over the years, 111 people were released in 1918, 174 people in 1919, 245 people in 1920, 189 people in 1921, and 1922-59 people. In addition, the technical school with its companies takes a direct part in the battles in October 1918 near Borisoglebsk, Tambov province, against the rebellious peasants, in April 1919 in the Verro region against Estonian armed formations, May-August 1919 near the city of Yamburg against the troops of Yudenich, October-November 1919 in the defense of Petrograd from the troops of Yudenich, May-September 1919 near the city of Olonets against the Finnish troops, June-November 1920 near the city of Orekhov against the troops of General Wrangel, March 1921 near the fortress of Kronstadt against the rebels, December 1912-January 1922 in Karelia against the Finnish troops.

The last issue after a short training was made on March 22, 1920. The primary task of providing the Red Army with engineering specialists with a wartime training level was completed. It was possible to proceed to the training of full-fledged engineering commanders.

Petrograd Military Engineering School

By order of the RVSR No. 105 of June 17, 1920, the technical school was transformed into the Petrograd Military Engineering School with a three-year term of study. The school was supposed to graduate engineering platoon commanders (in modern terms, junior officers) with a full-fledged secondary general and military education. After several years of service in the army, graduates received the right to enter the military engineering academy. The former tsarist officer, military engineer K.F., is appointed head of the school. Druzhinin.

The school was divided into three special departments - sapper, road-bridge and electrical. The first year of study was considered preparatory (preparatory class) and cadets were not divided into specialties. This year, general education disciplines and combined arms training were mainly studied. In the second and third years (junior and senior special class) cadets were trained in specialties.

However, due to the war with Poland that began in the spring of 1920 and the intensification of the actions of the troops of General Wrangel from the Crimea, and the complication of the military situation by the summer of 1920, the normal educational process was disrupted. At the end of July 1920, a significant part of the cadets was thrown into battle near the city of Orekhov. In October, two more cadet companies left for the front.

On January 1, 1921, the next seventh graduation of red commanders from the school took place. It was also an accelerated release.

In March 1921, a mutiny of sailors broke out in the fortress of Kronstadt. On the night of March 3, a company of school cadets is sent to reinforce units to eliminate the rebellion. On March 7, she attacks the rebels at Fort No. 7 and occupies it. The actions of the demolition cadets on the night of March 18 predetermined success in the attack on Fort Totleben. For these battles, thirteen cadets were awarded the Orders of the Red Banner. For differences in battles, the school is awarded an honorary revolutionary banner from the All-Russian Central Executive Committee.

In April 1921, the school produces the eighth and ninth accelerated editions. By this time, since the beginning of its activities in March 1918, the school had graduated 727 wartime engineering commanders.

Since that time, the normal educational process has been restored, disturbed by the participation of cadets in battles against the Finnish troops on the Kola Peninsula near the Maselskaya station (December 1921-January 1922).

since January 1922, specialization has been canceled, and all cadets receive universal engineering knowledge. On September 1, 1922, the tenth graduation of cadets took place. It was the first graduation of cadets who completed the normal two-year training period (from among those who did not require prior training). 59 people were released. Of these, 19 in engineering specialty, 21 in road and bridge and 19 in electrical engineering.

On October 15, 1922, the academic year begins according to the four-year education plan. Gradually, a full-fledged educational process is being established. In winter, there were theoretical classes, from June 1 to September 15, field classes in the camp.

In 1923, the head of the school, K.F. Druzhinin, was replaced by a red commander, a former sailor of the Baltic fleet, a member of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, Tikhomandritsky G.I. In addition to the Petrograd engineering commanders, similar Moscow, Kiev and Kazan schools were preparing at that time. In 1923-24, the school began to be equipped with workshops and laboratories. However, during the years of the civil war, the main part of the educational and material base was partially lost due to the removal of property by cadets to the front, partially stolen and sold in exchange for bread. Therefore, the main teaching method was an ineffective lecture method and demonstration on models and mock-ups. The low quality of education led to the replacement of Tikhomandritsky by the former colonel of the General Staff T.T.Malashensky. By 1927 he equips 17 laboratories and 4 workshops. His active resistance to the plans of the school commissar Karpov N.A. reduce the hours allotted for physics, cancel the study of the internal combustion engine, automobile business and expand the study of the history of the class struggle, party political work led to his resignation in 1927.

Leningrad Red Banner Military Engineering School

Since the middle of 1924, a serious reform of the entire structure of the army and military education has been going on in the Red Army. By order of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR No. 831 dated August 5, 1925, the Courses for the Improvement of Command Staff (KUKS) were transferred from Moscow to the school, and the school, in addition to training medium-level engineering commanders, was entrusted with the task of retraining commanders who had previously undergone accelerated training or did not have it at all. On September 7, 1925, the school was renamed into the "Leningrad Red Banner Military Engineering School". November 30, 1925 introduced the "Regulations on the military schools of the Red Army." This Regulation leaves three schools - Leningrad, Kiev and Moscow - for the training of commanders of engineering troops.

Structurally, the school was now a battalion of three companies, and in terms of education it was divided into four classes (courses) - preparatory, junior, middle and senior. Since 1927, a shooting range, a physical and sapper camp, a concrete plant, a pontoon crossing point have been operating in the Luga camp of the school. By the summer of 1928, the school received a set of pontoon park. During practical training, in 1924-28, cadets actually built bridges across the Izhora, Yascherka, Luzhenka, Kureya and Oredezh rivers for the needs of the local population with a total length of 180m. By 1929, the school received sets of A-3 boats, sets of TZI, swimming suits, MP-200 chain saws, road machines, MK-1 excavators, PM-1 and PM-2 demolition machines, vehicles for transporting prefabricated bridge structures, power plants and others. engineering tools. This made it possible to qualitatively improve the training of cadets.

A clearly noticeable difference in the level of training of cadets prompts the command of the Red Army to close the Kiev school, the Children's Rural United Military School and transfer their cadets to the Leningrad (order of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR of 11/25/30), and by order of the NPO of the USSR of 19/9/1932 to transfer the Moscow school to Leningrad. Both schools are united under the name "Joint Red Banner Military Engineering School named after the Comintern".

United Red Banner Military Engineering School named after the Comintern

Thus, the Leningrad school turned into the only educational institution in the country for the training of middle commanders of engineering troops. The school now consisted of eleven companies (6 companies for the training of sapper commanders, 3 companies for the training of commanders of electrical engineers, 2 park companies). In addition, the school had the task of retraining the commanders of the engineering troops (KUKS). The unification process, numerous organizational restructurings, and overloading of the teaching staff have drastically reduced both military discipline and the quality of cadet training. The absence now of engineering educational institutions of various styles and orientations led to the fact that the shortcomings in the training of specialists became comprehensive, depriving the educational process of competition. The closer attention of the higher combined arms commanders to the school led to a bias in the training of cadets towards general rather than specific engineering tactics. Special training was reduced only to the study of engineering technology. Great harm was done to the pedagogical process by the line on the training of cadets, primarily as infantry commanders, the so-called universalization of command personnel. The events of those years clearly show an attempt by the then military leadership of the country to improve the situation with the training of infantry and cavalry commanders by sending graduates of the joint engineering school to the infantry and cavalry, where the quality of education was still higher than in combined arms schools. Among other things, summer camp gatherings were often disrupted and cadets were thrown into the construction of bridges for the Luga Road Department. From April 1931, the infantry commander brigade commander B.R. Terpilovsky was appointed head of the school, who did not know engineering at all and put drill and rifle training at the forefront. In 1932, the engineering school took first place among military educational institutions in shooting training (not infantry, not machine gun, not artillery, but engineering (!))

On November 10, 1933, the next graduation of commanders took place. The vast majority of them were sent to the troops by commanders of infantry platoons.

On September 22, 1935, personal military ranks were introduced into the Red Army. In November 1935, the first graduation of lieutenants of the engineering troops took place.

In 1936, a military engineer of the 1st rank MP Vorobyov was appointed head of the school. He managed to prove the inadmissibility of turning an engineering school into a proper combined arms school and resume the process of training purely engineering lieutenants. Later, during the Patriotic War, he became the head of the engineering troops of the Red Army and the first marshal of the engineering troops. During the period of command of the school until the summer of 1940, he will achieve a radical restructuring of the training of cadets, the saturation of the school with modern engineering equipment. On its basis and its specialists, all the main guiding documents of the engineering service (Manuals, Guides, Instructions) were developed. This is where they were being tested. In March 1937, the scale was transformed into the Leningrad Military Engineering School.

Sources

1. P.I. Biryukov and others. Textbook. Engineering Troops. Military publishing house of the USSR Ministry of Defense. Moscow. 1982
2. I.P. Balatsky, F.A. Fominykh. Essay on the history of the Kaliningrad Higher Military Engineering Command Order of Lenin Red Banner School. A.A. Zhdanova. Military publishing house of the USSR Ministry of Defense. 1969

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In 1804, at the suggestion of Lieutenant General P.K. Sukhtelen and General Engineer I.I. Knyazev, an engineering school was created in St. Petersburg (on the basis of the previously existing one moved to St. Petersburg) to train engineering non-commissioned officers (conductors) with a staff of 50 people and a training period of 2 years. It was located in the barracks of the Cavalier Guard Regiment. Until 1810, the school managed to produce about 75 specialists. In fact, it was one of a very limited circle of unstable schools - the direct successors of the St. Petersburg military engineering school created by Peter the Great in 1713.

In 1810, at the suggestion of the engineer-general Count K. I. Opperman, the school was transformed into an engineering school with two departments. The conductor department with a three-year course and a staff of 15 trained junior officers of the engineering troops, and the officer department with a two-year course trained officers with the knowledge of engineers. In fact, this is an innovative transformation after which the educational institution becomes the First Higher Engineering Educational Institution. The best graduates of the conductor department were admitted to the officer department. Also, there were retraining of previously graduated conductors, promoted to officers. Thus, in 1810, the Engineering School became a Higher Educational Institution with a general five-year course of study. And this unique stage in the evolution of engineering education in Russia happened for the first time in the St. Petersburg Engineering School.

Engineering lock. Now VITU is located in the area of \u200b\u200bthe historical foundation

On November 24, 1819, at the initiative of Grand Duke Nikolai Pavlovich, the St. Petersburg Engineering School was transformed into the Main Engineering School by the Highest Order. To accommodate the school, one of the royal residences, the Mikhailovsky Castle, was allocated, which was renamed the Engineering Castle by the same command. The school still had two departments: a three-year conductor's department trained engineering ensigns with a secondary education, and a two-year officer's department provided higher education. The best graduates of the conductor department, as well as officers of the engineering troops and other military branches who wished to transfer to the engineering service, were admitted to the officer department. The best teachers of that time were invited to teach: academician M.V. Ostrogradsky, physicist F.F. Ewald, engineer F.F. Laskovsky.

The school became the center of military engineering thought. Baron P. L. Schilling proposed the use of a galvanic mine explosion method, adjunct professor K. P. Vlasov invented a chemical explosion method (the so-called “Vlasov tube”), and Colonel P. P. Tomilovsky - a metal pontoon park that stood on armament of different countries of the world until the middle of the 20th century.

In 1855, the school was named Nikolaevsky, and the officer department of the school was transformed into an independent Nikolaev Academy of Engineering. The school began to train only junior officers of the engineering troops. At the end of the three-year course, graduates received the title of an engineering warrant officer with a secondary general and military education (since 1884, an engineering lieutenant).

Among the teachers of the school were D. I. Mendeleev (chemistry), N. V. Boldyrev (fortification), A. Yoher (fortification), A. I. Kvist (means of communication), G. A. Leer (tactics, strategy, military history).

To restore the activities of the school, all officers, non-commissioned officers, cadets, including those who were at the front, were ordered to return to the school. The families of some officers who did not return were taken hostage. On the evening of March 20, by order No. 16, three departments were opened at the courses: preparatory, sapper-construction and electrical engineering. Semi-literate people were admitted to the preparatory department, they were taught to read and write in a volume sufficient to master the basics of engineering. The term of study at the preparatory department was first set for 3 months, and then increased to 6 months. The term of study at the main departments was 6 months.

The courses trained technicians-instructors of sapper, pontoon business, railway workers, road builders, telegraph operators, radiotelegraph operators, projector operators, and motorists. The courses were provided with entrenching tools, radiotelegraph and telegraph, pontoon crossing and demolition equipment, and several electrical units.

On July 7, 1918, students of the courses take an active part in the suppression of the Left SR rebellion.

On July 29, 1918, due to the lack of teaching staff and educational and material base, by order of the Chief Commissar of the military educational institutions of Petrograd, the 1st engineering courses were merged with the 2nd engineering courses under the name "Petrograd Military Engineering College".

Organizationally, the technical school consisted of four companies: sapper, road-bridge, electrical engineering, mine-blasting, and a preparatory department. The term of study at the preparatory department was 8 months, at the main departments - 6 months. The technical school was stationed in the Engineering Castle, but most of the study time was occupied by field studies in Olonets, with Wrangel in June-November 1920 near the city of Orekhov, with the rebel garrison of Kronstadt in March 1921, with Finnish troops in December 1921-January 1922 in Karelia.

Location - St. Petersburg, the house of the bourgeois Stolyarova (1810-?), St. Petersburg, the pavilion of the Mikhailovsky (Engineering) Castle (1820-1821), Mikhailovsky Castle (1821-1918).

1804-1810 - School for the education of engineering conductors, 1810-24.11.1819. - Engineering School, 11/24/1819-02/21/1855 - Main Engineering School, 02/21/1855-1917. - Nikolaev Engineering School









	12.07.1869						4.08.1892
7.08.1893	8.08.1894	12.08.1895	9.08.1900

				6.08.1912	6.08.1913	12.07.1914	1.12.1914

Organization. In 1804, the School for the Education of Engineering Conductors was opened with a staff of 25 people. Since 1810 - Engineering School. On November 24, 1819, for the education of engineering, sapper and pioneer officers, it was founded, on the initiative of the leader. book. Nikolai Pavlovich, Main Engineering School, which included the Engineering School with an officer class that existed since 1810, transformed from the School for the Education of Engineering Conductors established in 1804. The school was solemnly opened on March 16, 1820. The school was divided into 2 departments: higher, officer (from 2 classes), and lower, conductor (from 3 classes), after which the conductor was promoted to officer. The set of the higher department was 48 second lieutenants, the lowest - 96 conductors. Solemnly opened on March 16, 1820.

On February 21, 1855, the school, in memory of the founder, was named Nikolaevsky, and on August 30, 1855, the officer classes were named the Nikolaev Academy of Engineering. In 1855 the staff of the school was increased to 140 people. In 1863, the school was returned to the engineering department and in 1864 it received the organization of a company of 3 classes (126 people in total). In 1896, the school was reorganized into a 2-company battalion. The staff of cadets has been increased to 250. The course is 3 years, but only 2 courses are obligatory, only a part of the cadets were transferred to the 3rd (additional) course. Since 1906, the 3rd course has again been made compulsory. The staff of the school on the eve of the First World War was 450 cadets (150 for each course). In 1896, it was reorganized into a 2-company battalion. The combat and economic part of the school until 1896 was in the hands of company commanders, and after that - battalion commanders. Since the beginning of the First World War, the school switched to an accelerated eight-month course of study.

The school took active steps against the Bolsheviks on October 29-30, 1917 in Petrograd. It was disbanded on November 6, 1917. In February 1918, the 1st Soviet Engineering Command Courses were opened in its building and at its expense.

Admission. According to the Regulations of the beginning of the 19th century, they entered at the age of 14-18, from volunteers who entered the cadets, conductors and non-commissioned officers, and the best pupils of private engineering schools. Applicants passed a competitive examination and, according to their knowledge, were accepted into all conductor classes and even directly promoted to officers. Those who entered received the title of conductor.

Since 1864, pupils of military schools who wished to serve in sapper battalions, after completing the course at the military school, were enrolled for a year in the senior class of the school above the staff.

According to the regulations of 1864, the school was appointed to accept without an exam:

a) in the junior class - who successfully completed the full course of military gymnasiums;

b) in the senior - junkers who successfully completed the course in military schools.
By exam:
All young people from 16 to 20 years of age, belonging to the class of hereditary nobles, or enjoying the rights of volunteers of the first category, as well as junkers and volunteers of the first category, already serving in the army.
Admission to the school on these grounds began in August 1865.
In 1911 admission to the school was opened for people of all classes. Pupils of the cadet corps were accepted without an exam, those who graduated from civilian educational institutions took a competitive exam in mathematics, physics and languages. Junkers of the Nikolaev Engineering School were largely pupils of civilian educational institutions. So, in 1868, 18 were identified from among those who entered the junior class from military gymnasiums, and from outside - 35. In 1874 - from military schools and gymnasiums - 22, from outside - 35. In 1875 - from the military schools and gymnasiums - 28, from outside - 22. The admission to the senior class of persons who graduated from military schools was also carried out.

Education. Baron Elsner compiled an extensive note in which he divided all the sciences into general education and special engineering, and wished to give teaching itself an exclusively military engineering character. The greatest disagreement was caused by the definition of the course of mathematics, with Count Sievers insisting on the introduction of higher mathematics, Count Oppermann rejected it, and Baron Elsner suggested that only capable officers read it. Sivers' opinion prevailed. University professors were invited to teach: Chizhov (mechanics) and Solovyov (physics and chemistry) and later a teacher of geography imp. Alexander II Professor Arseniev. At the beginning of the XIX century. the school taught algebra, geometry, fortification and the beginnings of civil architecture. By 1825, education was already well established.

Release. Since 1885, the cadets were divided into 2 categories during the production of officers: the 1st was issued as a second lieutenant in the field engineering troops, and the 2nd - in the army infantry. They graduated from the 2nd and 3rd courses as officers. Since 1911, upon graduation, those who graduated from the school were divided into 3 categories: the 1st and 2nd were issued second lieutenants with 2 years of seniority, the 3rd category - non-commissioned officers with the right to be promoted to officers in six months. From the beginning of the First World War, cadets were issued with the rank of ensign.

Other. The school was a preparatory institution for entering the engineering academy for cadets who excelled in the sciences, and also prepared officers for service in the combat unit of the engineering department; in sapper, railway and pontoon battalions or in mine, telegraph and fortress sapper companies. There, young people served for two years while retaining the right to enter the Nikolaev Engineering Academy.

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School history

Mikhailovsky - Engineering castle. Where since 1823 the Main Engineering School was located, now, next to it, in the historical homeland, the Military Engineering and Technical University is located

St. Petersburg School of Education of Engineering Conductors

In 1804, at the suggestion of Lieutenant General P.K. Sukhtelen and General Engineer I.I. Knyazev, an engineering school was established in St. Petersburg to train engineering non-commissioned officers with a staff of 50 people and a training period of 2 years. It was located in the barracks of the Cavalier Guard Regiment. Until 1810, the school managed to produce about 75 specialists. In fact, it was one of a very limited circle of unstable schools of direct successors to the St. Petersburg Military Engineering School created by Peter the Great in 1713.

St. Petersburg Engineering School

Main engineering school

Engineering lock. Now VITU is located in the area of \u200b\u200bthe historical foundation

The school became the center of military engineering thought. Baron P. L. Schilling suggested using the galvanic method of mine explosion, associate professor K. P. Vlasov invented the chemical method of explosion, and Colonel P. P. Tomilovsky - a metal pontoon park, which was in service with different countries of the world until the middle of the 20th century.

The journal "Engineering Notes" was published at the school

Nikolaev Engineering School

In 1855, the school was named Nikolaevsky, and the officer department of the school was transformed into an independent Nikolaev Engineering Academy. The school began to train only junior officers of the engineering troops. At the end of the three-year course, graduates received the title of ensign with a secondary general and military education.

Among the teachers of the school were D. I. Mendeleev, N. V. Boldyrev, A. I. Kvist, G. A. Leer.

In 1857, the journal "Engineering Notes" was renamed into "Engineering Journal" and published jointly by the school and the academy.

In 1863, the school again merged for some time with the Engineering Academy.

Major-General A. R. Shulyachenko, on the basis of the school, is engaged in the study of the properties and classification of explosives. Academician B.S. Jacobi is engaged in the study of the electric method of blasting. P. N. Yablochkov is working on the creation of an arc electric lamp.

After the Russo-Japanese War, the school switched to the training of infantry officers, the release of specialist engineers was almost curtailed. With the outbreak of the First World War, all the cadets-engineers had to be urgently sent to the front with early assignment of an officer rank, as well as non-commissioned officers and permanent soldiers promoted to warrant officers. The school switched to a four-month training of wartime ensigns.

By the autumn of 1917, there were about a hundred cadets in the school, who had just been recruited at the school. On October 24, 1917, they were sent to the Winter Palace, but refused to defend it.

Participation in the Junker uprising

On November 11, 1917, the cadets and officers of the school took an active part in the cadet uprising in Petrograd, which had the goal of crushing the Bolshevik coup. The headquarters of the rebels was located in the Mikhailovsky Castle. The uprising failed.

1st Petrograd Engineering Courses of the Red Army

On March 1, 1918, the Krasnaya Zvezda newspaper published an announcement about the start of admission of students to the Soviet Engineering Petrograd Training Courses for the Red Army Command Staff. To restore the activities of the school, all officers, non-commissioned officers, cadets, including those who were at the front, were ordered to return to the school. The families of some officers who did not return were taken hostage. On the evening of March 20, by order No. 16, three departments were opened at the courses: preparatory, sapper-construction and electrical engineering. Semi-literate people were admitted to the preparatory department, they were taught to read and write in a volume sufficient to master the basics of engineering. The term of study at the preparatory department was first set for 3 months, and then increased to 6 months. The term of study at the main departments was 6 months.

On July 7, 1918, course students take an active part in the suppression of the Left SR rebellion.

Petrograd Military Engineering College

First issue September 18, 1918. In total, 111 people graduated in 1918, 174 people in 1919, 245 people in 1920, 189 people in 1921, and 59 people in 1922. The last issue took place on March 22, 1920.

The companies took part in the battles with the rebellious peasants in October 1918 near Borisoglebsk, Tambov province, with Estonian detachments in April 1919 in the area of the city of Verro, with Yudenich in May-August 1919 near the city of Yamburg and in October-November of the same year under Petrograd, with Finnish troops in May-September 1919 near the city of Olonets, with Wrangel in June-November 1920 near the city of Orekhov, with the rebel garrison of Kronstadt in March 1921, with Finnish troops in December 1921-January 1922 in Karelia .

The Petrograd Military Engineering School and the Refusal to Save the Innovative Transition to the Five-Year Education of 1810

There was a gradual decrease in the pedagogical status to the level before 1810, as well as the loss of any succession and connection with the Nikolaev Engineering School, including for reasons of displacement. Thus, only the scientific and pedagogical line of traditions of the new system of higher engineering five-year education introduced in 1810 continued to develop in the homeland, at the Military Engineering and Technical University in St. Petersburg, which retained the innovative change in the transition to a five-year education that occurred after the addition of officer classes in 1810, as well as those who managed to survive in their historical homeland contrary to Stalin's policy, which is decisive for preserving the succession of the traditions of any educational institution, which is always a cultural phenomenon, but the older engineering school that began to function before 1810 unfortunately ceased to exist in Soviet times for several reasons, and among them the fact of displacement and the rejection of the innovative change of 1810, which undoubtedly was a great loss for the country.

In 1857, the journal Engineering Notes was renamed into Engineering Journal and became a joint publication. Joint scientific work continues. A.R. Shulyachenko conducts extensive research on the properties of explosives and compiles their classification. in the winter of dynamite, and switched to a chemically more resistant pyroxylin explosive. Under his leadership, mining is being revived. In 1894, he invents a non-removable anti-personnel mine. Academician B.S. Jacobi, General KA Schilder School teacher PN Yablochkov invents his famous arc electric lamp and arc spotlight.

SHWANEBAKH Emmanuil Fedorovich (1866 - 1904) graduated from the Nikolaev Engineering School in 1883 in the form of a second lieutenant of the engineering troops (colorized).

Notable alumni and faculty

Abramov, Fedor Fedorovich - lieutenant general, in exile assistant to the Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army, head of all units and departments of the Russian army
Baltz, Friedrich Karlovich - Major General
Bryanchaninov, Dmitry Alexandrovich - Bishop Ignatius
Buynitsky, Nestor Aloizievich - Lieutenant General
Burman, Georgy Vladimirovich - Major General, creator of the air defense of Petrograd, head of the Officers' Electrotechnical School
Wegener, Alexander Nikolaevich
Russian military balloonist, military pilot and engineer,
aircraft designer, head of the Main Aerodrome, first head of VVIA them.
N. E. Zhukovsky.
Gershelman, Vladimir Konstantinovich - head of the mobilization department of the headquarters of the UVO
Grigorovich, Dmitry Vasilievich - writer
Dostoevsky, Fyodor Mikhailovich - writer
Dutov, Alexander Ilyich - Lieutenant General, Ataman of the Orenburg Cossack Army
Karbyshev, Dmitry Mikhailovich - Lieutenant General of the Engineering Troops, Hero of the Soviet Union
Kaufman, Konstantin Petrovich - engineer-general, adjutant general, Turkestan governor-general
Kaufman, Mikhail Petrovich - lieutenant general, adjutant general, member of the State Council
Kvist, Alexander Ilyich - Russian engineer and fortifier
Kondratenko, Roman Isidorovich - lieutenant general, hero of the defense of Port Arthur
Korguzalov, Vladimir Leonidovich - Guard Major, Head of the Engineering Service of the 3rd Guards Mechanized Corps of the 47th Army of the Voronezh Front, Hero of the Soviet Union
Kraevich, Konstantin Dmitrievich - Russian physicist, mathematician and teacher
Cui, Caesar Antonovich - composer and music critic, professor of fortification, general engineer
Leman, Anatoly Ivanovich - Russian writer, violin maker
Lishin, Nikolai Stepanovich - inventor of a percussion hand grenade
Lukomsky, Alexander Sergeevich - Lieutenant General, Head of the Government under the Commander-in-Chief of the All-Union Socialist Republic, General Denikin
May-Maevsky, Vladimir Zenonovich - lieutenant general, commander of the Volunteer Army
Modzalevsky, Vadim Lvovich - Russian historian, heraldist and geneologist.
Miller, Anatoly Ivanovich - Lieutenant General (pr. 10/24/1917). Commander of the 25th Black Sea Border Brigade.
Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich the Younger
Pauker, German Egorovich - Lieutenant General
Petin, Nikolai Nikolaevich - commander, chief of engineers of the Red Army
Polovtsov, Viktor Andreevich - writer-philologist and teacher
Rochefort, Nikolai Ivanovich (1846-1905) - Russian engineer and architect
Sennitsky, Vikenty Vikentievich - General of Infantry
Sechenov, Ivan Mikhailovich - physiologist
Sterligov, Dmitry Vladimirovich (1874-1919) - architect, restorer and teacher.
Telyakovsky, Arkady Zakharovich - engineer-lieutenant general
Totleben, Eduard Ivanovich - Adjutant General, an outstanding Russian engineer and fortifier
Trutovsky, Konstantin Alexandrovich - artist
Unterberger, Pavel Fedorovich - Lieutenant General, Governor General of the Amur Territory and Commander of the Military District, Ataman of the Amur and Ussuri Cossack Troops
Uslar, Pyotr Karlovich - Major General, linguist and ethnographer
Shvarts Alexey Vladimirovich - Lieutenant General, Governor General of Odessa