The last military call. Draft age during the war Last military draft 1945
From June 23, 1941, those who were liable for military service from 1905 to 1918, inclusive, were drafted into the army.
The territory of conscription is the Leningrad, Baltic, Western, Kiev, Odessa, Kharkov, Oryol, Moscow, Arkhangelsk, Ural, Siberian, Volga, North Caucasian and Transcaucasian military districts. There were also territorial nuances. For example, on the night of June 23 in Siberia, military registration and enlistment offices sent out notices to conscripts, but not everyone was given a mobilization summons. In connection with the threat of an attack by Japan, some of the future soldiers were assigned to the Far Eastern Front and did not call them to the assembly points.
In total, in June and July 1941, a general and complete mobilization of men and a partial mobilization of women was carried out. By this time, class restrictions had already been lifted - everyone could defend the Motherland. And this is not a mere formality. The fact is that in 1925 the USSR adopted a law on compulsory military service. It was forbidden to recruit "persons of the exploiting classes" into the army, namely: children of former nobles, merchants, officers of the old army, priests, manufacturers, as well as Cossacks and kulaks.
In 1935, an exception was made for the Cossacks. The 1939 law abolished class restrictions on conscription, but only children of workers and peasants are still admitted to military schools. The war also corrected this rule. In fact, everyone who wanted to go to the front and to the school could do it in one way or another.
From the archive
In total, 5.3 million people were drafted in the first 8 days of the war. That is, the army doubled: the actual number of the Red Army by June 22, 1941 amounted to 5.4 million people. But the huge irreparable losses of the first months of the war required more and more soldiers. By the beginning of 1942, conscripts from 1923-1925 were already providing conscription to the Red Army. birth. In total, 34.5 million people were put under arms during the war.
The call took place like this: in the cities the summons from the military registration and enlistment office were brought to the house, in the villages - to the village council. Directly on the agenda it was indicated: the administrations of the enterprises immediately release the conscript from work and give money for two weeks in advance. On the back there are instructions: shave your head bald, have documents and food with you, do not take bulky things.
There was no single form, there were many options for subpoenas. But the main thing was always indicated: where and when to arrive. You were warned: you will be held accountable for being late or not showing up.
Along with the mobilization to the front, the authorities "reserved" specialists to work at military factories. In the draft campaign of 1942, deferrals were provided to combine operators and tractor drivers engaged in harvesting. Depending on the region, "reservation" was also given to students of river technical schools, forestry institutes who were in navigation and logging in the taiga. In 1941 and until the first half of 1942, teachers, who were not taken at all until 1940, had the right to deferrals. military service.
But the front demanded replenishment: millions were killed and wounded, prisoners and surrounded. The army has already taken both 17-year-olds and 50-year-olds.
True, the term "mobilization" does not quite accurately reflect the situation. Yes, there were deviators and deserters, but all the same, the Komsomol volunteers were not a propaganda invention. Volunteers born in 1922-1924 were selected for units in which service was associated with a special risk. A recruitment of paratroopers, skiers, pilots, and tank destroyers passed through the district committees of the Komsomol. Required positive characteristics, preference was given to athletes, the delivery of the standards of the BSTO ("Be ready for labor and defense of the USSR" - for schoolchildren of grades 1-8, TRP (for people over 16 years old) and PVHO ("Ready for the anti-chemical defense of the USSR") was welcomed.
Quite a lot of types of wartime agendas have survived: there was no single form. But the document necessarily indicated the main thing: when and where to arrive, what to have with you. The conscript was also reminded of responsibility for failure to appear on time. In the cities, the summons from the military registration and enlistment office was brought to the house, in the villages - to the village council. Photo: From the archive
The legendary woman - nun Matushka Adriana (Natalya Malysheva) - shortly before her death told in an interview with "RG" about how young people met the news of the beginning of the war in Moscow. “As soon as Levitan’s voice announced the beginning of the war from the loudspeakers, I ran to the military academies with my fellow students at the Aviation Institute,” the nun said. front. But only one of our company succeeded, and only because his father was the commander of the Red Army. "
Many were afraid of only one thing: the war would end, and they would not have time to accomplish their feats. Therefore, they tried to get to the war "by pull." “I was not hired because a girl,” Natalya Malysheva recalled. “It was very insulting. close to Moscow, in the district committee of the Komsomol they looked at me in a strange way and without delay they sent me to the Third Communist Division of the people's militia. "
Division - 11 thousand volunteers who were not subject to conscription. They took everyone: both the children of the repressed and the priests. Frontline everyday life made adjustments to the youthful idea of war, in the trenches everything turned out to be more prosaic and more terrible. But the divisions fought to the death. Malysheva asked to be a nurse, but was taken into divisional reconnaissance. She went to the front line 18 times. She ended the war as a lieutenant in army intelligence. “You know, I still ask myself: how was this possible?” The nun reasoned. “There were so many repressed people before the war, how many churches were destroyed! I personally knew two guys whose fathers were shot. these people rose above their grievances, abandoned everything and went to defend the Motherland. "
Volunteers were selected for the landing and ski brigades, as well as for the special forces of tank destroyers - according to the Komsomol vouchers. Preference was given to athletes. Photo: Alexander Ustinov
The staff of the Great Central Museum Patriotic War showed me the document. Issued by the Stalin district military enlistment office in Moscow: liable for military service V.M. Yudovsky July 6, 1941 enlisted in the people's militia. This is not a summons or a certificate - just a piece of paper with a corner stamp and a round seal. The partisans had about the same situation with documents. Information: issued to comrade Troyan Nadezhda Vasilievna that she was in the Tempest partisan detachment as a soldier. The headquarters of partisan movements most likely had to improvise - even among regular army not everything went smoothly with the official documents of the Red Army. Order of the NKO of the USSR N 330 of October 7, 1941 "On the introduction of the Red Army book in military units and institutions in the rear and at the front" had to be carried out in difficult conditions, when the army was retreating and the fighters lacked a lot, including documents and death tokens. What can we say about certificates for partisans and militias.
The losses of the Red Army, the Navy, border and internal troops during the war amounted to 11.4 million people - including those taken prisoner and missing. How many people were killed in partisan detachments, no one can say for sure.
by the way
- After the end of the war, the army numbered 11 million people, which was redundant for peacetime. In July 1945, all soldiers and sergeants over 45 and officers over 50 were dismissed from the army. Since September 1945, the retirement of soldiers and sergeants over 30 began, as well as soldiers, sergeants, officers who have specialties valuable for the restoration of the national economy (builders, miners, metallurgists, machine operators, etc.), regardless of age.
- From 1946 to 1948, no conscription was made. Young people were sent to restoration work in mines, heavy engineering enterprises, and construction sites. People aged 17-23 with secondary education were admitted to military schools for the training of officers.
- By the beginning of 1948, the size of the army had dropped to 2.8 million.
- After the Great Patriotic War, the new law on universal conscription was adopted in 1949. Young people aged 18 were subject to conscription: in the ground forces and in the aviation for 3 years, in the navy - for 4 years.
Lena Kornilov turned eighteen on March 24. After 45 days, on May 9, 1945, the Great Patriotic War ended. Each veteran has his own scores with fortune. The March call, born in 1927, was lucky in Hamburg account: their war ended in the "training", at an accelerated pace, churning out young lieutenants. Those who were a little older fell into a terrible meat grinder at Lake Balaton and in Manchuria. Two-three-four months difference in the date of birth and someone from the generation of eighteen years old received a royal gift from fate - the future. And in the load constant pain no fault of the guilty. For the first time, she touched the heart of Leonid Vasilyevich, when he, along with other leaders of the Kalinin region, was sent to Hungary, as they said at the time, to exchange experience.
We walk through the Soviet cemetery, the plates of all the same flash before our eyes, for many my year of birth is 1927. And there are a lot of them, 18-year-old boys! - recalls the 85-year-old veteran.
Information about the demography of our losses during the Great Patriotic War has long been classified as "Secret". Modern historians have recently begun to reveal the secrets of war generations. Doctor of Historical Sciences, Leading Researcher of the Institute spoke about the latest military conscription of "RG" Russian history RAS Elena Senyavskaya.
Leonid Kornilov recalls those killed during the Balaton operation. The last defensive operation of the Red Army against the German troops. How many people died then?
Elena Senyavskaya: The operation was carried out from 6 to 15 March 1945 by part of the forces of the 3rd Ukrainian Front with the assistance of the 1st Bulgarian and 3rd Yugoslav armies in the area of Lake Balaton. During the battle, Soviet troops repelled an offensive of the Wehrmacht, codenamed "Spring Awakening". The losses of the 3rd Ukrainian Front amounted to 32,899 people, of which 8492 were irretrievable.
97% of the generation of 18-year-olds from the first military draft of 1941 died
Now we are working on the 5th volume of the 12-volume "History of the Great Patriotic War". So, I had to repeatedly come across references to the heroism and dedication of Soviet fighters of the last military draft - boys born in 1926-1927, who took part in hostilities at the very end of the war: in the west, when the countries of Europe were liberated from fascism, and in the Far East, in battles with militarist Japan. I read letters from the front. And in the biographies of the authors of these touching documents it often appears: he was born in 1926, died in 1945.
"Hello, dear little sister Galya!" - wrote in February 1945 the Red Army soldier Sasha Zagorenko, born in 1926, drafted into the army in the spring of 1944. And in a boyish way he threatened the fascists: "I am a machine gunner, number one, a gunner, so I give the Germans life, I will avenge all of them, damned bastards ..." He died on April 23, 1945, on the outskirts of Berlin.
Was it an adult courageous generation?
Elena Senyavskaya: Courageous, of course. But they were still children. Look how Sasha Zagorenko says goodbye to his sister: "Goodbye, I kiss you hard. Hello to grandmother, mom, hello to everyone ... Draw more drawings. Your brother Sasha." They were ordinary boys who really wanted to go home to their parents, some to brides. 18-year-old Borya Zapolsky wrote to his parents a month before his death: “I am still alive and well and still fighting the enemy. a very dangerous situation ... Dear parents, now I have one desire and one thought - to reach Berlin in the shortest possible time. For through it is the way home, to the Motherland ... Your son Boris. " On April 30, Boris Zapolsky was killed in Berlin by shrapnel from a faustpatron. He was posthumously awarded the Medal For Courage.
It is known that the battles with Japan were also very bloody. Was it mainly the guys from the Far East who were called there?
Elena Senyavskaya: Yes it is. Although 400 thousand front-line soldiers were transferred to the Far East from Europe. In total, more than 1.5 million of our soldiers took part in the battles with the Japanese.
During the three-week Far Eastern campaign, Soviet soldiers had to overcome large natural obstacles - waterless steppes and sandy deserts of Mongolia, mountain ranges of the Great Khingan, large water obstacles to experience torrential rains, exhausting daytime heat and piercing night cold. And most importantly, it was necessary to storm the powerful fortified areas created by the Japanese for many years, which blocked access to the central regions of Manchuria, to fight suicide bombers - "kamikaze". The commander of the 1136th Red Banner Konigsberg Rifle Regiment, Colonel Savoykin, said that he would not have believed if he were told that his regiment would pass through hot sands, mountains and gorges at a march speed of up to 65 kilometers a day: “Suvorov was a master of large crossings, but he led trained soldiers who served in the army for 20-25 years. In my regiment, 65 percent of the personnel are young people born in 1927. "
« Stalin in a conversation with the American ambassador , speaking of the heroic resistance of the Red Army, he dropped: “Do you think they are fighting for us, for the communists? No, they are fighting for their mother Russia. "“It is known that certain categories of Soviet citizens were not subject to conscription into the active army during the Second World War.
But it was a revelation to me that a number of ethnic groups were not called up to the front.
Below are two snippets from the Resolutions of the State Defense Committee relating to 1943-1944.
Resolution No. GOKO-4322ss dated October 13, 1943
Moscow Kremlin.
...
Conscripts of local nationalities are not subject to conscription:
Uzbek,
Tajik,
Turkmen,
Kazakh,
Kyrgyz,
Georgian,
Armenian and Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republics,
Dagestan,
Chechen-Ingush,
Kabardino-Balkarian,
North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics and
Adyghe,
Karachaevskaya and
...
Source: RGASPI, fund 644, inventory 1, d.163, sheets 1-3.
http://www.soldat.ru/doc/gko/text/4322.html
State Defense Committee
Resolution No. GOKO-6784cс from 25 October 1944
Moscow Kremlin.
About conscription of conscripts born in 1927.
The State Defense Committee decides:
...
2. From the call to release:
...
d) conscripts of local nationalities:
Georgian,
Azerbaijan,
Armenian,
Turkmen,
Tajik,
Uzbek,
Kazakh and
Kyrgyz Union Republics,
Dagestan,
Kabardian,
North Ossetian Autonomous Socialist Republics,
Adyghe and
Circassian Autonomous Regions.
...
CHAIRMAN OF THE STATE DEFENSE COMMITTEE I. STALIN
Source: RGASPI, fund 644, inventory 1, file 324, pp. 106-116.
http://www.soldat.ru/doc/gko/text/6784.html
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State Defense Committee
Resolution No. GOKO-1575ss of April 11, 1942
Moscow Kremlin.
...
a) 100,000 people at the expense of reserving those liable for military service, using deferrals for mobilization with the distribution of the number of conscripts in the People's Commissariats, in accordance with Appendix No. 1; ...
c) 150,000 conscripts in 1922 and 1923 birth and persons liable for military service up to 30 years old inclusive of Central Asian nationalities (100,000 people in Uzbekistan and 50,000 people in Kazakhstan); ...
3. To oblige com. Shvernik and Moskatov to mobilize, in the order of the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of February 13, 1942, 150,000 women to replace those drafted into the army, in accordance with paragraph 1 "a" and "e" of this resolution ...
4. To oblige the chief of the Glavupraform, Comrade Shchadenko, to use the 500,000 people allocated in accordance with this decree for staffing spare parts for the preparation of marching reinforcements and for completing the infantry divisions withdrawn from the front, as well as for the formation of tank and other special units ...
http://www.soldat.ru/doc/gko/text/1575.html
Original taken from servicefree conscripts of local nationalities are not subject to conscription
Moscow Kremlin.
About conscription for military service of conscripts born in 1926.
…
CHAIRMAN OF THE STATE DEFENSE COMMITTEE I. STALIN "
State Defense Committee Resolutions in 1943
http://www.soldat.ru/doc/gko/gko1943.html
Resolution No. GOKO-4322ss of October 13, 1943. TEXT
http://www.soldat.ru/doc/gko/text/4322.html
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________________________________________ _____________________________________
Top secret.
State Defense Committee
Resolution No. GOKO-6784cс dated 25 October 1944
Moscow Kremlin.
About conscription of conscripts born in 1927.
The State Defense Committee decides:
1. To oblige the NCO (Comrade Smorodinov) in November 1944 to call for military service male citizens born in 1927 (including those in the territory liberated from the enemy).
2. From the call to release:
a) workers of enterprises with qualifications of grade 3 and higher, and students of vocational schools and schools of the people's commissariats, indicated in the appendix;
b) students of all higher educational institutions and students of all technical schools;
c) students of 10th grade of secondary school and 9th and 10th grade of special schools of the People's Commissariat for Education;
d) conscripts of local nationalities: Georgian, Azerbaijani, Armenian, Turkmen, Tajik, Uzbek, Kazakh and Kyrgyz Union Republics, Dagestan, Kabardian, North Ossetian Autonomous Socialist Republics, Adyghe and Circassian autonomous regions.
3. To oblige Comrade Smorodinov, Chief of the Chief Executive Office of the Red Army:
a) send 60,000 people to staff the NKVD troops;
b) the rest of the recruits born in 1927 should be concentrated in spare, educational units and special schools and schools, setting a six-month training period for them.
4. To oblige the NKPS (Comrade Kaganovich) and the Head of the Rear Services of the Red Army (Comrade Khrulev) to transport the contingents specified in this decree to the points and times at the request of Comrade Smorodinov, the Head of the Main Directorate of the Red Army.
Sent by Comrade Beria (NKVD), Malenkov, Smorodinov, Antonov, Khrulev, Kaganovich, Chadayev - everything; People's Commissars, Central Committees and Council of People's Commissars of the republics - respectively, to Comrade Smirtyukov.
The list of enterprises of industrial people's commissariats, whose workers are from among the conscripts born in 1927, are exempted from conscription ...
Correct: Khryapkina
Reason: RGASPI, fund 644, inventory 1, file 324, pp. 106-116.
Top secret.
State Defense Committee
Resolution No. GOKO-4322ss dated October 13, 1943
Moscow Kremlin.
About conscription for military service of conscripts born in 1926.
The State Defense Committee decides:
1. To oblige the NCO (Comrade Smorodinova) to call for military service before November 15, 1943, all male citizens born in 1926 (including those in the territory liberated from the enemy), regardless of the place of work and positions held, with the exception of workers of enterprises NK Ammunition, NK Armament, NK Mortar weapons, NK Aviation industry, NK Tank industry, NK Coal industry, NK Oil industry, NK Ferrous metallurgy, NK Non-ferrous metallurgy, NK Power plants, NK Electrical industry, NK Heavy machine building, NK Machine-tool building Routes of communication, NK of the Marine Fleet, NK of the River Fleet and Glavsevmorput, with qualifications of 3 categories and higher.
The conscripts of local nationalities are not subject to conscription: Uzbek, Tajik, Turkmen, Kazakh, Kirghiz, Georgian, Armenian and Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republics, Dagestan, Chechen-Ingush, Kabardino-Balkar, North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics and the Adygei Igeysk, Adygei Autonomous Republics areas.
2. To oblige the Comrades of the Far Eastern Front (Comrade Purkaev) to allocate 100,000 people within two months (November, December 1943). trained privates and non-commissioned officers, fit for combat service, and transfer to the replenishment of units of the active army at the direction of the chief of the Glavupraform of the Red Army.
3. To oblige the Commanders of the Trans-Baikal Front (Comrade Kovalev) to allocate 35,000 people within two months (November, December 1943). trained privates and non-commissioned officers, fit for combat service, and transfer to the replenishment of units of the active army at the direction of the head of the Main Directorate of the Red Army.
4. To oblige the Commando Troops of the Transcaucasian Front within two months (November, December 1943) to allocate 30,000 people. trained privates and non-commissioned officers, fit for combat service, and transfer to the replenishment of units of the active army at the direction of the head of the Main Directorate of the Red Army.
5. To oblige the Commander of the Red Army Artillery (Comrade Voronov) within two months (December 1943 and January 1944) to allocate 30,000 people from the units of the Western and Eastern Fronts of the Air Defense and the Moscow Special Air Defense Army. trained privates and non-commissioned officers, fit for combat service, and transfer to the replenishment of units of the active army at the direction of the head of the Main Directorate of the Red Army.
6. To oblige Comrade Smorodinov, head of the Glavupraform:
a) instead of the released privates and sergeants (points 2, 3, 4 and 5), transfer until December 15, 1943: to the troops of the Far Eastern Front - 100,000 people, to the troops of the Trans-Baikal Front - 35,000 people, to the troops of the Transcaucasian Front - 30,000 people, in the air defense forces - 30,000 people, and in total - 195,000 conscripts born in 1926;
b) concentrate the rest of the recruits born in 1926 in spare, training units and special schools, setting a six-month training period for them, prohibiting anyone from early use of them to staff units of the active army.
7. To oblige the NKPS (comrade Kaganovich) and the head of the Rear Services of the Red Army (comrade Khrulev) to transport the contingents specified in this decree to the points and terms at the request of the head of the Main Directorate of the Red Army, comrade Smorodinova.
CHAIRMAN OF THE STATE DEFENSE COMMITTEE I. STALIN
Sent by Comrade Molotov, Smorodinov, Zhukov, Kaganovich, Khrulev - everything. Chadayev - 1. By the Far East. front - 2, 6a - resp. Troops Zabaikalsk. front - 3, 6a - resp. Troops of the Transcaucasian. front - 4, 6a - resp. Voronov - 5, 6a - resp.
Basis: RGASPI, fund 644, inventory 1, d.163, ll.1-3. http://www.soldat.ru/doc/gko/text/4322.html
________________________________________ ________________________________________ __
Top secret.
State Defense Committee
Resolution No. GOKO-1575ss dated April 11, 1942
Moscow Kremlin.
NGO issues
1. To allocate and transfer the Glavupraform in the period from April 15 to May 15 this year. d. 500,000 people fit for combat service in the army, including:
a) 100,000 people by reserving those liable for military service, using deferrals for mobilization with the distribution of the number of conscripts in the People's Commissars, in accordance with Appendix No. 1;
b) 100,000 people 1922, 1923 births not drafted into the army;
c) 150,000 conscripts in 1922 and 1923 birth and persons liable for military service up to 30 years old inclusive from the number of Central Asian nationalities (in Uzbekistan 100,000 people and Kazakhstan 50,000 people);
d) 65,000 people due to a thorough revision of those with limited fitness and who were previously exempted from military service for health reasons;
e) 50,000 persons liable for military service who are in the police and paramilitary guards;
i) 35,000 people through careful selection of children of immigrants and immigrants of military age.
2. Considering the most important task of the party and Soviet organizations of Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan to successfully carry out the draft of 150,000 Uzbeks and Kazakhs outlined by this resolution, to oblige the Central Committee of the CP (b) and the Council of People's Commissars of Uzbekistan, the Central Committee of the Communist Party (b) and the Council of People's Commissars of Kazakhstan to ensure the correct political and organizational leadership of conscription.
3. To oblige com. Shvernik and Moskatov to mobilize in the order of the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated February 13, 1942, 150,000 women to replace those drafted into the army, in accordance with paragraph 1 "a" and "e" of this resolution.
4. To oblige the chief of the Glavupraform, Comrade Shchadenko, to use the 500,000 people allocated in accordance with this decree for staffing spare parts for the preparation of marching reinforcements and for completing the infantry divisions withdrawn from the front, as well as for the formation of tank and other special units.
5. To oblige the NKPS (Comrade Khrulev) to transport the indicated contingents to the points and terms at the request of the Chief of the Glavupraform Comrade Shchadenko.
CHAIRMAN OF THE STATE DEFENSE COMMITTEE I. STALIN
Extracts sent to: com. Shchadenko, Malenkov, Beria, Shvernik, Shaposhnikov - everything; Chadayev, Moskatov, the Central Committee and SNK of Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan, Khrulev and the people's commissars - respectively.
ANNEX to the resolution of GKOK No. 1575ss of 11.IV.42
People's Commissariat for Construction - 6.000 people
People's Commissariat for Aviation Industry - 4.000 - "-
Narkomsredmash - 4.000 - "-
People's Commissariat for Armaments - 3.000 - "-
Narkomtankoprom - 4.000 - "-
Narkomneft - 5.000 - "-
People's Commissariat of State Farms - 4.000 - "-
Narkomsudprom - 3.000 - "-
Narcomo-ammunition - 3.000 - "-
Narcomles - 3.000 - "-
Narkomtekstil - 3.500 - "-
People's Commissariat for Food Industry - 3.500 - "-
People's Commissariat for Land - 14.500 - "-
NKPS - 13.500 - "-
NKVD - 10.000 - "-
Narkomelektroprom - 3.000 - "-
Narkomrechflot - 2.500 - "-
People's Commissariat for Communications - 2.000 - "-
Narkomlegprom - 1.500 - "-
Narkomzag - 1.500 - "-
Narkommyasomolprom - 1.500 - "-
People's Commissariat for Construction Materials - 1.000 - "-
People's Commissariat - 1.000 - "-
People's Commissariat for Industry - 1.000 - "-
Promcooperation - 1.000 - "-
Total: - 100,000 people
See the Great Patriotic War. Anniversary statistical collection. M., 2015.190 p.
http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/doc_2015/vov_svod_1.pdf
________________________________________ ______________________
"the co-chairman of the movement" Immortal Regiment of Russia "presented the report" Documentary basis of the People's project "Establishing the fate of the missing defenders of the Fatherland", in the framework of which studies were carried out on the decline in the population of the USSR in 1941-45. He changed the idea of the scale of losses of the USSR in the Great Patriotic War war.
According to the declassified data of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, the losses of the Soviet Union in the Second World War are 41 million 979 thousand, not 27 million, as previously thought. This is almost one third of the modern population. Russian Federation... Our fathers, grandfathers, great-grandfathers are hiding behind this terrible figure. Those who gave their lives for our future. And, perhaps, the biggest betrayal is to forget their names, their feat, their heroism, which took shape in our common great Victory.
— The general decline in the population of the USSR in 1941-45 - more than 52 million 812 thousand people. Of these, irrecoverable losses as a result of the factors of war - more than 19 million servicemen and about 23 million civilians. The total natural mortality rate of servicemen and civilians during this period could have amounted to more than 10 million 833 thousand people (including 5 million 760 thousand - died children under the age of four). Irrecoverable losses of the population of the USSR as a result of the action of the factors of war amounted to almost 42 million people ... The above information is confirmed by a huge number of original documents, authoritative publications and testimonies. "
https://polkrf.ru/news/1275/parlamentskie_slushaniya_patrioticheskoe_vospitanie_bessmertnyiy_polk
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Direct link to Resolutions of the State Defense Committee for 1943
http://www.soldat.ru/doc/gko/gko1943.html
State Defense Committee
Resolution No. GOKO-4322ss dated October 13, 1943
Moscow Kremlin. - download scans of the order
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The original of this post is at
Fewer and fewer of us are in the ranks of the living, the recruits of 1944, the fighters of the last military draft, the last human reserve, which the country drained of blood in the hardest war was preparing for Victory. A million and a quarter of young, seventeen-year-old boys were called that autumn by the Motherland into the ranks of the Red Army and Navy. Almost six months remained until the end of the war, but no one was given to know this, and more than one million lives had to be put on the altar of Victory by the power ...
AND EVERYTHING, Supreme Commander-in-Chief I.V. Stalin decided to save this last reserve for the time being, did not throw it into the scorching heat of battles, foreseeing that even after the Victory, the contours of which were already highlighted on the tips of the famous "ten Stalinist blows," on the smoking banks of the Vistula and Danube, the future world would be far from calm.
The reserve is the reserve. And the guys went to training battalions, military schools, frontier posts, engineer units, neutralizing the land liberated from the enemy from mines. I remember how in Ryazan, at the assembly point, these beardless children dreamed of "feats, valor, glory" and heatedly argued about the type of troops in which it was possible to get to the front faster after training. And how the guy Vanya Ponomarev was worried about Uholovsky's heroic build in our team, sent to the aviation school, that he probably will not have time to learn and shoot down "at least one vulture" by the end of the war. And as the bright-eyed Volodya Yesenin from the village of Konstantinovo reassured him, smiling, by the way, very similar to his famous fellow villager and namesake: "The peaceful sky is no worse, but there will be enough feats for our age."
The last military appeal did not manage to fight the "vultures" on the battlefield. But when the echelons with the victors returned to their homeland, he had another six to seven years (and some even longer) to carry out military service in the army and navy, becoming no longer a reserve, but the core of the country's Armed Forces, the main striking force in case if the "cold war" unleashed by the "allies" soon after the victory turned into a "hot" one.
I already had to write about my peers and colleagues, receive letters from them. The fate of all lined up almost the same. At the age of 13-14, teenagers had to replace their fathers and elder brothers who had gone to the front, in the factory shops and in the field behind the plow, having shouldered the childish burden of affairs and worries: "Everything for the front, everything for the victory over the enemy!" And then the call and endless years in barracks, cockpits, dugouts - from Murmansk to Kushka, from Berlin to Port Arthur and the Kuriles.
And many had to take a sip in these years of peace and military dashing. Long-term pravdist-photojournalist Boris Sokolov, who passed away this year, at the age of 18, became the best scout in the operative detachment that tracked down Bandera gangs in the Lviv region, and personally destroyed one of the most inveterate, stained with the blood of hundreds of victims of the gangster ringleaders - Mykola Stotsky ...
The years of soldier's service dragged on, but the country went on a different, peaceful life. The growing youth graduated from schools, technical schools, universities, children mastered peaceful professions, fell in love and acquired families and housing. And the fighters of the last military draft, returning to "civilian life" in 1951-1952, had to start a peaceful life practically from scratch at the age of 24-25.
And no one complained about fate. No matter what hardships one had to bear, everyone lived with the firm conviction that "the Motherland will not forget us." So they were brought up, they stood on that. And nothing, survived, survived.
On the eve of November 7, I once again had a chance to talk with the soldiers of the 1944 draft at the "meeting of combat friends" in the Red Banner Hall of the All-Russian Center for Culture of the Armed Forces, or simply, the House of the Russian Army. We marked a memorable date - 60 years after the decision of the State Defense Committee on conscription, counted how many peers were out of action after the previous meeting. Someone sadly noticed that the veterans' choir, which had already lined up on the stage to please us with a concert, almost outnumbered those gathered in the hall.
And I looked into the faces of my peers, listened to them and again and again was amazed at the inexhaustible enthusiasm of military youth carried through them through the thickness of the years. Yes, all of them, one way or another, albeit with a considerable delay, made their peaceful life. They built cities, raised virgin lands, and raised children. And in this meeting of ours, gray-haired men with rows of multi-colored order ribbons on the lapels of their jackets were not talking about senile ailments, which, when the count of years goes far beyond 70, often poison the life of our brother ...
Former partisan Mikhail Dmitrievich Latsepner spoke with enthusiasm about his patronage in one of the Moscow boarding schools. Ivan Petrovich Koblyakov shared his experience in conducting "lessons of courage" in schools of the Perovsky district. Lessons, according to the conviction of the veterans, are extremely necessary right now, when the destroyers of the country by all means are trying to instill in the younger generation the wrong ideas about the Victory over fascism and its origins, about the life and struggle of the Soviet people, without disdaining at the same time the most sophisticated lies and slander.
Reproaches were also heard. Here, they say, not all of our 1944 conscripts pay attention to the military-patriotic education of young people.
Others are too close to their "sores", summer cottage and family affairs. You can imagine the grins from the outside: the age is such that it is time to think about the eternal, but they still will not calm down. Well, it remains to repeat once again: yes, that is how they were brought up by the old system, the way of life, they stand on that, as the Soviet state stood on that. "If I had a native country, and there would be no other worries" - this was, in fact, the anthem and motto of Soviet generations.
The soldiers of the last military draft were and remain true to this motto. It is all the more offensive for them - and this was also discussed at a meeting in the Red Banner Hall - that even now, on the eve of the 60th anniversary of Victory, the 1944 recruits are legally listed as not quite full-fledged participants in the Great Patriotic War and are deprived of the corresponding benefits.
The dispute around this has been going on for more than one year. Back in 2001, the State Duma, with the energetic support of Communist deputies, passed the necessary amendment to the law, but it was "hacked to death" in the Federation Council and the Kremlin. Subsequent appeals to the legislature, the government and the president also ended in failure.
The explanations of government officials, as a rule, boiled down to a budget deficit. About three years ago the figure of 800 million rubles circulated in the Duma. Look, they say, how much will have to be found additionally from the meager Russian treasury for this cohort of veterans. There are still too many of them - nearly a hundred thousand souls. Well, the number of souls over the years has noticeably (almost half) decreased, and in the budget with a surplus that pleases the authorities, in the stabilization and other funds, swollen from the inexhaustible influx of petrodollars, it has made a very noticeable profit. Now, it would seem, and even on the eve of the Victory anniversary, it would be just right for the authorities to restore justice. But time passes, and the veterans of the last military draft are still in the war participants, as it were, of the second grade.
- It is still unknown, - remarked on this score retired colonel Boris Ivanovich Gorodetsky, who heads the capital's organization "The Last Military Call", - how the monetization of benefits initiated by the authorities will affect the position of our veterans. Judging by the previous sad experience, I somehow do not really believe in the best option. You have to remain vigilant.
On my desk is a pile of letters from the soldiers of that autumn 1944 draft. This is what, for example, a resident of the village of Podyuga, Arkhangelsk Region, Igor Fedorovich Maryshev, reflects on in his letter: “The trouble is that the current government is represented by people who were born and brought up in the post-war period. Apparently, the understanding of all that has fallen to our lot is inaccessible.The state is fully engaged in creating a class of the elite, a class of the rich, dooming the rest to poverty and misery. Market economy, like nothing else, helps all kinds of crooks to fill their wallets. There is money for all kinds of senseless shows that consume millions of dollars and rubles, but there is no money to thank the warriors and workers of the past.
There are fewer of us every year, every day. Diseases prevail. And there is no time left to wait, as we have waited all these years, for the recognition of us as full participants in the Great Patriotic War. Really, by the next anniversary year, neither the President, nor the Duma, nor the government will take any measures at our request? Do you really have to go to another world with resentment for your power? "... A dry November snow is sweeping down the street. Just like then, 60 years ago, on the railway station square in Ryazan, where we, seventeen-year-old boys, are still in civilian clothes, with our backs" sidor ", were built before boarding the carriages, before the road to the unknown.
And somewhere beyond the Bug, in the Carpathians, the fighting did not cease, and it was thought that it was us that the front lacked to put a victory point in this protracted war. Nearly half a year remained until May 9th.
Theme "Great Training Camps" 1941 well illustrates the thesis "Half-truths are worse than lies".
Information about the spring and summer of 1941 in the Soviet Union of training camps for military service reserves was mentioned on the pages of memoirs and research works Soviet period - however, almost always in the context "in connection with the growing threat of fascist aggression, the Soviet military and political leadership took measures to increase the combat readiness of the troops.":
"Along with the movement of troops from the internal districts to the border ones in May - June 1941, other measures are being taken to increase the combat readiness of the Soviet Armed Forces ... According to the mobilization plan approved in February 1941, a call-up is carried out at the end of May - beginning of June. 793 , 5 thousand reserves liable for military service, which made it possible to staff 21 divisions of border districts to full wartime staff, as well as significantly replenish other formations, artillery units, air defense forces and fortified areas "- Zakharov "General Staff in the Pre-War Years" - M.: Military Publishing, 1989.
"In connection with the growing threat of aggression from fascist Germany, the People's Commissariat of Defense and the General Staff not only made adjustments to the developed operational and mobilization plans to repel the inevitable attack on our country, but, on the instructions of the Central Committee, the party and government carried out a number of very important measures from these plans, aimed at strengthening the defenses of our western borders ... In May - early June 1941, about 800 thousand people from the reserve were called up for training camps, and all of them were sent to replenish the troops of the border western military districts and their fortified areas. The Central Committee of the Party and the Soviet government carried out a number of other serious measures in order to further increase the combat readiness and combat effectiveness of the armed forces ... "- Vasilevsky "The Work of All Life" - M.: Politizdat, 1978.
"In connection with the aggravation of the situation, the Central Committee of the Communist Party and the Soviet government have taken urgent measures to increase the combat readiness of the Red Army since the end of April 1941. In May-June, the People's Commissariat of Defense in accordance with the mobilization plan approved by the Council of People's Commissars back in February 1941. , carried out a number of mobilization measures ... Since the end of May, 793 thousand Soviet citizens from the reserve began to be called up for training camps "- "The Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union 1941-1945: A Brief History" - M.: Military Publishing, 1984.
“In connection with the aggravation of the general situation, the Communist Party and the Soviet government urgently took measures to increase the combat readiness of the Soviet Army and Navy from the end of April 1941. about 800 thousand people liable for military service were called up from the reserve.- "History of the Second World War 1939-1945. Volume 3. The beginning of the war. Preparation of aggression against the USSR" - M.: Voenizdat, 1974, p. 439-440.
The above quotes clearly link the fees of those liable for military service with the reaction to "growing threat of fascist aggression", on the one hand, and with mobilization activities- with another. Against this uniform background, the mention of training camps in Zhukov's memoirs looks like a dissonance: "In mid-March 1941, S. K. Timoshenko and I asked for the permission of I. V. Stalin to call on the assigned reserve personnel for rifle divisions in order to be able to retrain him in the spirit of modern requirements... At first, our request was denied. We were told that the conscription of the reserve personnel in such proportions could give the Germans an excuse to provoke a war. However, at the end of March, it was decided to call up five hundred thousand soldiers and sergeants and send them to the border military districts for replenishment in order to bring the number of rifle divisions to at least 8 thousand people. In order not to return to this issue, I will say that a few days later it was allowed to call in another 300 thousand assigned personnel to staff with specialists for fortified areas and other branches and branches of the armed forces, artillery of the reserve of the High Command, engineer troops, signal troops, air defense and rear services of the military -air force. So, on the eve of the war, the Red Army received an additional 800 thousand people. The training camp was planned to be held in May-October 1941 "- Zhukov "Memories and Reflections. In 2 volumes" - M.: Olma-Press, 2002.
The crown of the development line response to the growing threat of fascist aggression was the coverage of the issue of training camps in 1941 in the collection "1941 - lessons and conclusions": "In mid-May, the Deputy Chief of the Operations Directorate, Major General A.M. Vasilevsky, together with the Deputy Chief of the General Staff, Lieutenant General N.F. not to give such advantages to the enemy, it was proposed to conduct covert mobilization under the guise of "large training camps", to obtain from the national economy the number of horses and vehicles missing in the state, and to move the troops to the border ... In April - May 1941, the People's Commissariat of Defense and the General Staff adopted the decision on the submitted note and began to carry out, with the consent of the government, the covert mobilization of the military reserve under the cover of “large training camps.” The task was set to strengthen military units and formations in 14 military districts. In total, more than 802 thousand people were called up for training camps before the declaration of war. , which was 24% of the assigned personnel by m overpowered MP-41. These measures made it possible to strengthen half of all rifle divisions (99 out of 198), intended mainly for operations in the West. At the same time, the composition of the rifle divisions of the border districts with the staffing of 14,483 people was increased: 21 divisions - up to 14 thousand people, 72 divisions - up to 12 thousand people and 6 rifle divisions - up to 11 thousand people. At the same time, units and formations of other combat arms and branches of the Armed Forces were replenished ... "- "1941 - lessons and conclusions" - M.: Military Publishing, 1992.
The wave of revisionism that swept through the history of the Great Patriotic War in dashing nineties ™, gave the issue of the 1941 training camp a new sound: now the listed quotes were used to prove secret mobilization of the Red Army for a sudden, unprovoked strike against Germany. The mousetrap, cocked back in the sixties, slammed shut with a death knell:.
However, it should be admitted that both the "traditionalists" and the revisionists are discussing without invoking documents about the 1941 training camp; familiarization with them paints a completely different picture.
For the first time, the publication of an extract from the protocol of the decision of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks from 8th March 1941:
"
On the training camps of the liable military reserve in 1941
and attracting horses and vehicles to collect from the national economy.
To approve the following draft resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR: "The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR decides:
1. Allow non-profit organizations to call for military training in 1941 in the military reserve in the amount of 975.870 people, of which:
for a period of 90 days - 192.869 people
for 60 days - 25,000 people
for 45 days - 754.896 people
for 30 days - 3.105 people
2. Allow non-profit organizations to attract 57,500 horses and 1,680 cars for training camps from the national economy for a period of 45 days, with distribution by republics, territories and regions according to the appendix.
3. Fees to spend:
a) in reserve rifle divisions in three stages:
first stage - from May 15 to July 1
the second stage - from July 10 to August 25
the third stage - from September 5 to October 20;
b) in rifle divisions of six thousand personnel in the period - from May 15 to July 1;
c) in rifle divisions of three thousand personnel in the period - from August 15 to October 1;
d) carry out other fees in turns throughout 1941.
4. To exempt from training camps in 1941 workers and engineering and technical workers:
People's Commissars of the aviation, shipbuilding, chemical industries, ammunition, weapons and communications;
Kharkov plants # 183 and 75, Leningrad # 174, Moscow # 37, Kharkov and Stalingrad tractor plants, bearing plants GP31 and GP32;
the fuselage shop of the Kharkiv Hammer and Sickle plant of the People's Commissariat for Sreda Machinery;
Kirov plant of the People's Commissariat for Tyazhmash;
NII-20, special shops of small series of the "Electrosignal" plant, factories No. 197 and 203 of the Narkomelektroprom;
Kolchuginsky plant them. Ordzhonikidze, Leningrad factories "Krasny Vyborzhets" and them. Voroshilov Narkomtsvetmet, as well as all tractor drivers, combine operators for the period of the spring sowing and harvesting campaigns.
5. Provision of food for those conscripted for training, to make from the funds of the NCO within the limits allocated for the training in 1941, 145,000 annual food rations.
6. To attribute the costs associated with the maintenance of people and horses involved in the training camp at the expense of the NGO estimates for the maintenance of the Red Army for 1941 "" - "1941" - M.: MF "Democracy", 1998. If we compare the decision of the Politburo with the conclusion voiced 20th March 1941 Head of the Intelligence Directorate of the General Staff of the Red Army F. I. Golikov in a report to the NKO, SNK and Central Committee of the CPSU (b) ( "... the most probable date for the start of action against the USSR will be the moment after the victory over England or after the conclusion of an honorable peace for Germany. Rumors and documents that speak of the inevitability of a war against the USSR in the spring of this year should be regarded as misinformation emanating from the British and even, perhaps, German intelligence "), then the version about the "mobilization" nature of the training camp in 1941 acquires the visible features of noble madness: the Soviet leadership decides to carry out mobilization measures as a response to information perceived as "misinformation coming from British and even, perhaps, German intelligence" !
The directives on the conduct of training camps sent by the General Staff of the Red Army to the military districts in late March - early April 1941, laid out in, allow us to give an unambiguous negative answer to the question of whether these fees were "mobilization activities" or even "covert mobilization under the guise of" large training camps "" "1941 - lessons and conclusions"... To do this, it is enough to familiarize yourself with the instructions monotonously repeated in directives:
- "The military council of the district / front, taking into account the interests of the national economy and local conditions, is allowed, without exceeding the total number of people involved in the training camp, to make its own changes in the indicated dates for the training and in the number of people involved in each formation and separate unit.".
- "When organizing training camps, require unit commanders to notify in advance the heads of industrial enterprises, collective and state farms about the upcoming involvement of military personnel from these enterprises and farms in training camps.".
Yes, "such mobilization, mobilization", the timing of which, the number and composition of the "mobilized" are at the mercy of the command of the districts, depending on the haymaking and farrowing. "Such a secret, secret mobilization", about which the management of enterprises, collective farms and state farms is notified in advance.
A summary table of the distribution of recruits by district and category -
| ArchVO | DVF | ZabVO | ZakVO | ZOVO | KOVO | LVO | MVO | ODVO | OVO | PriVO | SAVO | Siberian Military District | SKVO | URVO | HVO | Total | |
| Attributed composition of rifle divisions | 5000 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10000 | 38000 | 17000 | 45000 | 10000 | 30000 | 15000 | 5000 | 10000 | 25000 | 20000 | 35000 | 265000 |
| Revised plan - before increase | 5000 | 0 | 0 | 5200 | 22000 | 61550 | 17000 | 53000 | 22000 | 38000 | 40000 | 5000 | 36000 | 46000 | 28000 | 51550 | 430300 |
| Modified plan - after enlargement | 6000 | 0 | 0 | 5200 | 24000 | 65550 | 20000 | 60000 | 24000 | 42000 | 42000 | 5000 | 36000 | 48000 | 30000 | 58550 | 466300 |
This information again correlates well with the memoirs of Zhukov, who mentioned permission "to call on another 300 thousand of the assigned staff".
Returning to the thesis about half-truths that are worse than lies: as it is easy to see that the training camp of 1941 had nothing to do with mobilization measures, their holding looks like a consequence, rather, of a change in the deployment scheme of the Red Army, rather than some foreign policy events ... but memoirists (for the most part) and researchers (especially from the military department) could not resist the temptation to present the Soviet military and political leadership as much more perspicacious and prudent than those - alas! - actually were. Accordingly, now revisionists of all stripes are happily waving quotations from memoirs and studies: in the USSR there was a hidden mobilization! And since Soviet intelligence was unable to reveal the German preparations for the war, it means ... yes, yes, and because of the text, Vladimir Bogdanych's long donkey ears protrude from his "mobilization is war, and we cannot imagine another understanding of it" and the subsequent smooth transition to "the war that never happened" .
The five-minute hate is over.
Dixi
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