For what purpose are eliminating emergency situations. Work on elimination of the consequences of the disaster

The solution to the problem of protecting the population and the environmental environment from emergency situations of technogenic and natural nature, a decrease in their socio-economic and environmental consequences is the most important task of modernity, without which the country's sustainable development is impossible.

Ways to minimize the risk of emergence

Actual issues of ensuring the safety of territories and settlements, their protection against the impact of emergencies of various origins are considered in the federal law of 21.12.94 No. 68-FZ "On the protection of the population and territories from emergency situations of natural and technogenic nature."

Art. The 18 law proclaimed the rights of citizens of the Russian Federation in the field of public protection and territories from emergency. Citizens of the Russian Federation have the right:

• to protect life, health and personal property in the event of an emergency;
• use the means of collective and individual sewn and other property of the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments and organizations intended to protect the population from emergencies;
• be informed about the risk to which they can be subjected to certain places of stay in the country and the measures of necessary safety;
• on compensation for damage caused by their health and property due to emergency;
• for medical care, compensation and benefits for accommodation and work in the zones of emergency;
• on free state social insurance, receipt of compensation and benefits for damage caused by their health in the performance of duties during the elimination of the consequences of the emergency
• on pension provision in case of loss of disability due to injury or disease, as well as pension provision on the occasion of the loss of the breadwinner, who deceased or deceased from injury or illness, obtained in the performance of duties on the protection of the population and territories from emergency.

The indicated law also gave the definition of a number of basic concepts. In particular, the prevention of emergency situations is a set of events held in advance and aimed at the highest possible reduction in the risk of emergence of emergencies, as well as to maintain the health of people, a decrease in the size of the damage to OPS and material losses in the event of their occurrence. The concept of eliminating emergencies includes emergency rescue and other urgent work, which are carried out with the emergence of emergencies in order to save the life and health of people, reduce the size of the damage to OPS and material losses, as well as the localization of the EFS zones and the termination of the dangerous factors characteristic of them. Under the emergency zone, they understand the territory on which an emergency emergency has developed.

The law pursues the achievement of the following goals:

• prevention and development of emergencies;
• reducing the size of damage and losses from emergencies;
• elimination of the consequences of emergencies. At the same time, it is recognized that the most effective measures to combat emergencies those that are aimed at preventing or the maximum possible decrease in the level of manifestation of emergencies, i.e. These are preventive measures.

There are two main ways to minimize both the probability of occurrence and the consequences of emergencies on any object or territory.

The first direction is to develop and subsequently implement such organizational and technical measures that reduce the likelihood of the dangerous affecting potential of modern technical systems. The latter must be equipped with protective devices - means of explosion and fireflows of equipment and equipment, electrical and lightning protection, localization and extinguishing fires, etc.

Preparation of the facility serving personnel, civil defense services, servicemen, civilians to actions directly in emergency conditions - the essence of the second direction. It is based on the formation of action plans in emergency, however, they need detailed development of scenarios of possible accidents and disasters on specific objects. To do this, it is necessary to have statistical and expert data on physical, chemical and other phenomena underlying a possible accident, predicting the size of possible losses. The need is also the need for a constant assessment of the situation before the emergence of emergencies, with its immediate threat and, finally, when an emergency occurs. Without all this, it is impossible to effectively protect against negative impacts of emergencies, as well as the organization of the elimination of their consequences.

According to the decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 29.04.95 No. 444 (as amended from 24.06.96), the procedure for the preparation of the annual state report on the state of protection of the population and territories was approved Russian Federation from natural and man-made emergencies. Such a report, which is the official government document, is prepared in order to ensure federal authorities and executive authorities of the subjects of the Federation relevant systematized analytical information, as well as determining the ways to protect the population and territories from emergency and developing measures aimed at preventing, reducing the consequences and elimination of emergency .

Unified State System of Prevention and Elimination of Emergency Situations (RSCS)

This system was formed by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 05.11.95.

The main objective of the RSCS is to combine the efforts of central and regional authorities, as well as organizations and institutions for the prevention and elimination of emergencies.

The following postulates are based on the functioning of the RSCS: 1) the risk of emergence is impossible; 2) the principle of preventive (advanced) security should be observed, which provides for a decrease in the likelihood of emergencies; 3) should be given priority for preventive work; 4) an integrated approach should be carried out in the formation of the system, that is, to take into account all types of emergencies, all stages of their development and a variety of consequences; 5) the system should be built on a legal basis with a clear delimitation of the rights and responsibilities of the participants. The main tasks of the RSCC are:

• development of draft laws and other important documents governing the protection of the population and territories from emergencies and their subsequent implementation;
• ensuring the constant readiness of the governing bodies, as well as forces and means intended to prevent and eliminate emergencies;
• collection and processing of incoming operational information and issuance of recommendations for the protection of the population and territories from emergencies; constant preparation of the population to action in emergency conditions; forecasting and evaluation of the effects of emergencies; creation of financial and material reserves to eliminate emergencies;
• implementation of state examination, supervision and control in the field of protection of the population and territories from emergencies;
• elimination of the consequences of emergencies;
• implementation of activities on social protection of the population affected by emergencies, conducting humanitarian actions;
• assistance in the realization of the rights and obligations of citizens in the field of sewn from emergencies;
• international cooperation on the issues of sewn and territories from emergency.

The structure of the RSCS. This system combines organs government controlled The Russian Federation of all levels, various organizations and institutions, whose duties include functions related to ensuring the safety and protection of the population, prevention, response and actions in emergency conditions.

A unified system of preventing and eliminating the consequences of emergencies at the federal level unites the forces of constant readiness of the following ministries and departments: Ministry of Emergency Situations, Ministry of Earth, Ministry of Internal Affairs, MCS, MPS, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Transport, Roshydromet, Rosleshoz Russia and a number of others. Its basis, managing and organizing center is the Ministry of Civil Defense, Emergency Situations and Eliminate Disaster (abbreviated EMERCOM of Russia). At the same time, the Chief Guideline is the Commission for the Emergencies Ministry (CD) for the protection of the population and territories. Headquarters are headquarters as the working bodies of territorial CDs and emergency disasters.

This system consists of territorial and functional subsystems.

Territorial subsystems are created in the subjects of the Russian Federation (republics, edges, regions) to prevent and eliminate emergencies within the respective territory. Environmental safety issues overseen the Ministry of Environment of Russia; Observation and disaster control are assigned to Roshydromet; control of the situation on potentially dangerous sites - to the State Status and Gosgorthek- Supervision of Russia; emergency medical care for the Ministry of Health; Fire safety - at the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia.

The functional subsystems of the RSCS are organized to carry out similar works in the most dangerous in terms of possible emergency sectors (heat energy, chemical, etc.). The task of these subsystems is to observe and monitor the state of the OPS and the situation on potentially dangerous facilities, the elimination of emergencies, the protection of personnel and the population of the territories.

RSHS levels. These include federal, regional, territorial, local and object levels, i.e. They actually correspond to the currently adopted CHD classification.

Each level of RSCS has: 1) coordinating organs; 2) permanent governing bodies, specially authorized to solve problems for the protection of the population and territories from emergencies; 3) daily management bodies; 4) forces and funds, financial and material reserves; 5) communication systems and alerts.

Coordinating RSChS bodies are: at the federal level - an interdepartmental commission for the prevention and elimination of emergencies and departmental commissions for emergency situations (KBS) in the federal executive bodies;

• at the regional level, covering the territory of several subjects of the Russian Federation, regional centers for the Affairs, emergency and elimination of the effects of natural disasters of the EMERCOM of Russia;
• in the territorial level, including the territory of the subject of the Russian Federation, the Commission on the EHF of the executive authorities of the relevant subjects of the Russian Federation,
• at the local level - the Commission on the emergencies of local governments operating in the district, cities (district in the city);
• at the facilities covering the territory of the Organization or the object, the object commissions on emergencies.

The daily management authorities are: control points (management centers in crisis situations), operational-duty services of the GOCC management bodies of all levels, duty dispatch services and specialized divisions of the federal executive bodies and organizations.

The operating modes of the RSCP. They are introduced depending on the situation and the scale of the projected or emerging emergency.

The mode of daily activities is established at a normal production and industrial, radiation, chemical, biological (bacteriological), seismic and hydrometeorological situation, in the absence of epidemics, epizooty, epiphyotsis.

The mode of increased availability is entered upon the deterioration of the specified environment, obtaining a forecast about the possibility of emergents.

The emergency mode is established when the emergence occurs and during the elimination of emergencies. In the case of the introduction of this regime, the following activities are carried out: 1) the organization of protection of the population; 2) nomination of operational groups to the emergency area; 3) defining the boundaries of the emergency area; 4) organization of work on the elimination of the consequences of emergencies; 5) organization of work to ensure the sustainable functioning of the sectors of the economy and the life support objects; 6) Continuous monitoring of the state of the natural environment in the emergency area, atmosphere at emergency sites and the territory adjacent to them.

The decision to introduce the appropriate regimes, depending on the scale of the emergency, receives the Government of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Emergency Situations or the relevant Commissions for the emergency.

Improving the sustainability of the objects of the economy

Factors affecting the stability of the object. It is quite obvious that the sustainability of the economy of any state to various manifestations of emergencies is determined by the stability of the components of its objects. Under the stability of the object, its ability to produce established types of products (real, energy, information) in appropriate volumes and nomenclature in emergency conditions, as well as the adaptability of this object to recovery in case of damage is damaged. For objects that are not related to the production of material values \u200b\u200b(for example, a radar station), stability is determined by their ability to perform their functions in emergency conditions.

Stability of objects and technical systems is achieved mainly by organizational and technical measures that are always preceded by a study of the sustainability of a particular object, and long before commissioning it. At the design stage, it is to one degree or another. project organization. The same study of the sustainability of the object is carried out by the relevant services at the stage of technical, economic, environmental and other types of expertise.

The stability of the object has a great influence area of \u200b\u200bits location. It is he who determines the level and probability of the impact of dangerous factors of natural origin (volcanoes, seismic effects, sat down, landslides, etc.). The meteorological conditions of the district are significant (the amount of precipitation, the direction of the dominant winds, the maximum and minimum temperature of the hottest and coldest month), the terrain, the nature of the ground, the depth of the pound waters, their chemical composition, etc.

In the case when it comes to the stability of the functioning object, its study is carried out in two stages.

At the first stage, the stability and vulnerability of individual elements of the object in emergency conditions are analyzed, and also assess the likelihood of failure or destroy the specified elements or the entire object as a whole. In particular, the analysis is subject to: reliability of installations and technological complexes; The consequences of the accuracy of certain systems of production in the past; The most likely directions for the spread of the shock wave through the territory of the object during explosions of vessels, communications, nuclear charges, etc.; the spread of fire in the event of fires of various types; the nature of the dispersion of substances (first of all when driving) released at the emergency; opportunity secondary education toxic, fire and explosive mixtures, etc.

The second stage includes the development of measures to increase the sustainability and preparation of the facility to recover after emergency. These activities constitute the basis of the plan schedule for increasing the sustainability of the object. The plan indicates the volume and cost of planned work, a list of basic materials and their number, machinery and mechanisms, labor force, responsible performers, deadlines, sources of financing. Naturally, all the outlined activities must be fulfilled in a timely manner.

Reconstruction or expansion of the facility also requires a new analysis of its stability. Therefore, the study of stability is not a one-time effect, but a systematic process carried out during the functioning of the object, requiring constant attention from the leadership, technical personnel, the services, etc.

In addition to these considered factors, the nature of the object's stability is influenced by the nature of the construction of the territory (structure, type, density), the surrounding object of related production, transport highways, as well as the natural conditions of the adjacent area (for example, forest arrays can be sources of fires, and water objects with alternative transport communications etc.).

When evaluating the internal planning of the object, the influence of the density and type of development on the possibility of the occurrence and distribution of fires, the formation of inputs in asylum and passes between buildings. It is necessary to pay attention to those sites where secondary lesion factors may occur. They are: Capacities with easily flammable liquids (LVZH) and dying, warehouses of explosives and explosive technological installations; Technological communications whose destruction can cause fires, explosions and dangerous gas and others. This should clearly estimate the possible consequences of the following processes: leakage of heavy and light gases or toxic smoke; dispersion of combustion products in indoor premises; fires tanks, wells, fountains; heating and evaporation of liquids in pools and tanks; impact on human combustion products and other chemicals; explosions of vapor LVZ; the formation of a shock wave as a result of explosions of the LVZ vapor, vessels under pressure, explosions in closed and open premises; Flame spread in buildings and facilities facilities, etc.

Of great importance is the study of the stability of production management systems at the facility. To do this, study the balance of strength and the status of control points and the reliability of communication nodes; Determine the sources of the workforce replenishment, analyze the possibilities of interchangeability of the managerial composition of the object, etc.

Security Declaration of the object. In order to carry out proper control over compliance with safety measures, assess the adequacy and effectiveness of measures to prevent and eliminate emergencies at industrial facilities, the Government of the Russian Federation has been introduced by its decree on 1.06.95 No. 675 for enterprises, institutions, organizations and other legal entities of all forms of ownership its composition of the production of increased danger, the mandatory development of the declaration of industrial safety. In the future, the joint order of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia and Gosgortkhnadzor of Russia of 4.04.96 No. 222/59 was put into effect "the procedure for the development of the security declaration of the industrial facility of the Russian Federation".

The security declaration of the industrial facility is a document that reflects the nature and scope of danger at the facility, as well as the developed measures to ensure industrial safety and readiness for action under technogenic emergencies. The declaration is developed both for valid and projected enterprises.

The specified document includes the following sections: 1) general information about the object; 2) analysis of the danger level of the industrial facility; 3) ensuring the readiness of the industrial facility to the localization and elimination of emergencies in the event of its occurrence; 4) public informing; 5) applications including the object situational plan and information sheet.

The activities of the Commission on the facility facility. In the mode of daily activities, a systematic implementation of measures to prevent emergencies and an increase in the readiness of management bodies, forces and means to eliminate possible accidents, disasters, natural and environmental disasters.

Upon the occurrence of an increased readiness of the COP, it evaluates the emergence of a threat, develops probable scenarios for the development of the situation, takes appropriate measures to strengthen the control and monitoring services to the readiness of forces and means and clarifies the plans of their actions.

In an emergency mode, the activities of the COP is primarily in direct management of emergency response and personnel protection from emerging (or expected) hazards.

From the moment of receipt of information about the threat of emergence, the emergency commission should: ensure the fulfillment of the entire complex of measures for the protection of personnel and the population in a short time; take the necessary solutions in advance in accordance with the folding situation; Select the main activities and implement them in the sequence determined by the developing environment.

In the event of an emergency by order by the Object Manager (it is the Chairman of the CCD), the emergency mode of functioning of the RSCC object link is introduced and the implementation of appropriate measures is organized according to the Action Plan for the Prevention and Elimination of Emergencies, to protect staff and the territory of the facility, to prevent the development and liquidation of emergencies.

The specified plan includes two stages. At the first stage, emergency measures are being taken to protect personnel, preventing the development of emergencies and the implementation of emergency and rescue work (ASS). As an emergency, it is necessary to carry out the following activities: 1) notification of danger and informing about the rules of behavior in emergency conditions; 2) carrying out medical prevention and equipment equipment with appropriate means of protection; 3) evacuation of workers from those sites where there is a real danger of people's damage; 4) the provision of victims of the first medical care.

In order to clarify the action plan, intelligence and assessment of the emerging operational situation are carried out.

The second stage includes solving problems on the priority life support of the population, which suffered as a result of the emergencies. These include work on the restoration of power systems and utility networks, communication lines, etc. Sanitary processing of people, deactivation, degassing, disinfection of clothing, shoes, transport, technology, roads, structures, objects of the object are carried out. Special attention It should be paid to the creation of proper conditions for the livelihoods of people affected by emergency and maintaining the health and health of people when they are in the emergence of Evacuation.

A very important event is the continuous informing of the Higher Commission on Emergencies and the GO and EFFUC authorities not only about the emerging emergency situation at the facility, but also on the course of its liquidation and final results.

Estimation of the situation in emergency conditions and alert organization

General procedure. Given the diversity of emergencies, each of them has its own characteristic features. This, naturally, determines a very specific list of activities that must be implemented in order to ensure the safety of the population. The general procedure for the action taken to protect people in the event of an emergency is determined. It includes events carried out both in advance and directly if the emergence occurs.

Previously, before the emergence of emergencies, it is carried out: Forecasting emergencies, possible in a given territory, as well as assessing the scale of their manifestation;

• events aimed at reducing losses from emergend;
• planning actions that will be implemented in the event of an emergency;
• preparation of forces and means for responding to emergencies; Creating material reserves that may be required in the emergency; Training of the population, as well as the personnel of the Armed Forces of Conduct in emergency.

With the immediate threat or emergence of emergencies, the following activities are carried out:

• urgent alerts of the GOF controls, emergency rescue formations and the population about the approach or emergence of emergencies, informing the population on protection measures;
• clarification of the current situation in order to adjust the existing action plan;
• translation of the controls for the adequate setting atmosphere of operation;
• bringing into the state of readiness of the existing forces and their subsequent nomination to the emergency area;
• conduct a complex of work on the elimination of emergency and their consequences.

Unified alert system of peaceful and wartime.

It is well known that in emergency situations time there is an essential factor, often determining the fate of people. On the other hand, it is impossible to leave people in ignorance, they should know the situation and should be found time for this. Only then can be counting on the conscious actions of people, effectively fight panic and other negative phenomena. That is why in 1988 the order of warning was revised and changed.

For prompt alerts, sirens are used for serious danger. Their sound (intermittent beeps) now means a new signal "Attention to everyone" instead of the former "air alarm". Hearing howl of sirens, you should use any source of media information (TV, radio and aircraft, etc.) and wait for emergency messages of local authorities or headquarters for civil defense and emergency situations (GOCC).

For every probable case of emergency, local authorities, together with the GOOKS Affairs bodies, prepare text messaging options approximate to specific specific conditions. A post of refinement of the operational situation is drawn up text that already meets the real conditions and intended for the announcement.

Sample text. "Attention! Says headquarters for the Goshx city. Citizens! An accident occurred on water supply facilities with chlorine emissions - a potent poisonous substance. The cloud of infected air applies to the eastern direction. The following areas fall into the chemical infection zone (listed). The population living on the streets (listed) is not to go out of the premises. Close windows and doors, make sealing of apartments. In the basements, the lower floors do not hide, as chlorine is heavier than air, it grows on the ground and fills all low-spirits, including basements. The population living on the streets (listed) is immediately offended by residential buildings, institutions, enterprises and go to the cathedral - the highest point of the city. Before entering the street, we put on the tank-gauze bandage, beforeaming them with water or 2% solution of drinking soda. Notify the emergency to neighbors. In the future, act in accordance with our instructions. " It is important that the information reported by the population is correctly understood and ensured proper actions.

In the event of an air, chemical or radiation danger, sirens also sound first, i.e. Signal "ATTENTION ALL", then follows information transmitted by the above channels. For example: "Attention! He says headquarters. Citizens! Air alarm! Air alarm! ", And then the announcer indicates that it is necessary first to make that take with you where to hide.

Local alert systems (LOS). For operational alerts of the population on accidents at facilities, where the danger of large-scale catastrophes (NPPs, chemical and oil refineries, hydroeers and TLs are particularly large.), Local alert systems are created. They allow you to promptly inform about the impending danger not only by the workers of these objects, but also leaders of enterprises, institutions, organizations, educational institutions located near them, as well as the entire population falling into the zones of possible defeat. The boundaries of such zones are determined in advance on special techniques. Thus, all enterprises, institutions and settlements are combined into an independent alert system. In turn, Los are part of the territorial (republican, regional, regional) system of centralized alert.

Responsibility for organizing communications and alerts are headquarters of the headquarters of GOCIS, and direct support and maintenance of communication in good condition are carried out by heads of communication services and alerts, cities, districts and objects.

Elimination of emergency consequences

The elimination of emergencies is emergency rescue and other urgent work carried out in their occurrence and aimed at saving the life and preservation of people's health, a decrease in the size of the damage to OPS and material losses, as well as to localize the EFS zones, the termination of the dangerous factors characteristic of them.

Determination of the border of the EFC zone In accordance with Art. The 5 previously mentioned law of the border of the CS zones are determined by the heads appointed in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation and the legislation of its subjects by the heads of work on the emergence of emergencies on the basis of the CS classification established by the Government of the Russian Federation, and in coordination with the executive bodies of state power and local governments, in the territories of which emergence .

The specified event is very important, since it allows: 1) to approximately determine the area of \u200b\u200bthe defeat and thereby evaluate the likely losses (material, human, etc.); 2) to evaluate the forces and means necessary for the early elimination of the consequences of the emergency; 3) in advance to organize a system for managing the process of eliminating the consequences of emergencies by connecting certain executive structures included in the likely damage zones; 4) in advance to conduct preventive measures aimed at reducing the effect of possible damage (for example, the flooding of the territory in the breakthrough of dam dams).

Thus, as a result of the radiation accident, zones that have a different degree of danger to people's health can be formed; zone of possible dangerous radioactive contamination; emergency zone sewn population; zone of preventive measures (for example, iodine prevention of the population); limit zone (for example, agriculture); The zone of the radiation accident.

After stabilizing the radiation situation in the accident area in order to accelerate the elimination of its long-term consequences, zones can be installed: alienation, temporary removal of people and strict control over the radiation atmosphere.

When predicting the consequences of the accident on a chemically hazardous facility and, in order to determine the size of the lesion zones, it is first necessary to predict which amount of fluid or gas will enter the environment during the thread of the accident, for which special techniques use. Next, taking into account the terrain, climatic conditions, the planning of the site it is necessary to calculate the processes of spreading and evaporation of liquids, as well as dispersion of the vapor of the spilled fluid. The data obtained is applied to the situational plan of the field of vapor of the spilled fluid. In addition, the area of \u200b\u200bthe area reflects the dynamics of the vapor dispersion process, predict temporary changes in the concentration of harmful substances at different points of the terrain. In the case of straits, the external infection boundaries are determined by inhalation toxodes, which often use an average deadly dose.

Forces and means to eliminate the consequences of emergencies. In peacetime, the elimination of the effects of emergencies is carried out by the forces and means of organizations, local governments, the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation (Republic, the region, region), in whose territory there is an emergency. At the same time, direct management is carried out by the corresponding CD. If the scale of the emergency is as follows that it is not enough to localize or eliminate the existing capabilities, these Commissions are asked for help from higher CD. In case of insufficiency of the existing forces and funds in the subject of the Russian Federation, the COP of the federal executive authorities are involved. In exceptional cases, a government commission is formed to eliminate the emergency and its consequences, at the head of which, as a rule, is a member of the Government of the Russian Federation.

The basis of the forces of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia - the RSCS nucleus is: 1) the State Central Aircraft Rescue Detachment (Centrospas); 2) civil defense troops; 3) divisions of the search and rescue service; 4) uninstalized formation of go.

Centro-Pasis was created in order to promptly perform priority search and rescue work, both in Russia and, if necessary, abroad, to provide victims of medical care and their evacuation from Emergencies. Often, Centrospas is used for emergency delivery of humanitarian cargo (food, clothing, tents) in the emergency area (examples of recent years: Yugoslavia, Dagestan, Chechnya, Afghanistan).

The detachment has an IL-76 large-loading aircraft in its composition, capable of moving long distances of the formation of rescuers and means of salvation, perform operations such as large fires. It is equipped with aerobile hospitals promptly delivered to emergencies and deployed there to provide medical care to victims.

The detachment is in a state of constant readiness for emergency nomination to the EFC area, which has arisen almost anywhere in Russia. At the same time, the readiness time for the departure of the units of the Centznaps does not exceed 30 minutes from the moment they are notified.

Troops They do not participate in hostilities and do not have a heavy weapon, with the exception of a relatively small amount intended to ensure their own protection.

The tasks of the troops of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation are the following: maintaining common and special intelligence, both directly in the foci of lesion, zones of infection and catastrophic flooding and on the routes of nomination to them; conducting emergency and rescue and other urgent works; Sanitary processing of the population, special processing of equipment and property, disinfection of buildings, structures and territory as a whole; performing work on demining objects and territories; promoting the evacuation of the population; Restoration of the life support objects of the population, airfields, roads, crossing and other important elements of the national economy.

As part of the troops, there are rescue brigades, mechanized shelves and battalions, helicopter detachments and special protection companies. In turn, there are emergency rescue, engineering, mechanized, fire, medical, plumbing, pyrotechnic divisions, radiation and chemical protection units and others.

The placement of compounds and parts of it is carried out primarily in those regions and places where a natural or technogenic emergence is high. At the same time, the peculiarities of the region are taken into account in the structure and composition of the compounds of it: in the case of a high seismic hazard of the region, the latter includes more mechanized units, if there is a threat of flooding - include pontoon changed tools, etc.

In recent years, special landing rescue detachments have been created in parts and compounds of the troops, designed for emergency delivery of rescuers on helicopters into hard-to-reach areas. Such rescuers can be paratrooped with a parachute or using a helicopter cable and winch.

Currently, a number of activities are scheduled to strengthen the EMERCOM of Russia. To them, in particular, belong:

1. the creation of the "All-Russian Center for Monitoring and Forecasting Emergency Situations of the Natural and Technogenic Emergencies Ministry of the Ministry of Emergency Situations";
2. learning aerospace technology monitoring, airports and special aircraft technologies, tutoring technologies and rescue technologies using new types of aircraft and helicopters;
3. development in conjunction with the Russian Space Agency of Cosmonaut Training Program, providing monitoring and preparation of data for making decisions in the field of prevention and elimination of emergencies;
4. introduction to the system of three marine rescue centers (in particular, to save the injuries of the APL);
5. the formation of the division of remote-managed machines and technologies, such as the units of the special forces of the federal level and the production of its planned combat duty;
6. training of managers of all levels of management in crisis situations caused by Natural and Technogenic emergencies.

Emergency Medicine. World experience shows: natural and man-made catastrophes are often accompanied by mass losses among the population, which requires special forces and means of health care, as well as services of other departments to eliminate consequences.

The main medical consequences of the disaster are: the presence of a large number of victims and the emergence of psyche disorders in people who were in the zone of the defeat; Disorganization, and sometimes complete destruction of the local health management system, including losses among medical staff; The sharp deterioration in the sanitary and hygienic and epidemiological situation. As a consequence, disproportion arises between the need of victims in medical care and the capabilities of the medical service. All this leads to additional losses. So, according to WHO, out of 100 died as a result of accidents in a peacetime, 20 could be saved if medical assistance would be provided in a timely manner. With the most severe injuries and lesions, if the victims are delivered by random (untrained) persons, 87% die on the way; When delivering linear ambulance brigades, 55% die; When transportation is carried out by a specialized brigade equipped with the necessary equipment, mortality does not exceed 16%.

The foregoing consideration, as well as the steady increase in the number of natural and man-made emergencies with major victims, objectively caused a new direction in medicine - medicine disasters.

According to Professor V.V. Tarasov, medicine disasters - this is a scientific and practical direction of medicine (healthcare), formed to solve specific problems of health protection of society and its individual groups with natural and man-made catastrophes and emergency situations.

In the process of eliminating the consequences of the disaster, two periods are distinguished - the period of salvation, during which all types of medical care are provided to the victim (from 2 hours to 5 days), and the period of recovery (treatment and rehabilitation). The duration of the rescue period is determined by the deadlines for the arrival of the rescue and medical force due to the limits of the disaster zone. Experience shows the issue of survival of victims at this time mainly depends on self-mutual assistance. After the specified period of rescue work, an immediate response force arrived in the rescue area is proceeded. These are fire teams, rescue detachments, ambulance brigades, militia divisions, as well as military units. Their tasks are the collection of victims, extracting them from the bumps, the provision of needing first medical and first medical care, the removal and conclusion of the wounded from hazardous zones, followed by evacuation to stationary medical institutions (hospitals, hospitals).

If the emergence of emergencies, medical service has to often carry out their actions in an extremely unfavorable setting. This is due to the presence of a large number of victims that need a variety of medical care, the lack of the necessary number of specialists, the inaptability of a number of medical institutions to the immediate reception of a significant number of wounded and patients.

The disaster medicine is designed to become an integral and integral part of the deployed emergency response system in extreme situations. Its distinctive feature is to ensure emergency concentration in the disaster zone of forces and means sufficient to carry out an effective complex of all rescue activities.

The organization of a highly efficient large-scale emergency medical care system in Russia is impossible without the active participation of the medical service of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, whose specialists have a great experience of such work. Only over the past 15 years, military doctors participated in the elimination of the consequences of more than 130 disasters and accidents, including situations in which there was a chemical and radiation defeat of people. They worked as part of military medical detits in other countries (Algeria, Nicaragua, Ethiopia, Cambodia, Vietnam, Afghanistan, well established themselves in domestic military conflicts.

Legal and regulatory frameworks of management in emergency conditions

The legal basis for the organization of work in emergency situations is the laws of the Russian Federation "On the protection of the population and territories from emergency situations of natural and man-made character" (1994), "On Fire Safety" (1994), "On the use of atomic energy" (1995 ). Among the registered acts in this area, it can be noted, for example, the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation "On the Unified State System of Preventing and Emergency Emergency Situations" (1995).

Consider certain articles of the law of the Russian Federation "On the protection of the population and territories from emergency situations of natural and man-made character."

Responsibilities of citizens of the Russian Federation in the field of public protection and territories from emergencies (art. 19, extraction). Russian citizens are required:

• comply with the laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, laws and other regulatory legal acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation (republics, edges, regions) in the field of protection against emergencies;
• comply with security measures in everyday life, not allow industrial and technological discipline disorders, environmental safety requirements that may lead to emergencies;
• study the main ways to protect the population and territories from emergencies, techniques for the provision of first aid victims, the rules for the use of collective and individual means of protection, constantly improve their knowledge and practical skills in the specified area;
• perform established rules of conduct in the threat and emergence of emergencies;
• if necessary, assist in conducting emergency and rescue work and other urgent works. Preparation of the population in the field of protection against emergencies. The Government of the Russian Federation with its decision of 24.07.95 No. 738 approved the procedure for preparing the population in the field of emergency protection, which identified the main tasks, forms and methods for the preparation of the population of the Russian Federation in the field of sewn, as well as groups that are undergoing preparations for actions in Emergency situations. At the same time, the preparation in this field is subject to: the population, which is employed in the areas of production and service, students of general education institutions and institutions of primary, secondary and higher vocational education.

Tasks for the preparation of the population in the field of protection against emergencies are: training of all groups of the population of the rules of behavior and the basic ways of protection against emergencies;

• training rules for the provision of first aid victims in emergency;
• acquaintance with the rules for using collective and individual means of protection.
• Preparation of managers and specialists of organizations, as well as the forces of a unified state system of prevention and elimination of emergencies to protect against emergencies, is carried out in institutions of secondary and higher vocational education, in advanced training institutions, courses, in special training and methodological centers and directly at the place of work.
• Responsibilities of public protection organizations and territories from emergency (Art. 14, extraction). Organizations (regardless of departmental affiliation and forms of ownership) are required:
• plan and implement the necessary measures in the field of the protection of employees of organizations from emergencies;
• plan and conduct activities to increase the sustainability of the functioning of organizations and ensuring the vital activity of employees of organizations in the emergency
• provide the creation, preparation and maintenance of readiness for the use of forces and funds to prevent and eliminate emergencies, training employees of organizations in protection and actions in emergencies in non-disregarded formations;
• create and maintain in constant readiness local alerts about emergencies;
• ensure the organization and conduct of emergency and rescue and other urgent works on all subordinate facilities and the territories adjacent to them in accordance with the plans for the prevention and elimination of emergencies;
• finance activities to protect employees of organizations from emergencies;
• provide in the prescribed manner information in the field of protection of the population and territories from emergencies, as well as notify employees of organizations about the threat of origin or the emergence of emergencies.

State supervision and control in the field of protection of the population and territories from emergency (Art. 27). The purpose of supervision and control is to verify the fulfillment of measures to prevent emergencies and the readiness of officials, forces and means to actions in the event of their occurrence. State supervision and control in this area is carried out by federal executive bodies and the executive authorities of the subjects of the Federation.

Hiding, untimely presentation or representation by officials of obviously false information in the field of sewn of the population and territories from emergencies entails responsibility in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Responsibility for violation of the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of public protection and territories from emergency (Art. 28). Guilty of non-fulfillment or unfair fulfillment of the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of protection against emergencies, the creation of conditions and prerequisites for the emergence of emergencies, the failure to protect the life and the conservation of people's health and other unlawful acts, officials and citizens of the Russian Federation carry disciplinary, administrative, civil law and criminal Responsibility, and organizations - administrative and civil liability in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation and the legislation of its subjects.

The main regulatory and technical documents on emergencies are combined into a set of standards "Safety in emergency situations" (BEC). The main objectives of the specified complex are:

• improving the effectiveness of measures to prevent and eliminate emergencies at all levels (federal, regional, local, objects) to ensure the safety of the population and objects of the national economy in natural, man-made, biological and social and military emergence;
• prevention or reduction of damage to emergencies;
• effective use and savings of material and labor resources during measures to prevent and eliminate emergencies.

The tasks of the complex are:

• the establishment of terminology in the field of security in emergency, the nomenclature and classification of emergencies, sources of emerging factors;
• development of basic monitoring provisions, forecasting and preventing emergencies, to ensure food safety, water, farm animals and plants, objects of national economy in emergencies, on the organization of elimination of the consequences of emergencies;
• establishing levels of affects, degrees of danger sources of emergencies;
• development of monitoring methods, forecasting, preventing and elimination of emergencies,
• ways to ensure the safety of the population and objects of the national economy, as well as requirements for the means used for these purposes.

Identification of the zones of an emergency environmental situation and ecological disaster

It has been established that the territory with an unfavorable environmental situation is about 15% of the total area of \u200b\u200bthe territory of Russia, and it is on this territory that the main part of the country's population (OI Crassov, 2001) lives.

The deterioration of the OPS leads to an increase in the incidence of a population, which several times higher than the average indicators in the country. So, according to the World Health Organization, the health status of the population is 20% dependent on the quality of the OPS; According to the estimates of Russian specialists, in the most polluted areas of Russia, this influence is estimated at 40-50%.

The solution to the problem of nature of nature in such territories is possible by establishing a special, "gentle" mode of nature management and maintenance activities. According to the Law "On Environmental Protection", the territory with an unfavorable environmental situation can be declared zones or an extreme environmental situation (Article 58), or an extreme environmental disaster (Art. 59).

The emergency environmental zones are areas of the territory of Russia, which, as a result of economic and other activities, there are sustainable anthropogenic changes in the OPS, threatening the health of the population, the state of natural ecological systems, genetic funds of animals and plants.

In such a zone, activities that adversely affect the OPS must be discontinued, the work of enterprises, institutions, organizations, shops, equipment that have a negative impact on human health, its gene pool and OPS has been suspended, and operational measures to restore and reproduce natural resources.

Separations of the country's territories are announced by the area of \u200b\u200benvironmental disaster, where, as a result of economic or other activities, deep irreversible changes in the OPS occurred, which caused a significant deterioration in public health, disorders of natural equilibrium, the destruction of natural environmental systems, the degradation of flora and fauna.

In such zones, the activities of economic facilities are stopped, in addition to the facilities related to the service of the population living in the territory, the construction of new, reconstruction of existing economic facilities is prohibited, all types of environmental management are limited, operational measures are being carried out to restore, reproduction of natural resources and recovery of the OPS.

In accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation "On Environmental Protection" of the Emergency Environmental Situation Zone is announced by the Resolution of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Federation or the decrees of the President of the Russian Federation on the submission of specially authorized state bodies of the Russian Federation in the field of OPS protection on the basis of the conclusion of the state environmental impact assessment (Article 58). In the same order as the emergency environmental zones, environmental disaster zones (Article 59) are announced.

On November 30, 1992, Russian Federation of Russia November 30, 1992 approved the criteria for assessing the environmental situation of the territories to identify the areas of the extreme environmental situation and the zones of ecological disaster. The identification of such zones is carried out in order to determine the sources and factors of deterioration of the environmental situation and develop an informed environmental program of urgent measures to stabilize and reduce the degree of environmental disadvantage in the territory of the territory. According to criteria, the environmental situation can be defined as a relatively satisfactory, tense, critical, crisis (or emergency environmental zone), catastrophic (or environmental disaster zone).

Directions of state policy in the field of countering emergency

Recently, the efforts of the governments of many countries to reduce the risk of natural disasters and man-made emergencies were aimed at eliminating their consequences, assistance to victims, the organization of rescue work and the presentation of humanitarian aid. However, it is now when the steady increase in the number of catastrophic events and the linked damage makes these efforts are increasingly effective, put forward as a priority task: prediction and disaster prevention. In the final document of the World Conference on Natural Catastrophes, held in Yokohama (Japan), recorded: "It is better to prevent disasters than to eliminate their consequences" (Obzh. 1999, No. 3).

Such an approach is especially relevant for Russia, in respect of which, according to the Center for Strategic Studies, the Civil Supils of the Emergencies Ministry of Russia, in the first quarter of the XXI century, an aggravation of the situation in the field of man-made danger is expected. Now the risk of emergency from the wear of production funds and aging technologies

partly "compensated for" a decline in industrial production, which has a place in the country. However, in the case of lifting the economy, the aging of technology and equipment will become, as scientists consider determining the increase in the number of emergencies and the severity of their consequences. Because of this perspective successful development The country's economy will largely be determined by the ability to predict and eliminate the risk of natural and technogenic emergence in advance.

The strategy to reduce the danger must be guided in all projects and programs related to the construction, education, social security, health care. Efforts should be sent to raising public awareness of hazardous natural phenomena and a maniogencies, about the rules of conduct in emergency situations.

The most important direction of state policy in the field of countering threats is also the creation and improvement of the relevant organizational structures. And first of all the RSC itself. The fact is that now actually there are two parallel structures - the traditional civil defense system and a relatively new RSCC system, which is known to be focused on solving the problems of peacetime. In the future, it is planned to move to a unified state system - a civil protection system, decisive task both peaceful and wartime.

Another direction of state policy in the field of countering threats is to work on improving the regulatory framework. Along with the already adopted federal laws, such as "On the protection of the population and territories from Natural and Technogenic Character", "On emergency and rescue services and the status of rescuers", "On Civil Defense", "On Industrial Safety", work on training A number of other bills.

Work is particularly relevant to the creation of a mechanism for economic regulation of the prevention of emergency. Now work on declaration, licensing and insurance of hazardous industries. It is assumed that by 2006, half of compensation will be carried out not at the expense of the federal budget, but at the expense of insurers.

The Center for Strategic Studies has developed the concept of regional EMERCOM of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, according to which it provides for the strengthening of regional and local prevention and response systems, the creation of uniform dispatch services and local rescue forces, increasing the responsibility of local bodies for the state of sewn and relevant territories from natural disasters, disasters and accidents .

When considering the "man-catastrophe" system, in the aspect of "man - victim of a catastrophe", except for purely death and traumatic

the consequences should be considered: a) violation of the psychological state of a person ("Chernobyl syndrome"); b) the demographic factor associated with the possible advent of inferior offspring (especially in chemical and radiation accidents); c) violation of the habitat and habitual living conditions; d) long-term economic consequences, negatively affecting the development of society.

The latter are manifested in the following. First, as a result of the accident, the catastrophe, which led to emergencies, there is a loss of huge resources. An example of this can be the removal of a 30-kilometer zone (this is almost 3 thousand km 2) around the Chernobyl nuclear power plant from industrial and agricultural production with the discontinuation of people living in it. Secondly, a large-scale disaster interrupts the normal development of the state, since the allocation of large funds and material resources is required in order to eliminate the consequences of the emergency. Thirdly, in the conditions of a market economy there is a decrease in investment (internal and external) into advanced areas, which may in turn lead to a decline in market demand and an increase in unemployment. So, near the fifth of the budget of Belarus goes to eliminate the consequences of the Chernobyl catastrophe, which, naturally, is negatively affected by the development of the economy.

Based on the above and taking into account the increase in the number of natural and man-made catastrophes in Russia, this may question the success of socio-economic reforms conducted in the country. The concept of national security of Russia (1997) recorded: "The increase in the number and scope of emergency situations of a technogenic and natural nature, causing significant losses of people and material resources, often comparable to losses in armed conflict, makes an extremely relevant problem of ensuring the national security of the Russian Federation in Natural and technogenic and environmental spheres. " That is why it is so important to achieve the high efficiency of the unified state system of preventing and eliminating the effects of emergency situations.

Analysis of emergency, their characteristics and consequences, behavior training in such conditions are designed to prepare a person to choose an acceptable solution to exit the emergence with the smallest loss.

Questions for self-control

1. Specify the main ways to minimize the likelihood of emergence and their consequences on an industrial facility.
2. What is the stability of the economy object? What natural factors affect it?
3. What is the security declaration of an industrial facility and what are the main sections enter this document?
4. What is the list of basic measures that need to be performed before the emergence of emergencies and in case of emergency.
5. What do you know about a unified system of alerts about the emergence of peaceful and wartime? What role do local alert systems play?
6. For what purposes is the definition of the boundaries of dangerous zones arising from emergency? What is an extreme environmental zone? Environmental disaster zone?
7. Describe one state system Preventing and eliminating the consequences of emergencies, its tasks, structure and levels.
8. List the modes of the functioning of the RSCS. What activities are carried out with the introduction of a state of emergency?
9. Who deals with the liquidation of the consequences of the emergency? When is the Government Commission?
10. What is the structure of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia. What ministries and departments enter the RSCP?
11. What is a disaster medicine? What are the goals of her organization?
12. What is the purpose of the set of standards "Safety in emergency situations"?
13. Do you agree that the effective work of the RSKS, especially in terms of the warning of a maniogenous character, is there an important component of the national security of Russia?
14. List separate articles of the Law of the Russian Federation "On the protection of the population and territories from emergency situations of natural and man-made character." Comment on its provisions relating to the rights and obligations of citizens of the Russian Federation in the field of protection against emergencies.
15. What is the main directions of state policies in the field of countering emergency situations.

The elimination of emergency consequences should be carried out as soon as possible. This activity distinguish three main stages.

At the first stage, measures are being implemented emergency protection of the population. Through the alert system, the population informs about emergency situations and on the need to use personal protective equipment. There are evacuation of people from dangerous zones and providing them with first aid. Emergency measures are taken to localize accidents, and if necessary, a complex of fire-fighting events is introduced. There is also a temporary stop of technological processes in enterprises or their change.

At this stage, preparations are carried out for the performance of rescue and other urgent works. For this, specially trained rescue formations are created in advance. In industrial facilities, rescue units are formed from among the employees of this object (division of civil defense of the object).

To obtain information about the emergency situation, the situation is carried out exploration of the focus of defeat - the territory on which negative consequences arose as a result of the action of hazardous and harmful factors caused by an emergency situation. The shape of the focal of the lesion depends on the type of emergency: during explosions and earthquakes - the form of a round, under hurricanes, floodings and tornads - has the form of a strip, in fires and landslides, a focus of damage to the wrong shape is formed, etc. Distinguish simple and complex (combined) lesion foci. Simple lesions occur under the action of one dangerous or harmful emergency factor, and the combined - from the effects of several factors.

In the second stage are held rescue and other urgent work, And also continues to perform the tasks of protecting the population and reduce the effects of emergency situations started at the first stage. Localization and extinguishing fires continue, as well as the salvation of people from burning buildings and structures. If, as a result of an emergency, protective shelters and asylums were destroyed or dilated, in which people were located, their wanted and extraction from the dawn. The victims and injured are delivered to medical institutions. The evacuation of the population from hazardous zones continues.

If necessary (emissions into the environment of radioactive or toxic chemicals, as well as bacteriological agents), conduct special processing, which is a set of activities carried out in order to restore the readiness of people who are part of special formations, and used equipment to continue emergency regenerative works in lesion foci, as well as training facilities for the resumption of production activities.

Special processing consists of disinfection and sanitary processing. Disinfection includes the following operations: deactivation, degassing, disinfection and deratization. Deactivation - This is the removal of radioactive substances from the surfaces of various items, as well as cleaning water from them. There are mechanical and physico-chemical (chemical) methods for the removal of radioactive substances (radioactive dust) from the surfaces of purified surfaces. Mechanical removal of radioactive dust is reduced to washing it with water under pressure from the surface of contaminated items. When using a chemical method, radioactive dust is associated with special solutions, thereby disseminating it in the environment. For this purpose, surfactant is used (P-2 powder, preparation of OP-7 and OP-10) and complexing substances, acids and alkali (sodium phosphates, trilon b, oxal and citric acid, salts of these acids).

If the contaminated territory has a solid coating, then it is deactivated by a mechanical manner. The territory without solid coating is treated with film-forming and fixing solutions (latex, alcohol bard, oil sludge, etc.) or just water, after which the radioactive dust associated with the surface of the infected area, cutting off the bulldozers or graders polluted soil layer with a thickness of 5-10 cm . This soil is placed in metal containers and stamped on special polygons. The treated area fall asleep with a layer of ungaded soil with a thickness of 9-10 cm. Deactivation of surfaces of buildings is carried out by binding to radioactive dust by film-forming compositions, followed by its removal of powerful vacuum cleaners. It is also possible to process surfaces of low-rise buildings and vegetation with water or deactivating solutions with the involvement of special equipment (fire trucks, motor-pump).

There are various methods of water deactivation: filtering, settling, distillation, cleaning using ion exchange resins. Infected open reservoirs deactivate, processing absorbent and complex-forming clays. Cleaning rivers, streams and other stocks are carried out, passing water through the filter dam dams. As a filtering element, an adsorbing filler is used in them. Deactivation of wells are carried out by repeatedly pumping water and removal of infected soil from the bottom. To deactivate packaged foods, replace contaminated containers. If the products were not packed, then from their surface remove the infected layer.

Next operation neutralization - degassing. It is used to decompose poisonous and potent poisonous substances to non-toxic products. The degassing substances also use chemical compounds that react with poisoning and potent poisonous substances.

To remove poisoning and potent chemicals from infected surfaces, detergent solutions prepared on the basis of SF-24 powder or household synthetic detergents are used. These solutions do not neutralize the poisoning substances, but only allow them to quickly wash them off from an infected surface.

Degasia is carried out with the use of water, detergent solutions, solutions of degassing and organic substances using washing machines. If there is a combined contamination with radioactive and poisoning substances, then the degassing is first carried out, and then decontamination.

To destroy pathogens infectious diseases Human and animals in the environment spend disinfection. It is carried out by physical, chemical and mechanical methods.

Physical methods are used mainly in intestinal infections. These include: boiling linen, dishes, patient care objects, incineration of unnecessary and unsuitable things for future use. The chemical deactivation method is to destroy the pathogenic microbes and the destruction of the toxins of disinfectants, which use ethanol, propanol, phenol (carbolic acid) and its derivatives (for example, trichlorophenol), as well as a number of other substances. The territory infected with bacteriological agents is treated with disinfectants. This deactivation method is the main one. The mechanical disinfection method is to remove the contaminated layer of soil or devices of the flooring.

In order to prevent the spread of infectious diseases, methods use deratization Conclosed in the destruction of carriers of these diseases (mice, rats, other rodents). Like disinfection, deratization can be carried out by chemical, mechanical and biological methods. For example, rats are destroyed using a barium carbonate as a kerbonicate.

As already mentioned above, special processing includes and sanitary processing Under which a set of measures to eliminate the personal composition of rescue formations and the population with radioactive and poisoning substances, as well as bacteriological means. With sanitary treatment, they are disinfected both the surface of the human body and the outer mucosal shells. It is also treated with clothing, shoes and individual means of protection.

Distinguish complete and partial sanitary processing. The first of them is subjected to a personal composition of rescue formations, as well as the evacuated population after leaving contaminated zones. With full sanitary processing, complete disinfection of radioactive, poisoning and bacterial agents is ensured. It is held at the points of special processing of people. Clothes and other items and things are disinfected with a chamber or gas method, as well as soaking in disinfect solutions and subsequent washing, boiling, etc.

Partial sanitary treatment is carried out directly in the lesion center to eliminate the secondary infection of people. At the same time, they carry out mechanical cleaning and processing of open areas of the skin, surfaces of clothing, shoes and individual protective equipment.

On the final (third) stage work on restoration of the functioning of objects national economy, which are carried out by building, circuit, and other special organizations. In addition, housing repair or construction of temporary residential buildings is carried out. Energy and water supply, municipal service and communication lines are also restored. After the end of these and a number of other works, a return (re-evacuation) of the population is being made to the place of permanent residence.

Control questions

1. Give the definition of the "Emergency" concept (emergency).

2. What is the relationship of the concepts of "danger", "risk" and "emergency"?

3. What are the criteria for emergency?

4. How are CS classified?

5. What is the damage from emergency?

6. Name the emergency stages.

7. What is the duration of the development of emergency?

8. What are the scope of emergency?

9. What is "ecological catastrophes" "?

10. List the causes and stages of technogenic disasters.

11. What are the medical consequences of the accident at the Chernobyl NPP?

12. How is the stability of the work of national economy facilities in emergency situations?

13. What should be done to increase the sustainability of the functioning of the most important types of technical systems and objects of national economy in emergency situations?

14. List the main stages of eliminating emergency situations.

15. Explain the concepts of "deactivation", "degassing", "disinfection", "deratization".

Task 1.10

The elimination of emergency situations is carried out by the forces and means of organizations, local governments, the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, in the territories of which emerged emergency, under the direct guidance of the relevant emergency commission committee.

If the scale of an emergency situation is such that it is impossible to localize or eliminate it, these Commissions are asked for help to a higher emergency commissions. The Higher Emergency Commission may take on coordination or managing the elimination of this emergency and provide the necessary assistance.

In case of insufficiency of the existing forces and funds, the forces and means of federal executive authorities are involved in the prescribed manner.

In some cases, a government commission may be formed to eliminate the emergency and its consequences.

All the forces and funds of the RSCS are divided into two types:

forces and means of observing and monitoring the condition of the situation at the serviceable territory.

Forces and emergency elimination means.

The forces of the monitoring and control facilities will include: divisions of ministries and departments ensuring environmental monitoring, water quality, air, radiation, chemical, biological and bacteriological environment, security condition on chemical hasty, radio hazardous, fire and explosive objects, as well as sanitary-eritiumiological Services, geodesic, geophysical units. Seismological, meteo-hydrological services, laboratories, departments studying the quality of imported products and raw materials; The quality of the manufactured food in the Russian Federation, etc.

The subdivisions of the second species include:

To the number of staff units engaged in directly at the professional level, the emergency to eliminate emergencies refer to the troops. These troops are located as part of the Ministry of Defense and are subject directly to the President of the Russian Federation.

The number of freelance units include: unintelligent formations of th, which are created exclusively on a voluntary basis on large facilities of the economy and at the facilities of the military-industrial complex. These formations at their disposal have everything that is available in the military troops, except weapons, and there are minor restrictions: age (from 18 to 55 years), could not have membership in this organization. People 1,2,3 groups of disability, women with child up to 3 years old, pregnant women, etc.

Task 1.11

Before proceeding with the disclosure of civil defense problems (GO), it is necessary to understand the true definition of he:

civil defense - a system of measures to prepare for protection and protection of the population, material and cultural values \u200b\u200bin the Russian Federation on the dangers arising from the conduct of hostilities or due to these actions;

Having received the concept that this one can start familiarizing with its tasks:

The main tasks in the field of civil defense are:

public education methods of protection against dangers arising in the conduct of hostilities or due to these actions;

notification of the population about the dangers arising from the conduct of hostilities or due to these actions;

evacuation of the population, material and cultural values \u200b\u200bin safe areas;

providing the people of shelters and personal protective equipment;

carrying out activities on light disguise and other types of disguise;

conducting emergency rescue work in the event of hazards for the population when conducting hostilities or due to these actions;

the priority of the population affected by hostilities or due to these actions, including medical care, including first aid medical care, urgent housing and the adoption of other necessary measures;

fighting fires arising from hostilities or due to these actions;

detection and designation of areas undergoing radioactive, chemical, biological and foreign infection;

disinfection of the population, technology, buildings, territories and conducting other necessary events;

restoration and maintenance of order in areas affected by hostilities or due to these actions;

urgent restoration of the functioning of the necessary utility services in wartime;

urgent burial of corpses in wartime;

development and implementation of measures aimed at preserving objects essentially necessary for the sustainable functioning of the economy and survival of the population in wartime;

ensuring the constant readiness of the forces and means of civil defense.

Task 1.12.

I present to you an exemplary booth of the organizational standard structure of the RSCS:

levels

coordinating organs

GOCM controls

Secret Special Protection Department

GOCM controls

permanent management bodies

Management Item at the Ministry of Emergency Situations, operational duty service management center, operational duty service

2nd study question

Emergencies of peacetime

Task 2.1

Before proceeding with the consideration of the issue of emergency situations of peacetime, it is necessary to understand some important concepts and definitions that will often meet when answering the question, as well as for a more detailed understanding of the present information.

Radiation safety- The state of the protection of the present and future generation of people from the badness of ionizing radiation harmful to their health.

Ionizing radiation- This is a radiation that is formed during radioactive decay, nuclear transformations, inhibition of infected  particles at the time of passing through substances with the formation of ions of different characters.

Technogenic and changed radiation backgroundthose. The background which is changed under the action of a person.

Effective dose- This is the conditional magnitude of the effects of ionizing radiation used as a measure of the risk of the onset of individual consequences in the human body and its individual bodies.

Fire- This complex physico-chemical process is accompanied by the abundant release of heat and light, as well as smoke.

Industrial safety of hazardous production facilities- the state of the protection of the vital interests of the person and society from accidents on hazardous production facilities and the consequences of the indicated accidents.

Accident- Destruction of structures or technical devices used on a dangerous production facility, uncontrolled explosion or ejection of hazardous substances.

Incident - Failure or damage to technical devices used on a dangerous production facility, deviation from the process mode.

Fire safety- the state of the security of the personality, property, society and the states from fires.

Task2.2

According to the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of September 13, 1996, emergencies are different. Their difference is determined: on the number of people affected by these situations, people who have proven to violate the conditions of life, the size of material damage, as well as the boundaries of the zones of spread of amazing factors of emergency situations.

Emergencies are divided into local, local, territorial, regional, federal and transboundary.

To local There is an emergency, as a result of which no more than 10 people suffered, or the conditions of life activity are not more violated, or material damage is not more than 1 thousand minimum wages on the day of emergency situation and the emergency zone does not go beyond the territory of the object Industrial or social purpose.

To local There is an emergency, as a result of which over 10 suffered, but not more than 50 people, or vital conditions were violated Over 100, but no more than 300 people or material damage is over 1 thousand, but not more than 5 thousand minimum wages on The day of emergency and emergency zone does not go beyond the locality of the town, the city, the district.

To territorial There is an emergency situation, which suffered over 50, but not more than 500 people, or there were vital conditions of more than 300, but no more than 500 people or material damage is over 5 thousand, but not more than 0.5 million minimum payment sizes Labor on the day of emergency and emergency zone does not go beyond the subject of the Russian Federation.

To regional The emergency is as a result of which more than 50 were injured, but no more than 500 people, or vital conditions were violated Over 500, but not more than 1,000 people or material damage is over 0.5 million, but not more than 5 million minimum payment sizes Labor on the day of emergency and the emergency zone covers the territory of two constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

To federal There is an emergency, as a result of which more than 500 people suffered, or the conditions of life and more than 1,000 people were violated, or material damage is over 5 million. The minimum amount of remuneration on the day of emergency and emergency zone is out of more than two constituent entities of the Russian Federation .

To transboundary The emergency situation belongs to the factors of which go beyond the Russian Federation, or an emergency that occurred abroad and affects the territory of the Russian Federation.

Each of these emergencies will be eliminated by their forces and means, taking into account the administrative-territorial division of the Russian Federation. At the same time, it should be noted that if it is not possible to eliminate the emergency on its own, then at the request of the head of the emergency response work, the forces and means of a higher authority may be involved.

Liquidation of a local emergency is carried out by the forces and means of the organization.

The elimination of the local emergency is carried out by the forces and means of local governments.

The elimination of the territorial emergency is carried out by the forces and means of the executive authorities of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation.

The liquidation of regional and federal emergency situations is carried out by the forces and means of the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, which found themselves in the emergency zone.

The elimination of a cross-border emergency is carried out by the decision of the Government of the Russian Federation in accordance with the norms of international law and international treaties of the Russian Federation.

Task 2.3.

The abnormal phenomena of a natural nature is based on geological abnormal processes include:

eruption of volcanoes

earthquake

The basis of these phenomena is the processes occurring on the surface of the nucleus of the globe. At the same time, along the sealing surface of the core under the action of centrifugal and centripetal forces, the flow of tectonic plates on which the lower part of the earth's crust is located. Under the convergence of these tectonic plates, elastic strenuous forces are measured in magnitude.

The action of these forces causes an eruption. At the time of the action of these forces, gaps, cracks are formed, gas, steam, water, mud threads, magma and on the surface there is a cone-shaped elevation.

The landslides are the displacement of loose rocks from the mountain under the action of the elastic forces of the Earth or with abundant rainfall.

Selene flows - low-spirited flow of water, dirt, stones, boulders. The destruction of dams and down the hollow is rushing. Sil's head: The height of the ridge is up to 10 meters and represents the threat to all the obstacles on its path.

Snow avalanches is a spontaneous movement of large snow masses under its own severity as a result of changing the friction coefficient between the previously fallen and a blind layer of snow with snow that fell out within a few days.

These include situations based on abnormal meteorological phenomena.

Storm is a continuous wind movement, as a rule, in one direction at high speed. The movement and speed of the wind, the intensity is measured on the Bafart scale in points. In his own way, they are divided into: snowy, sandy. And the wind intensity in the width of the strip on: hurricanes, typhoon.

Musons have multi-week rains, dry thunderstorms, ball lightning may appear.

Tsunami-long ocean waves with a period of fluctuations in several 10-100 km. Educated as a result of underwater earthquake, landslides at the bottom, eruption of the underwater volcano. The waves coming to the coast roll back all the water back a few km., And the vent, starting from the depth, the wave falls ashore to reach a height of up to several tens of meters.

Natural Emergencies also include massive diseases: epidemic, episode, epiphylations.

Task 2.4.

Extraordinary environmental situations include: all phenomena leading to change:

earth's atmosphere, air and water space

deforestation

emission of poisoning substances (CO 2, CO, smoke, dust)

erosion, desertification, salinization, pollution, soil contamination.

Task 2.5.

Under emergency situations of a technogenic nature, anomalous phenomena associated with a breakdown of the unit, its assembly, as well as uncontrolled processes in nuclear reactors, on chemical, explosion, fire-hazardous facilities with causing significant material damage.

With the accidents of this nature, accidents and disasters on the sea, river, ocean water transport occur. Accidents on aeronautics, automotive and w / d transport. Accidents on hydrodynamic objects, on sewage networks, power supply networks, cable communication networks, etc.

Task 2.6.

Radiation-hazardous objectthis is a scientific, national economic, industrial or defense facility with accidents or destruction of which mass lesions of people, animals, the environment may arise.

Radiation dangerous objects include:

Polygons

Research institutes (with atomic reactors)

Vehicles

Medical institutions (using irradiation)

Objects

Instrument-making enterprises

In case of accidents on these and other objects, a large number of both the main radiation substances and the accompanying products associate in the form of gas, water, steam are thrown into the environment. Moreover, infection is more destructive acting than nuclear explosion, because When the explosion occurs a vehicle combustion of 98% of the radioactive substance during an unmanaged chain reaction.

Related products appearing in the environment lead to the emergence of an increased level of radiation, as well as infection of all terrain, water, animals, etc.

All accidents and disasters from the position of the work of the RSCS are divided into:

Local

• Global

From a technical point of view, all accidents and disasters are divided into:

Design - emissions of radioactive substances in the environment does not occur, because The protection system is triggered

Design with small deviations - partial emissions, but it occurs within the object of the economy or sanitary-protected zone. Evacuation is not performed.

Projected - a complete evacuation of the population is carried out

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4. Document

   The second edition of the collection "Astrakhan Local Lore readings contains" the results of research of Astrakhan, regional and foreign researchers in natural heritage, archeology, history, culture of the Astrakhan Territory.