How to write a citation. How to Cite Quotes in an Essay

Hello!
I have united several of my articles under one topic:

"4 steps to writing an essay." So I wanted to convey to my readers the idea that the preparatory work when writing an essay is much more important than the writing of the text itself.

Before you start creating your text ( essays) must be done 4 steps:

1 step.

Step 2.

Step 3.

Step 4 .

Consistently overcoming each stage, you getting ready to create your text.
Then, when the essay (or any other text) has already been written into a draft, all that remains is to rewrite it completely into a clean copy, but do not forget to check the essay. When checking, consider

requirements for essay formatting

And they are:

1. If essay topic is not a quotation, then it is written without quotation marks! If the title of the essay is a quotation, then it must be written in quotation marks. The word “topic” is not written!
2. If you use epigraph, write it without quotes on the right side of the sheet. On the next line, under the words of the epigraph, be sure to indicate the source: the surname of the author of the lines used in the epigraph, you can also indicate the title of the work. In this case, place a comma after the author’s last name and write the title of the work in quotation marks on the same line. The surname and initials of the author, the title of the work are not placed in brackets, and a period is not placed after them.
3. In the middle of the next line after the epigraph(if there is one) or after topic(if you don’t add an epigraph) write the word “ Plan" How to properly draw up a plan, read.
4. When following the plan in your essay, be sure to highlight paragraphs.
5. Immediately after the plan, without skipping a line, start with a capital letter and with a red line To write an essay.
6. If you use it in your essay dates, write them in numbers: year and date - Arabic, century - Roman. If you write the century in Arabic numerals, this will not be considered an error and will not affect the score, but it is better not to do this. Write all other numerals in words only.
7. Use quotes? Make out them correctly.

how are citations formatted?

Quotes are formatted exactly as sentences with direct or indirect speech.

The most common form of quotation is direct. This means that the quoted statement from a literary source is formalized internally.
First they write “ author's words“- this is the part of the sentence in which you say who and where, for what reason, wrote what you now intend to quote. This part of the sentence, when quoted, refers to your own text.
Then put colon, open quotes and capitalized entirely author's statement. After the quotation marks close, a period is added.

The great Russian critic V. G. Belinsky wrote: “For a true artist, where there is life, there is poetry.”

If the statement you are quoting contains an author's question or exclamation, i.e. question or exclamation mark placed by the author of the statement, then you need to leave these marks inside the quotation marks. All punctuation marks quotes inside must be exactly reproduced author's punctuation.

M. A. Bulgakov in the novel “The Master and Margarita” said: “Never ask for anything! Never and nothing, and especially among those who are stronger than you. They will offer and give everything themselves!”

“The language is inexhaustible in combinations of words,” noted A.S. Pushkin.

“Language,” argued A.P. Chekhov, “should be simple and elegant.”

You can start a quotation not from the beginning of the author’s sentence, but only from the one you need parts of it. In this case, you can start the quote with a small letter, but first put ellipses:

Polish poet Adam Mickiewicz wrote: “... in Slavic literature and in Slavic languages, what is most striking is how widespread they are - their geographical extent, so to speak. From the point of view of the most significant and, in general opinion, the only significant - from the point of view of population and extent of territory - the importance of Slavic languages ​​can be immeasurable ... "

You can embed the quote into your own reasoning:

S.I. Vavilov believed that it was necessary “...by all means to rid humanity of reading bad, unnecessary books.”

If you put a quote in the middle of your sentence, then put the signs this way:

Several editors read the following text: “The young reader is especially interested in books in which he seeks answers to vital questions,” and none of them noticed the gross logical error.

In the example you see that after quote is put comma, as in a regular complex sentence. The quotation itself suggests a period, but does not put one. If the quote ends with an ellipsis, exclamation or question mark, then after it you need to put dash.

Without quotes and in the middle of the page they are written poetic quotes, in which the poetic line is certainly preserved.

When you read, be attentive to the language and combinations of words. This enriches speech. The famous Russian poet Valery Bryusov said this very expressively:

Perhaps everything in life is just a means

The text is no less important than its semantic load. This applies in particular to quotes. Errors with such text elements are among the most common; most students make them in one form or another. Next, we will look in detail at how to format citations in coursework and provide several practical examples.

1. Abuse of direct quotations is a sign of course work of low quality, deliberately “inflated” in its volume. In addition, non-unique quoted passages of text reduce the overall uniqueness of the coursework. Do not forget that this parameter is important in many universities, and its unsatisfactory value leads to a decrease in the student’s score.
2. Excessively large quotations, occupying almost a third of the page, are unacceptable. The reasons are the same - a decrease in the uniqueness of the work, and therefore its quality. Large quotations are permissible only in exceptional cases, for example, when it is necessary to analyze a passage of a work of art, consider the means of artistic expression used by the author, the manner of presentation, etc.
3. Citing reference literature is not always appropriate. Mention of various kinds of dictionaries and course reference books is not encouraged; references to such literature are permissible only in the introduction and, if necessary, definitions of terms.

How to format citations in coursework: the most common methods

There are two types of citation:

• direct
• indirect

In turn, direct quotes can be introduced into the text of the work in several ways:

• indicating the author and source directly in the text
• with reference to the author and source

Indirect quotation

In terms of design, this method is the simplest. Another advantage is that the text of the quotation can be changed; it is not necessary to use it verbatim. The student can state the essence of the quote in his own words and select key ideas from it.

Examples of indirect citation:

Direct Quote

A few punctuation rules for direct quotation:

How to provide an incomplete quotation? Sometimes it is necessary to quote without a certain part of it. In such a case, the words that are omitted are replaced with ellipses. Such a construction can be located anywhere in the passage - at the end, middle or very beginning. If three dots are located in front of the text, that is, the beginning of the phrase is omitted, its continuation is written with a small letter. In one quotation, several passages can be replaced with periods at once, at the discretion of the author of the work.

How to quote, citing a source?

This method of introducing quotes is used most often. The use of footnotes or square brackets is acceptable here.

If you decide to use footnotes, you must do so as follows:

That is, the quoted phrase should be cited, followed by the footnote number. The number is indicated with the “Superscript” parameter enabled. At the bottom of the page there is a shortened horizontal line, under which the footnote number is duplicated (that is, “1”), a dot is placed and the source is indicated, most often with the page designation.

Note! The formatting of footnotes should be page-by-page. In other words, it is unacceptable for a quoted phrase to remain on one page, but a footnote indicating its source appears on the next or further. The fact is that the numbering of footnotes may not be continuous throughout the entire text of the course work, but page-by-page. That is, each subsequent footnote is considered the first for a new page.

When using square brackets, the quotation is introduced into the text as a separate sentence, without changes to the text and without the punctuation marks mentioned above. After it, square brackets open, which indicate the source number and its specific page.

It looks like this:

Note! When using square brackets, take into account the requirements of your university regarding the compilation of a bibliography. Numbering of quotations can be either in the order of their appearance in the text or in alphabetical order (by source names).

In the Russian language, there are certain rules for quotation and its design, the use of which will help you correctly insert a quotation into any text. Citing is an integral part of writing abstracts, term papers and dissertations, articles and texts. Quotes give the article completeness, conciseness and a certain status, as the credibility of the author increases by quoting famous people. However, many people wonder how to format quotes correctly, as well as where in the text and how to insert a quote.

Let's look at the basic rules for formatting quotes in Russian.

Rules for quotations in Russian

1. The most important rule for formatting a quotation is this: the quotation must reproduce the quoted text with 100% accuracy! Deviations from the text, insertion or exclusion of any parts of the text are unacceptable.
2. The same applies to punctuation marks - they must correspond to those in the text. When the quoted text is not at hand (for example, when taking an exam), it is necessary to place the appropriate punctuation marks according to the punctuation rules of the Russian language.
3. The quotation must be relevant and justified by the specific goals of the author.
4. When you omit some words from passages, you should put an ellipsis in place of the omission. At the same time, we should not forget that the ellipsis should not distort the meaning of the phrase, since such a violation is a gross error in quoting as such. If the quotation does not contain the first words, then it is necessary to put an ellipsis after the quotation marks and begin the quotation with a small letter.
5. The original meaning is the main criterion of the quotator. When a quotation refers to one subject and is used to describe another, the meaning that the author gave to the quotation is distorted.
6. If a quote is added to the text of an essay, then it is possible to use indirect speech, which will allow you to convey the exact phrase of the person being quoted (for example, the hero of a book). For example: “I know only two real misfortunes in life: remorse and illness,” says Prince Andrei to Pierre. Prince Andrei tells Pierre that he knows in life “only two real misfortunes: remorse and illness.”
7. It is unacceptable to retell a poetic text in your own words.

How to highlight a quote graphically?

1. The most basic way is quotes.
2. Italics or a smaller font size for the quotation compared to the body text.
3. A separate place for a quote on the page (middle, side).

Making highlights inside a quote

Regardless of whether the selections belong to the author of the quoted text or are the initiative of the quoting person, they are also subject to strict requirements.

If the emphasis belongs to the quoting person, then they are specified. The comment is enclosed in parentheses.

Epigraph

Separately, it is worth considering the epigraph - a quote that is placed at the beginning of an essay or a separate part to give a certain image, meaning, spirit to the work or express the author’s thoughts. A witty saying used as an epigraph is called "motto".

The requirements for the design of an epigraph are slightly different from the rules for the design of regular quotes:

• located on the right side of the sheet;
• formatted without quotation marks;
• The author's surname and initials are not enclosed in parentheses;
• There is no period after the surname.

For example:

Who buttoned it up incorrectly?

first button

It won't fasten properly anymore.

(Johann Wolfgang von Goethe)

About copyright

The law of the Russian Federation does not prohibit quoting both in the original and in translation, without the consent of the author or payment of remuneration, but requires the indication of the name of the author, the work from which the quotation was taken, as well as the source of borrowing.

So, we have looked at the most important rules for formatting quotes. To remember them faster, read more of the literature that contains quotes, then you will know exactly how to write quotes so that they complement your own text. Good luck!

For more than 10 years, all Russian universities have been required to check every scientific work for plagiarism - this is the order of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation. The check concerns not only students (abstracts, coursework, diplomas), but also teachers (dissertations, scientific articles, advanced training or certification).

If we look at checking for plagiarism superficially, everything looks logical: you cannot copy other people’s works, you need to rely only on your own knowledge. However, there is one serious catch - you can write the work yourself from the first to the last word, but it will be recognized as plagiarism. Why? Because the author used literature posted on the Internet or various databases:

• theories;
• laws;
• statements of famous personalities;
• axioms;
• proof;
• etc.

But how can you refuse all of the above if training manuals require theory? For example, any legal work consists of citing laws and the features of their application in a given situation. And scientific work in a technical specialty cannot do without axioms, proofs of theories, etc. It turns out to be a vicious circle...

How to properly arrange borrowings

If you ask yourself the question of correct citation and search for information on the Internet, you will immediately find several tips from experienced students:

• highlight borrowings with quotation marks;
• make footnotes at the bottom of the page (indicate the source);
• indicate the author and publish information using a colon;
• etc.

Do you think this all works in practice? Unfortunately, we have to disappoint you.

At the moment, there are no ways to highlight citations so that verification services do not reduce the percentage of uniqueness. Neither quotation marks, nor footnotes, nor parentheses will help you! Nothing!

If you want to make sure, you can try all the methods. But we warn you that you will only waste your time.

There is an option only for journalists and copywriters who check their texts themselves - some verification services allow you to manually exclude sources.

But this will not help students and researchers:

1. Verification services for universities do not exclude anything.
2. They are automated and do not allow outside interference.

The authors of all popular anti-plagiarism programs state that they are developing citation mechanisms and will soon implement them. And some have even launched test versions, but they just forgot to say that nothing is working yet - all quotes still negatively affect the percentage of uniqueness.

2-3 years have passed since the first statements about the legalization of quotation, but things are still there. This means that you need to learn to bypass anti-plagiarism. Moreover, in most cases this is not a trick, but rather a necessity and restoration of justice.

Agree, you don’t want to lose your budget place, take the Unified State Exam again, or serve in the army due to the incompetence of the testing services.

1. How to reduce the percentage of plagiarism when citing.
2. How to check a scientific work for uniqueness.
3. How to ensure that borrowings are eliminated.

Learning to quote correctly

You already know that all borrowings will reduce the final percentage of uniqueness, but you cannot do without them. This means your task is to minimize plagiarism.

Here are the important rules:

1. Shorten the quote. Leave only the most important things, ignoring introductory constructions, “water”, and additional explanations. The less you copy, the better.
2. Don't copy huge paragraphs. Almost every scientific definition has several formulations - choose the most concise one.
3. Dilute borrowings with unique text. If you take a quote, add your comments or thoughts to it, and only then move on to the next one.
4. Increase the amount of work. If in the theoretical part you had to copy too much text, then “stretch out” the practice. The more unique content in the work, the higher the total percentage of originality.
5. Transfer borrowings to applications. Some teachers review only the text and treat appendices as separate, stand-alone material.

Sometimes you can achieve a high percentage of uniqueness just by following these simple rules - try it. If it doesn’t help, then there are other ways to bypass anti-plagiarism.

Checking the work

Remember once and for all: you don’t need to wait for the uniqueness to be checked at the university - check it yourself first. If the text is rejected by the university, then there will only be a few days left to eliminate the comments - you simply may not have time. And if you find out the percentage in advance, then the chances of having time to fix everything are much higher.

Each university works with a strictly defined verification service - you need to focus on its results. But not everything is so simple, there are snags:

• the service may not be available to students;
• you need to pay for the check;
• the system does not provide a report, but only reports the percentage;
• no links to primary sources;
• You can only upload small texts, but voluminous scientific works cannot;
• etc.

Therefore, it is more logical to use free universal systems that take into account the algorithms of all modern anti-plagiarism systems. For example, our website will suit you.

Firstly, everything is automated, and the check will take no more than a minute if there is no queue.

Secondly, you can upload text up to 200,000 characters or a document up to 20 MB. Believe me, this is enough for scientific work.

Thirdly, you will be able to additionally select other systems (including the “closed” “Antiplagiarism.VUZ”).

Fourth, receive a detailed report in which all borrowed fragments will be noted.

Fifth, find out the primary sources.

Increasing uniqueness

The percentage of uniqueness is below normal, and there are too many borrowings to rewrite yourself? There are 2 options:

1. Coding.
2. Professional rewriting.

Coding is intervention in the program code of a document. You yourself specify the verification service and the desired percentage of originality of the text, and after 5 minutes you receive a unique work.

The cost is only 7 rubles per page.

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Already 300,000 students have used our services and successfully defended themselves. Contact us - we will be happy to help you too!

8.1.1. Quote source

It should be the cited publication (work), and not the publication (work) of another author, where the quoted text is given as an excerpt (for an exception, see 8.1.2).

In case of several (many) editions of the cited work, it is recommended to choose a textually authoritative publication as a source (for example, academic collected works), if the purpose of the text does not require quoting another publication (being analyzed, criticized, etc.).

Papr., when quoting “Kholstomer” by L.P. Tolstoy, it is better to choose a non-anniversary Complete book as a source. collection op. writer, and a later miniature edition of the story (M.: Book, 1979), in which E. G. Babaev, who prepared it, introduced 21 reasonable clarifications in comparison with the text in the Complete volume. collection op., correcting the errors that crept into his text, sometimes rude (“young fellow” instead of “boy”, “bad horses” instead of “quiet horses”, “long” instead of “at home”, “shut up” instead of “laughed”).

8.1.2. Quote by quote

As a rule, it is prohibited. Permissible as an exception in cases where:

1) the original source is unavailable or difficult to find;

2) a published archival document is quoted, and reproducing the text from an archival source may unlawfully give the citation the character of an archival research;

3) the quoted text became known from the recording of the author's words in the memoirs of another person.

8.1.3. Basic conditions for semantic accuracy of citation

1. Quoting a logically complete fragment of text, i.e. with completeness that would guarantee the invariance of the meaning conveyed in the source and quotation (without arbitrarily breaking the quoted text, without pulling out words and phrases from the context of the source, when both lead to a change in the meaning or shade of meaning source).

2. For the sake of saving space, discarding words of a quotation that are not necessary for quoting purposes only in the case when this does not affect its meaning.

8.1.4. Techniques for checking the semantic accuracy of citations

In order to prevent distortions of the thoughts of the quoted author, it is advisable:

1. When checking a quotation with a source, also read the text preceding and/or following it, and compare the meaning of a wide fragment of the text in which the quotation is included with the quotation itself. Eg:

Text with quote:

The outstanding Soviet director G. A. Tovstonogov makes a very categorical statement: “As soon as words begin to be heard in the theater, modern theater ends.”

Fragment of the source from which the quote is extracted:

Words in modern theater should not be listened to, but entered into our consciousness through action. As soon as words begin to be heard in the theater, modern theater ends. We do not have the right to listen to words separately in the theater and watch actions separately. We must hear and see at the same time.

It is clear that Tovstonogov’s thought is presented distortedly, that the quote is only an incomplete part of the thought formulated by the director, and its essence becomes clear only in context. Having taken a phrase out of it, the quoter attributed to Tovstonogov something that was not in his text, although the literal accuracy of the quotation was observed.

For example, the author of the editing manual, to illustrate the words of V. A. Karpinsky that Lenin the editor “limited himself to the minimum of necessary amendments,” cited as an example part of the text from V. A. Karpinsky’s article “Peasant Congress” before and after Lenin's amendments, where only the particle “not” was actually inserted twice.

Meanwhile, the quoted text was followed by Karpinsky’s text, which Lenin crossed out and replaced with his own, and which was three times larger in volume than the quoted text with two supposedly small amendments, but in fact changing the meaning to the exact opposite. So Lenin’s correction in Karpinsky’s article illustrates not the minimality of corrections, but quite the opposite, their large volume. The example was chosen poorly by the quoter, and to make it unnoticeable, he cut off the quote. The editor could notice this only by comparing the quote with a wide fragment of the source, reading there not only the quoted text, but also the text that follows it.

2. Compare the subject of thought in the source with the subject of thought to which the quotation is attributed by the author quoting it, in order to avoid discrepancies between them, which at least devalue the quotation. Eg:

Text with quote:

Scientists believe that correctly orienting eye movements during such long and intense reading as proofreading is far from an easy task. Fortunately, reading skills can be significantly improved even in adults who are perfectly literate. Goethe was not far from the truth when he jokingly complained to Eckermann: “These good people have no idea how much time and labor it takes to learn to read. I have spent eighty years on this and still cannot say that I have achieved my goal.”

Here, the author of the above text used Goethe’s statement about the ability to read as the ability to comprehend the author’s intention as evidence that improving technology. reading skills is never too late. The subject of thought in the source and the quotator differs, and, therefore, the quotation is inappropriate.

3. Check what time the quotation is talking about and whether it is legal to attribute what is said in it to another time, as the quoting person does.

4. Compare the meaning of the quote with the conclusions that the quoting author draws from it in order to check whether these conclusions really follow from the quote. Papr.:

Text with quote:

The information explosion that we are witnessing was presciently foreseen back in 1844 by young Engels. “Science,” he wrote, “moves forward in proportion to the mass of knowledge inherited from previous generations.” In accordance with this formula, every 10-15 years the volume of printed scientific and technical information doubles.

The quoted phrase of Engels in no way follows the conclusion drawn after it by the quoting author. First, just because the volume of information doubles, it does not at all follow that the mass of knowledge increases in the same proportion. Secondly, about the period for which the volume of scientific and technical. information doubles, Engels has no speech at all. From Engels' phrase it follows only that science moves forward in proportion to the mass of knowledge it inherits, and nothing more. The mass of knowledge increases - science moves forward in proportion to this. The author's conclusions do not follow from the quotation, and, therefore, either the quotation is inappropriate or the conclusions need clarification.

8.1.5. Conditions for literal citation accuracy

The quotation must follow the source word for word, letter for letter, punctuation mark for punctuation, with some exceptions - see below, 8.1.6-8.1.9.

8.1.6. Spelling and punctuation in quotes

The text of the quotation, as a rule, is given in accordance with the rules and regulations of spelling and punctuation in force at the time of publication. Eg:

In the source:	In quote:
Western European	Western European

It is also permissible to correct obvious typos, provided that the correction is specified in the note, but this is advisable to do only in cases where the quoting person needs to comment on an error in the quotation.

8.1.7. Abbreviations in quotations

Words arbitrarily abbreviated in the source are permitted, as well as words that are abbreviated in the quotation but not abbreviated in the main text. text, write in detail, enclosing the completed parts of words in straight or angular brackets and omitting the period as a sign of abbreviation. Eg:

because]; because]; N.G. Chernyshevsky writes that he “...has established an opinion borrowed from Domestic Notes...”.

When quoting documents, angle brackets usually indicate crossed out text, and straight brackets indicate abbreviated words expanded by the quoter.

When abbreviated words are easily understood by the reader, do not cause misunderstandings when reading and do not violate the uniformity of abbreviations in the publication, it is not advisable to expand the abbreviated words. It is undesirable to expand abbreviated words if the abbreviated spelling conveys the peculiarity of the pronunciation of the name, first name and patronymic, etc.

8.1.8. Banknotes in quotes

You can omit one or more words or even sentences if the thought of the author of the quote is not distorted and if the reader is notified of the bill by an ellipsis in the place of the omitted words and an ellipsis in angle brackets in the place of the omitted sentences. See 8.5.

8.1.9. Quoting individual words and phrases

When quoting in this way, it is permissible not to put an ellipsis, because it is already clear to the reader that words are omitted before and after the quoted words. Eg:

Pechorin said that “in a vain struggle” he had already “exhausted both the heat of his soul and the constancy of his will”... (Eikhenbaum B.M. About prose. M., 1969. P. 285).

However, the omission of a word within a quoted phrase is indicated by an ellipsis.

8.1.10. Changing the case of words in a quotation against the original source

Such a deviation from the original source is possible in cases where individual words and phrases are quoted. Eg:

8.1.11. Addition of signs

In a poetic quotation, typed as prose inside the main. text in the selection with it, a single or double slash or a single or double vertical ruler is introduced to indicate poetic lines at the places where one poetic line ends and another begins.

The punctuation mark before such a sign and the capital letter at the beginning of the line after the sign are retained. Eg:

...Thanks to my involvement in art, the act of poetic creativity... (“With silent triumph on my face // I open the facets of verse...”).

8.1.12. Emphasis in quotation

When highlighting in a quote:

1. It is advisable to preserve the source selection form. If according to technical reasons, this is impossible, then it is allowed to replace such a form with another, similar in strength, with a reservation once in a note. Eg:

“...In the matter of artistic criticism, Kramskoy is the true Belinsky,” wrote V.V. Stasov (in the source - bold).

2. The highlighting of words by those quoting must be marked or specified in a footnote. For example, the note at the first quote from one source:

* In unspecified cases, italics in quotations are ours. - A.M.

3. It is not necessary to specify the emphasis of words belonging to the author of the quote, except in cases where there are only several authors in quotes from one source. emphases and a lot of emphases from the quoter. Then it is better, more economical, to mark the author. highlighting, and specify the citing one’s highlighting in the note or apply different forms of highlighting, specifying only the form of highlighting of the words by the citing one. It is preferable, if possible, to have a different form of emphasis by the author and the citing person, indicating this in a note. Eg: Quote (italics - the author of the quote, bold - ours).

If the publication cannot be read sequentially, it is more advisable to place all reservations about emphases not in the notes, but at the end of the preface, or on the back of the title. l., after the list of abbreviations, i.e. in a place that the reader probably will not miss.

8.1.13. Highlighting quotes

It is advisable to highlight multi-line and especially multi-paragraph quotations, since the reader often loses orientation and wastes time trying to figure out whether the quotation has already ended or not.

Quotation form: a) retraction, if the quotation does not exceed a page; b) a retractor with a vertical ruler in it, if the quotation occupies the entire page; c) set in a smaller font size (for example, petit or borges in case) in the cases as in paragraph “b”; d) typing in a font of a different typeface in the same cases as in paragraph “b”.

8.2. Using quotation marks

8.2.1. Quotes enclosed in quotation marks

Typed in the same way as basic. The text and quotes inside it are enclosed in quotation marks to show the boundaries of each - the beginning and the end.

8.2.2. Quotes not in quotation marks

These are quotes graphically separated from the main ones. text:

1. Highlighted in a font or non-font method (with a font of a different size, design, style; retracted; printed with a paint other than the main text) or if the context makes it clear to the reader that there is a quotation in front of him. For example: Pushkin wrote to his wife: Something my children and
my books?

2. Taken from poetic works, preserving the division into poetic lines and typed on a narrower line than the main one. text, format or font lower than the main font. font text. Eg:

Let's remember Pushkin's lines:

The fairy tale is a lie, but there is a hint in it!
A lesson to good fellows.

3. Quotes-epigraphs, if they are not accompanied by any non-quoted text.

8.2.3. Placement of quotation marks

Quotation marks delimiting a quotation are placed only at the beginning and end of it, regardless of the size of the quotation and the number of paragraphs in it.

8.2.4. Quote drawing

1. Quotations are enclosed in quotation marks of the same design as those used in the main text. text as main ones.

2. If there are words (phrases, phrases) inside the quotation, in turn enclosed in quotation marks, then the latter should be of a different design than the quotation marks that close and open the quotation (external quotation marks are usually Christmas trees “ ”, internal quotation marks are paws “ “”).

If according to technical For some reason, it is impossible to set quotes from another picture; quotes from one picture are not repeated next to each other. For example, it is incorrect: ““My gypsies are not for sale at all,” Pushkin complained. It is better, however, to highlight quotes in some way by removing the outer quotes, for example, type quotes with a retract and indented paragraphs.

3. If the quotation contains quotation marks of the “third stage,” i.e., inside the quoted phrases of the quotation there are, in turn, words taken in quotation marks, the quotation marks of the second picture, i.e., paws, are recommended as the latter.

M. M. Bakhtin wrote: “Trishatov tells the teenager about his love for music and develops the idea of ​​the opera for him: “Listen, do you like music?” I really love... If I were composing an opera, then, you know, I would take the plot from Faust. I really love this topic."

8.3. Paragraphs when quoting

8.3.1. In-quote paragraphs

Preserved as in the source, except when quotations include only a minor part of the text of both paragraphs (for example, the last phrase of one and the beginning phrase of the other).

8.3.2. Quotes starting with paragraph indentation

1. Quotes of two or more paragraphs.

2. Quotes whose meaning they want to especially emphasize.

3. Quotes that begin the main paragraph. text.

8.4. Uppercase and lowercase letters at the beginning of a quote

8.4.1. Quotes starting with a capital letter

These are the quotes:

1. Standing after a colon in the middle of a phrase, if in the source they began with a capital letter (the text is quoted from the beginning of the sentence). Eg:

2. Beginning a phrase and coming after the point that ends the previous sentence. text, even if the first words of the quoted sentence are omitted. Eg:

3. Beginning with a proper name, even if the quotation omits the initial words of the quoted sentence and comes after a colon. Eg:

8.4.2. Quotes starting with a lowercase letter

These are the quotes:

1. With the first words of the initial sentence omitted, standing in the middle of the main phrase. text (both after a colon and without it), beginning with a common noun. Eg:

2. Without the omitted first words of the initial sentence, but included in the syntactic structure of the main phrase. text, standing in its middle or end, not after a colon, with the first word not a proper name. Eg:

8.5. Ellipsis as a sign of skipping text in a quotation

8.5.1. Replacing other punctuation marks with ellipses

An ellipsis replaces punctuation marks before omitted text in a quotation, such as a comma, colon, semicolon, or dash. It is unacceptable to replace one of the ellipses with any of these characters or combine the ellipses with any of them. Eg:

8.5.2. Combining ellipses with other punctuation marks

An ellipsis can be combined with punctuation marks such as a period, a semicolon, exclamation and question marks, and an ellipsis in the following cases:

1. A semicolon is placed after an ellipsis when the text contains a list of quotes, highlighted not in quotation marks, but in some type or non-font way, with words omitted at the end of each or with the initial words omitted (the ellipsis of quotes and the semicolon of the original text are combined, in which quotations are included). Eg:

Definitions with a personal pronoun are not isolated if the definition is connected not only with the subject, but also with the predicate, for example: He comes out of the back rooms already completely upset...; I come in the evening tired and hungry.
Count Ilya Andreevich...at the end of January he came to Moscow with Natasha and Sonya, ...Razmetnov came with Demka Ushakov.

2. A period, exclamation or question mark, ellipsis is placed before the ellipsis with a break from it, when one sentence of the quotation is given in full (it ends with one of the signs listed at the beginning of the paragraph), and the initial words of the next sentence of the quotation are omitted. This allows the reader to get an accurate idea of ​​the structure of the quoted text. Eg:

8.5.3. Ellipsis at the beginning and end of paragraphs in a multi-paragraph quotation

If words are omitted at the end of a paragraph of a multi-paragraph quotation, such a paragraph ends with an ellipsis, and if words are omitted at the beginning of the next paragraph (the first word), then it begins with an ellipsis. The structure of the quotation text does not change: it is divided into paragraphs in the same way as in the source. Eg:

The first paragraph of the quotation with the words omitted at the end...

...The second paragraph of a quotation with the initial word or words omitted.

8.5.4. Ellipsis in angle brackets

This ellipsis replaces text from one or more sentences omitted when quoting:

1. Combined with a period if the preceding sentence of the quotation is given in its entirety, and with an ellipsis if words are omitted at the end of the preceding sentence of the quotation or the beginning of the subsequent sentence. Eg:

Full sentence quote.<…>Full sentence quote.

A quotation sentence with words left out at the end (the last word)…<…>...A quotation sentence with the initial words (first word) omitted.

2. It stands out as a separate paragraph if it replaces the paragraph between paragraphs of the quoted text. Eg:

<…>

3. Placed at the beginning and (or) end of the paragraph of the quoted text if the sentences at the beginning and (or) end of this paragraph are omitted. Eg:

The first paragraph of the quoted text.

<...>The second paragraph of the quoted text with the initial and final sentences omitted.<...>

Third paragraph of the quoted text.

8.5.5. Combined and separate writing of ellipses with text

It is subject to the following rules:

1. The ellipsis at the beginning of a phrase is written together with the following word. Eg:

We left the saklya. ...The weather has cleared...

2. The ellipsis in the middle and end of a phrase is written together with the preceding word. Eg:

We went out... Contrary to the prediction of my companion, the weather cleared...

In both cases (items 1 and 2), if in the typewritten original an ellipsis is printed with a space before or after the text, it should be marked with the proofreading sign “destroy the space”.

Quote.<…>Quote…<…>Quote.

8.6. Notes on quotations

8.6.1. Semantic explanations and comments of the quoter

For their design, see 29.3.6.

8.6.2. Indications about the attribution of emphasis in the quotation

Type indications Italics are mine; The release is mine; Emphasis mine; Emphasized by me formatted in the same way as the semantic explanations and comments of the quoting person (see 29.3.6). Eg:

“...I was guided by the need for a collection of thoughts linked together to express myself...” (our italics - M. Sh.).

8.6.3. Decoding pronouns and abbreviations

Such notes are usually enclosed in straight brackets and placed after the word (phrase) to which they refer, without indicating the initials of the first and last name of the quoting person, since the affiliation of the notes is clear to the reader by the meaning and straight brackets. Eg:

“...There is no doubt that he [Pushkin] created our poetic, our literary language...”

8.6.4. Question or exclamation mark as a note

It is placed after the word or phrase in the quotation to which it refers, in parentheses without verbal markings in cases where the quoting person needs to express doubt, ironically point out an error, or express delight at some place in the quotation. A question mark usually has a negative connotation, while an exclamation mark has a positive connotation. Eg:

“The sketch in the corner of the hall belongs to Repin (?),” we read there.

8.7. Punctuation marks in a phrase ending with a quotation

8.7.1. Colon after the words of the quoter before the quotation

Placed if the words of the quotator introduce a quotation into the text and warn the reader about it. Eg:

Not installed:

1. If inside the quotation or after it there are words of the quotator, introducing the quotation into the text. In this case, the text before the quote is separated from it by a dot. Eg:

2. If the quotation appears as an addition to the text before it or as part of a subordinate clause that begins before it. Eg:

S.I. Vavilov demanded “...by all means to rid humanity of reading bad, unnecessary books.”

S.I. Vavilov believed that it was necessary “...by all means to rid humanity of reading bad, unnecessary books.”

8.7.2. Period after closing quotation marks

Placed:

1. If the closing quotation marks are not preceded by an ellipsis, exclamation point, or question mark; in this case, the point can be moved behind the link if the latter immediately follows the quotation. Eg:

A. N. Sokolov writes: “Misunderstanding is the absence of unification.”

“...unification” (p. 140).

2. If there is an ellipsis, exclamation or question mark before the closing quotation marks, but the quotation is not an independent sentence (it acts as a member of the sentence in which it is included; usually such quotations are part of a subordinate clause). Eg:

Gogol wrote about Manilov that “in his eyes he was a distinguished man...”.

8.7.3. Lack of punctuation after closing quotation marks

There is no punctuation:

1. If there is an ellipsis, exclamation or question mark before the closing quotation marks, and the quotation enclosed in quotation marks is an independent sentence (as a rule, all quotations after a colon separating them from the words of the quoting person are like this). Eg:

Pechorin wrote: “I don’t remember a bluer and fresher morning!”

Pechorin admitted: “I sometimes despise myself...”

Pechorin asks: “And why did fate throw me into the peaceful circle of honest smugglers?”

The same applies if a quotation ends with an independent sentence, the first sentence of which begins with a lowercase letter. Eg:

Pechorin reflects: “...why did fate throw me into the peaceful circle of honest smugglers? Like a stone thrown into a smooth spring, I disturbed their calm..."

2. If there is a question or exclamation mark before the closing quotation marks, and the quote is not an independent sentence and after the entire phrase with the quote there should be a question or exclamation mark. Eg:

Lermontov exclaims in the preface that this is “an old and pathetic joke!”

8.8. Punctuation marks in a phrase with a quote in the middle

8.8.1. Colon before quotation

Put or not put according to the same rules as in a phrase ending with a quotation (see 8.7.1).

8.8.2. Comma after closing quotation marks

Placed if, according to the context, the subsequent text must be separated by a comma, in particular:

1) the quotation is part of an adverbial phrase that ends with it, or a subordinate clause that ends with a quotation; eg:

So, ninth-graders, having read the phrase: “The British especially vigilantly guarded the sea route to India,” asked themselves... (the quotation ends the adverbial phrase);

2) the quotation is followed by the second part of a complex sentence, and the quotation with the preceding text is its first part; eg:

Several editors read the following text: “The young reader is especially concerned about books in which he seeks answers to vital questions,” and none of them noticed a gross logical error (the text behind the quote is the second sentence of a complex sentence);

3) the quotation is part of the main sentence, followed by a subordinate clause, etc.; eg:

8.8.3. Dash after closing quotation marks

Placed:

1. If, according to the conditions of the context, it is not necessary to separate the subsequent text with a comma (in particular, in the text before the quotation there is a subject, and in the text after it there is a predicate, or before the quotation there is one homogeneous member, and after it another joined by a conjunction). Eg:

2. If there is an ellipsis, exclamation or question mark at the end of the quotation. Eg:

When a literary employee signed the answer to a reader’s question: “Are vitamins preserved in fruit juices?” - He apparently wasn’t concerned...

3. If a dash is necessary due to the conditions of the context (in particular, the text before the quote is the subject, expressed by the indefinite form of the verb, and the text after the quote is the predicate, attached by the word means or also expressed by the indefinite form of the verb. For example:

To say: “sensory representation is the reality existing outside of us” means returning to Humeanism...

8.8.4. Place punctuation marks after a poetic quotation

If the quotation is reproduced in accordance with the poetic lines of the source, the punctuation mark that applies to the entire text with the quotation is placed at the end of the last poetic line, and not before the words of the quotator. Eg:

There are two motivic fields here; the first is the motive of separation:

We parted; for a moment of charm,
For a brief moment I had my life... -

expresses romantic maximalism.

8.9. Punctuation marks in a phrase with the words of the quoter inside the quote

8.9.1. Where the quote is broken - comma, semicolon, colon, dash

In this case, as well as in the absence of punctuation marks at the break point, the quoting words are separated from the text of the quotation on both sides by a comma and a dash (, -). Eg:

In the source:	In the edition with a quote:
I have become incapable of noble impulses...	“I,” Pechorin admits, “have become incapable of noble impulses...”
...My heart turns to stone, and nothing will warm it up again. M. Lermontov. Hero of our time	“...My heart is turning to stone,” Pechorin concludes hopelessly, “and nothing will warm it up again.”
Too one-sided and strong an interest excessively increases the stress of human life; one more push and the person goes crazy. D. Kharms	“Too one-sided and strong interest excessively increases the tension of human life,” reflects D. Kharms, “one more push, and the person goes crazy.”
The goal of every human life is one: immortality. D. Kharms	“The goal of every human life is one,” writes D. Kharms in his diary, “immortality.”
Genuine interest is the main thing in our life. D. Kharms	“Genuine interest,” says D. Kharms, “is the main thing in our lives.”

8.9.2. Where the quote breaks is a dot

In this case, a comma and a dash (, -) are placed before the quoting words, and a dot and a dash (. -) after these words, starting the second part with a capital letter.

8.9.3. Where the quote breaks is a question mark or exclamation mark

In this case, a question or exclamation mark and a dash (? -; ! -) are left before the quoting words, and a dot and a dash (. -) are placed after the quoting words, starting the second part of the quotation with a capital letter, or a comma and a dash (, -) , starting the second part of the quote with a lowercase letter, if in the source the text after the question (exclamation) mark begins with a lowercase letter. Eg:

8.9.4. Where the quote breaks is an ellipsis

In this case, an ellipsis and a dash (... -) are placed before the quoting words, and a comma and a dash (, -) after the quoting words, if in the source the text after the ellipsis began with a lowercase letter, and a dot and a dash (. -), if in the source the text after the ellipsis began with a capital letter. Eg:

8.9.5. There are two verbs in the words of the quoter, one refers to the first part of the quotation, the other to the second

In this case, after the first part of the quotation a comma and a dash (, -), a period and a dash (. -), an ellipsis and a dash (...-), an exclamation (question) mark and a dash (? -; ! -) are placed, depending from the context, and after the quoting words - a colon and a dash (: -). Eg:

“I sometimes despise myself... isn’t that why I despise others?..” asks Pechorin and admits: “I have become incapable of noble impulses” (text in the source, see above).

8.10. Punctuation marks in a phrase beginning with a quotation

8.10.1. Comma and dash after quotation

Placed if the source text of the quotation ends with a period. Eg:

8.10.2. Dash after quote

Placed if the source text of the quotation ends with an ellipsis, exclamation point or question mark. For example...