Types of participles. Passive and active participles

Participle As a morphological phenomenon, it is interpreted ambiguously in linguistics. In some linguistic descriptions, the participle is considered an independent part of speech, in others - a special form of the verb. In the description we offer, we proceed from the point of view of the participle as a special form of the verb.

Participle is a special form of a verb with the following characteristics:

1. Indicatessign of an object by action and answers the questions which? what is he doing?, what has he done?, what has he done?.

2. Possessesmorphological features of verb and adjective .

The characteristics of a verb include:

view (perfect - SV and imperfect - NSV),

repayment ,

time (present and past).

pledge (active and passive).

The characteristics of an adjective include:

genus ,

number ,

case (for full participles),

completeness / brevity (only for passive participles).

3. Participles agree with nouns like adjectives and in a sentence they are the same members as adjectives, that isdefinition Andnominal part of a compound noun predicate (short participles - only part of the predicate).

Dependence of the number of participial forms on transitivity and verb type

A verb can have from one to four participial forms, depending on its transitivity and aspect.

Transitive verbs can have the forms of active and passive participles,intransitive verbs have only active participle forms.

Verbsperfect form have only past participles,Verbsimperfect form can have participles of both present and past tense. Thus,

– transitive verbs Not perfect form have all 4 participles (reading, read, read, read ),

– intransitive verbs are not perfect form have 2 participles - active present and past tense (sleeping, sleeping ),

– transitive verbsperfect form also have 2 participles - active and passive past tense (read, read ).

– intransitive verbsperfect form have only 1 participial form - the active past participle (overslept ).

Active participles

Active participles denote a sign of an object thatdoes the action himself: boy reading a book .

Active participles of the present tense are formed from transitive and intransitive verbs of the NSV from the base of the present tense using suffixes:

- ush-(-yush-) Forverbs I conjugation : running, running, running ,

- ash-(-box-) Forverbs II conjugation : lying, hundred-box .

Active past participles are formed from transitive and intransitive verbs NSV and SV from the past tense stem using suffixes:

-vsh- for verbs with a stem,ending with a vowel : read-vsh-y ,

-sh - for verbs withbased on a consonant : nes-sh-y .

Verbs can form active past participles from another stem:

Some verbs in-sti ( lead, gain ) form the participles in question from the present/simple future tense stem (and not from the past tense stem):having found (future tense base)gained , the basis of the past -found ), leading ;

Verbsgo Andfade These participles are formed from a special base, not equal to any others:faded, faded .

Some verbs can form two participles from different stems: one from the past tense stem dried and the other from the infinitive stemdried out , and the choice of suffix is ​​carried out in accordance with the given rule.

Passive participles

Passive participles indicate a sign of the object to which the action is directed:book read by a boy .

Passive participles of the present tense are formed from transitive verbs NSV, from the stem of the present tense using the suffix:

- eat- (sometimes -om) forverbs I conjugation : read, know ,

-them - Forverbs II conjugation : stored .

Passive participles can be formed from single intransitive verbs:guided Andcontrolled formed from intransitive verbslead and manage (the meaning of the object with these verbs is expressed by a noun in the form not of V. p., but of T. p.: to manage, to manage the plant).

Verbs do not have passive present participlesbeat, write, sew, revenge and others.

Present passive participle of a verbdawat b is formed from a special base (let's go ).

Verbmove has two passive participles in the present tense:moveable Andmovable .

Passive past participles are formed from the transitive verbs NSV and SV (participles from verbs NSV are few) from the past tense stem using suffixes:

-n(n)- from verbson - at, -at and -et : read - nn-th ,

- en(n)- frombases on consonant and -it : carried away, built ,

-T- from the basicsna -nut, -ot, -eret and from monosyllabic verbs and their derivatives:closed, closed, locked, bi-th, broken.

Passive past participles of verbs are not formedfall in love , search , take .

Some verbs have -sti, -is Passive past participles are formed from the present/future stem:given , newfound , spun , stolen .

Passive present and past participles can also be formed by adding the postfix -xia to the active voice form:Fine selling (= selling) / selling books.

Passive participles have full and short forms:a letter written by me - a letter written by me . Short participles have the same grammatical properties as short adjectives, that is, they do not change by case and appear in a sentence primarily as the nominal part of the predicate.

Morphological analysis of the participle

Morphologically, the participle is parsed according to the following plan:

I. Part of speech (special form of a verb). General meaning. What verb is it derived from? Initial form - nominative singular masculine

II. Morphological characteristics. Constant signs: a) active or passive, b) tense, c) aspect, d) reflexivity. Inconstant features: a) full or short form (for passives), b) case (for participles in full form), c) number, d) gender.

III. Syntactic role.

Sample parsing of a participle

A revolving glass door with brass steamer rails ushered him into a large pink marble lobby. The grounded elevator housed an information desk. A laughing female face looked out from there (I. Ilf and E. Petrov).

Analysis of the participle as a verb form:

I.Rotating (which one?) - adj., (spin + -box-)

beginning rotating shape.

II.Fast. signs: real, present time, NSV, return;

non-post signs: I. p.; in units number, in women kind.

III.Door (what?) revolving (definition)

I.Grounded (what?) - pr., (ground + -enn-);

beginning form grounded

II.Fast. signs: passive, past. time, NE, non-return;

non-post signs: fully form, pp., units including, husband kind.

III.Elevator (what?) grounded (definition)

I.(what?) - prib., (laugh + - yush-);

beginning Laughing form.

II.Fast. signs: valid, present time, NSV, return;

non-post signs: I. p., in units. number, on Wed. kind.

III.Face (what?) laughing(definition)

Participles are something that written speech is rarely complete without. Take any classic work, popular fiction, open it to the first page you come across - and you can come across participial phrases.

Participles decorate written speech and make it somewhat more complicated than everyday spoken language. Participles can differ in appearance, and in order to use them correctly, you need to understand this difference. What are perfect and imperfect participles? How are they different and how to use them?

What is a communion?

The first thing to do is figure out what a participle is. It is very important to learn to distinguish it from adjectives. What is their main difference? from nouns, adverbs, etc. Verbs are the only part of speech from which participles are formed. However, the participle is similar to an adjective in some ways, which makes them very similar and sometimes misleading. And at the same time, the participle has the properties of a verb.

Compare adjective and participle:

• Speed ​​- fast. This is an adjective and is formed from a noun.
• Run - running. This is already a participle, since it is formed from a verb.

There are two types of verbs: perfect and imperfect. Consequently, participles also take on this property and can take the perfective or imperfective form.

Perfect participles

Based on the names of these participles, it can be assumed that they are formed from perfective verbs. To determine the type of a verb, you need to ask a clarifying question to it. For a perfect view, this is the question “What to do?” Verbs that answer it denote a completed action.

For example:

• Read, write, draw, close - all these verbs correspond to the question “What to do?”, therefore, they belong to the perfect form and mean a completed action. “Draw” - i.e. finish the drawing, complete it.

And this is what participles from perfect verbs will look like:

• Read, wrote, drew, closed. The phrase “who has read the book” will mean that the reading has already been completed, the action has been completed.

Imperfect participles

Imperfective verbs correspond to the question “What to do?” Such verbs denote an unfinished action.

• Run, jump, draw, dance, listen.

Consequently, participles from imperfective verbs will answer the question “What is he doing? What did you do?”

• Running, jumping, drawing, dancing, listening. These actions indicate a process, meaning they are not completed.

The phrase “girl drawing” speaks of the process of drawing itself, i.e. the action is not completed.

The main difference between perfect and imperfect participles is that they originate from different forms of the verb and denote either a completed action or the process of its completion.

Active participles

Participles are divided into two large groups: active and passive. What is the difference between them?

If a participle refers to an object that performs an action, then it is real.

• Cat walking in the yard. / The cat walks in the yard itself, that is, it performs the action on its own.

• Grandmother setting the table. / The grandmother sets the table, that is, she performs the action herself.

Active participles can be used in the present or past tense. When writing, special attention should be paid to suffixes. Active participles in the present tense originate only from imperfective verbs. If the participle is used in the present tense and is formed from a verb of the first conjugation, then it can have the following suffixes: -yush-, -ush-. If the participle forms a verb of the second conjugation, then the suffixes -ash-, -yash- are used. Active past participles come from both perfective and imperfective verbs. At this time they will have the suffixes -вш- or -ш-.

Passive participles

Since active participles refer to an object that itself performs an action, it is easy to assume that passive participles refer to objects on which someone performs an action.

• The collected mushrooms lay on the table. / The mushrooms did not collect themselves, but someone performed this action on them, therefore the participle “collected” is passive.

• The disassembled suitcase lay near the closet. / The suitcase did not disassemble itself, but someone did it, i.e. “disassembled” is a passive participle.

Passive participles, like active participles, can take the form of present and past tense. In the present they are formed only from imperfective verbs. If the verb was of the first conjugation, then the participle will have the suffix -em- or -om-. If the verb was of the second conjugation, then the suffix -im- is used. Passive participles can form the past tense form from verbs of both the perfect and imperfect forms. In the past tense, the suffixes -n(n)-, -en(n)-, -t- are used. The choice of a particular suffix will depend on the verb from which the participle originates. But it is worth noting that full perfect passive participles are written with two -nn- in the suffix, and one -n- is used only in short passive participles.

Punctuation marks

In writing, participles with dependent words are called participial phrases. There are some rules for formatting phrases using punctuation marks.

If the word being defined comes first and is followed by a participial phrase, then the latter will be separated by commas:

• The paintings hanging on the opposite wall delighted and inspired. / In this sentence, the qualifying word is “pictures”, the participial phrase follows it, therefore, there are commas on both sides.

But if the phrase is located before the word being defined, then it is not separated by commas:

• The paintings hanging on the opposite wall delighted and inspired. / “Pictures” also remains a qualified word, but now it comes after the participial phrase.

As with many rules, there are exceptions. If the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun, then the participial phrase will be separated by commas, even if it is in front of it.

If the participial phrase is located before the word that it defines, but there are other members of the sentence between them, then it is also separated by a comma.

So, in order to easily use participles in written and spoken language, although they are much more common in spoken language, you must first learn the difference between a participle and an adjective. To do this, you need to figure out which forms are used in different cases. For example, how best to use perfect and imperfect participles.

And finally, to correctly format phrases in writing, you need to learn how to place punctuation marks. It is very useful to look through fiction, where participial phrases appear quite often. Such works will serve as a clear example. When you encounter a participle phrase in a text, you can stop and analyze how it is used and what punctuation marks surround it.

The participle is a special independent part of speech in the Russian language, which combines the properties of a verb and an adjective. This is manifested in the fact that the participle is formed from a verb, but answers questions characteristic of an adjective: which one?, what one does?, what one did?, what one did?. Schoolchildren and linguistic students should be able to correctly determine the type of participle. This is a constant morphological feature of the participle; it significantly affects the interpretation of the meaning of the word. To determine the type of participle and avoid mistakes, it is important to use advice and follow the algorithm.

Determine the type of participle. Recommendations

1. First, determine from which verb the participle was formed. This part of speech combines the characteristics of an adjective and a verb. The view can be passive and active. Either an object performs some action, or some action is performed on the object:
   • the active participle denotes the action of an object, for example: reader - someone is reading, a person is reading a book;
     
   • the passive participle describes an action performed with an object, for example: read - something is being read, a book is being read by a person.
     
2. You can determine the type of participle by asking the appropriate questions:
   • what did he do? what is he doing?– questions of the actual participle;
     
   • what's being done?- question of the passive participle.
     
   Remember that this method of verification must be combined with a more academic one: by formal signs indicating the appearance. However, this method will help you initially focus on a certain type, and then check whether the participle corresponds to it by highlighting the suffix in it.
   
3. Put the participle in full or short form. Note whether the participle you are considering can have both forms. Remember an important sign of the type of this part of speech:
   • the real participle has only a full form in Russian; it cannot be put into a short form without violating language norms;
     
   • the passive participle can have both forms: full and short; for example: readable - readable.
     
   If your participle does not have a short form, it is valid. Sometimes the short form of the passive participle may seem archaic, but you will see that it is quite consistent with the norms of the language. For example: breakable - breakable.

   Active participles are put into a short form only in some dialects, choosing separate words for this. You can immediately distinguish a violation of the norm of the Russian language: reading - reading.
   

4. Please note: short passive participles change in Russian according to numbers and genders. For example: read - readable - readable - readable.
   
5. Parse the participle according to its composition. It is advisable to carry out a complete analysis of the word according to its composition in order to accurately find the suffix. It is this part of the participle that is its formal specific feature. Each type of this part of speech has specific suffixes:
   • active participles: suffixes –ash-, -ush-, -yash-, -sh-, -vsh-;
     
   • passive participles: suffixes –em-, -nn-, -enn-.
     
6. Draw your own summary table of characteristics of the type of participle. Include in it all the useful information about different methods for determining the type of this part of speech: by questions, suffixes, the presence of short and long forms. Provide your table with your own examples. Then it will be much easier for you to correctly determine the type of participle, and you will quickly remember all the information, using different types of memory.
   
7. Please note that some participles have long since moved to another part of speech. Outwardly, they resemble participles, but in fact they are adjectives, since they denote actions and states that have become permanent features of objects. For example, canned peas. Such words should be treated as adjectives.
   

Algorithm for determining the type of participle
How to determine the type of participle correctly? Follow the algorithm and remember the recommendations.

1. Write down on a separate piece of paper the participles whose type you need to determine.
   
2. Remember your table and start looking at the words in accordance with it. To begin, ask the communion question.
   
3. Check whether this participle has a short, full form.
   
4. Parse the word according to its composition. Select the suffix and find out what type it corresponds to. Determine the type of participle.
   
5. Test yourself: write down the verb from which the participle is formed. Make up a phrase with it. Think about it: are we talking about an action performed by an object or an action that someone performs on an object? Draw your final conclusions and write down the type of participle.
   

Follow the recommendations, determine the type of participle using the algorithm, then you will be able to do the job correctly.

It is a storehouse of various rules and parts of speech. Of course, for local residents, studying them does not present any problems, but foreign citizens sometimes have to work hard to understand what this or that part of speech or this or that rule means. In most cases, a serious difficulty occurs precisely at the stage of studying the sacrament. Of course, it’s not only foreign citizens who don’t understand what it is. Many Russian speakers quite often confuse participles, for example, with adjectives.

So what is a communion? In the rules of the Russian language, a participle is defined as a special one that has the characteristics of both a verb and an adjective. Apparently, the difficulties we talked about earlier come from here. So, what features does the participle receive from the verb, and which from the adjective?

Let's start with the verb. First of all, teachers always say that the participle received temporal categories from the verb. According to the rules of the Russian language, a participle can be either present or past, but never future. Types of participles were also derived from the most powerful part of speech - the verb. Well, and return.

Now let's turn to the adjective. Here everything is somewhat simpler than with a verb. The ability to change genders and numbers was derived precisely from this part of speech. In addition to these important properties, participles can also be inflected according to the principle of adjectives.

Types of participles are, in principle, a simple topic, but they can also cause a lot of trouble, so let's talk a little about them. So, earlier we mentioned that participles are formed from a verb. In this regard, some features of the verb moved to the participle, in particular aspect. If we turn to the rules associated with the verb, we will see that its types are divided into perfect and imperfect.

The types of participles can be determined by asking a question. If the participle is formed from a verb answering the question “what to do?”, then it should be classified as an imperfect form. The perfect participle is formed from a verb that answers the question “what to do?” As you can see, there may not be any problems with determining the type of participle. But it should be remembered that, for example, it is possible to form only the present participle and As for the perfect, then from it you will only get the past participle.

What else should Russian language learners know? Of course, about the fact that participles can be passive and active. Here it will be somewhat more difficult than with such a concept as types of participles.

By means a sign of an object that itself produced an action. If it is indicated that an action was performed on someone, then this is already a passive, each of them has their own, by which affiliation can be determined.

So, the suffixes of the active participle include -ushch, -yushch, -ashch, -yashch, as well as -vsh and -sh. Passive participles can be formed using suffixes such as -em, -im, -nn-, -enn, -t.