1 scientific style and its features. Purpose and general characteristics of scientific speech

Russian language and culture of speech

DE 1 (Stylists)

Functional styles of the Russian literary language

Style- a type of literary language that is traditionally assigned in society to one of the spheres of life. Each variety has certain linguistic characteristics (primarily vocabulary and grammar) and is contrasted with other similar varieties of literary language, which correlate with other spheres of life and have their own linguistic characteristics.

Style connected with the state of society, it is historically changeable. In Lomonosov's time one could only talk about book speech styles; stood out three styles: high, medium And short. Today the language stands out four styles: three book (scientific, official business, journalistic) And conversational style. Selection artistic style remains the subject of scientific debate.

We can only talk about relative isolation literary language styles. Most linguistic means in each style – neutral, interstyle. Everyone's core style form linguistic means inherent to it with corresponding stylistic coloring and uniform norms of use.

Stylistic means used by speakers or writers consciously. Style speech work is associated with its content, purpose, relationships between speaking(writing) and listening(reading).

Style– a type of literary language that has historically developed at a certain time in a particular society, which is a relatively closed system of linguistic means, constantly and consciously used in various spheres of life. Each functional style can exist as in written and oral form.

Every style characterized the following signs: A) conditions communication; b) target communication; V) forms (genres), in which it exists; G) set of language tools and the nature of their use.

In speech practice there may be interaction of styles, the penetration of linguistic means assigned to one or another sphere of social activity into spheres of communication unusual for them. This is justified if motivated by a specific communicative goal. Otherwise, use different styles linguistic means within one text leads to the emergence stylistic errors.

Scientific style

Scientific style speech is one of the functional varieties of literary language, serving the sphere of science and production; it is implemented in specialized book texts of various genres, mainly in written speech, although in the modern world the role and oral form of scientific speech (congresses, conferences, symposiums).

Science is designed to provide true information about the world around us. Scientific texts are associated with a focus on the professional reader. Main features of the language of science – accuracy, abstractness, logic And objectivity of presentation.

An important feature of science is accuracy. Requirement accuracy predetermines such a feature of the scientific style dictionary as terminology. Main feature and value term in that it carries large-scale logical information, is accurate and unambiguous. Scientific style imposes a ban on non-literary language ( jargon, dialectisms, colloquial words), does not allow use literary words that have emotional coloring.

The desire for generalization and abstraction is manifested in scientific style in predominance abstract vocabulary above specific. Abstract nouns like: , perspectives, truth, thinking and etc. Objectivity appears in the text scientific work both in the presence of some obligatory components of content and in form - in the manner of narration. One of the main ways to create the effect of objectivity content is reference to scientific tradition– an indication of reference to a given object of study, problem, term, etc. other scientists. " Objectivity of form"scientific style involves the rejection of linguistic means that are associated with the transfer emotions: interjections and particles that convey emotions and feelings, emotionally charged vocabulary and expressive sentence models are not used; a clear preference is given to neutral word order; For scientific speech Exclamatory intonation is not typical; interrogative intonation is used to a limited extent. Requirement objectivity also determines the rejection of narration in the first person, i.e. from the “personal” manner of narration (use of generalized personal and impersonal constructions, scientific “we”, etc.).

Striving for logic presentation of the material predetermines the active use complex sentences, especially complex(the most common are sentences with subordinate clauses of cause and condition). In these sentences they are used as common conjunctions (because, since, because, since), and book (thanks to the fact that, due to the fact that). For the purpose of emphatically logical presentation of thoughts, they are widely used introductory words (firstly, finally, according to the theory... apparently and etc.).

Linguistic features of scientific style

Lexical features:

a) the use of words in their direct meaning;

b) lack of figurative means: epithets, metaphors, artistic comparisons, poetic symbols, hyperboles;

c) widespread use abstract vocabulary And terms(general scientific and highly specialized vocabulary), frequency of derivatives with suffixes -ist (impressionist), -ness (settled life), change- (symbolism), -from-a (longitude), -no (cloning).

Morphological features:

a) have the highest frequency of use nouns, and among them the majority belongs to nouns with an abstract meaning that do not have a plural form: time, movement, direction etc., including verbal noun;

b) in a scientific text adjectives few, and many of them are used as part of terms and have a precise, highly specialized meaning; while the frequency of use short adjectives in the scientific style is several times higher than in others ( equal, proportional, similar, capable, possible, characteristic);

V) Verbs most often have a present tense form (with a “timeless” meaning); In scientific texts, verbs in the 1st and 2nd person singular are practically not used. h.

Syntactic features:

a) use complex sentences, especially complex ones;

b) widespread use introductory words;

c) use of words given, known, corresponding as means of communication;

d) permissibility of use genitive chains: establishing the dependence of the wavelength of x-rays on an atom. (Kapitsa);

e) frequency of use involved And participial phrases.

In the field of science, the main written genres are theses, article and monograph, since it is with their help that the new scientific information; other genres represent either processing this information that they provide, presenting the information in an adapted, compressed form ( abstract, abstract), or give her assessment(review, review).

Depending on how the author determines for himself the capabilities and needs of his “interlocutor,” he can use one of the variations scientific style (substyles): actually scientific, scientific and educational or popular science substyle.The main variety is actual scientific substyle(genres – monograph, scientific article, abstract, coursework and diploma work, dissertation). On its basis, a lightweight version arises, intended for those who are just comprehending a new area of ​​​​knowledge - scientific-educational substyle(main genres - textbook, reference book and etc.) . A low degree of competence of the reader or listener leads to the appearance popular science text (genres – essay, article and etc.).

Some genres scientific style are a document, and therefore are influenced by the official business style. Strict requirements are imposed on final student works: the composition of the work is regulated (division into chapters or paragraphs, the presence of an outline (table of contents), sections “Introduction”, “Conclusion” (or “Conclusions”), “Bibliography”, and often “Appendix”) , its design (indication on the title page of the details “Scientific supervisor”, “Genre” ( coursework, diploma work etc.), “Year”, “Educational Institution”, etc.).

Formal business style

Modern official business(hereinafter referred to as OD) style is a functional variety of the Russian literary language used in field of administrative and legal activities. Business speech serves as a means of communication between states, the state with an individual and society as a whole; a means of communication between enterprises, institutions, organizations; a means of official communication between people in production and in the service sector.

Formal business style refers to book and written styles of literary language. It is implemented in texts laws, orders, decrees, orders, contracts, acts, certificates, certificates, powers of attorney, in business correspondence of institutions. Oral formofficial business speech presented making a presentation at meetings and conferences, judicial speech, official telephone conversations, oral orders.

TO general extralinguistic and actual linguistic features of thisstyle the following should be included:

1) accuracy, detail presentation;

2) stereotypicality, standardization presentation;

3) obligatory-prescriptive character presentation (voluntariness);

4) formality, rigor of expression of thought, objectivity And logic(traits characteristic and scientific speech).

The language of the laws requires accuracy, which does not allow any discrepancies. Standardization presentation is manifested in the fact that the heterogeneous phenomena of life in business style fit into a limited number of standard forms ( questionnaire, certificate, instructions, application, business letter etc.). Therefore, business speech impersonal, stereotypical, in it there is no emotional beginning. Specific property business speech is expression of will. Voluntariness in texts it is expressed semantically (choice of words) and grammatically. Thus, in management documentation, the first person forms of the verb are frequent ( I ask, I suggest, I order, I congratulate), modal words, forms of obligation ( must, must, should).

Used in the field of science and teaching. Its main features are the following: generality and abstraction, terminology, emphasized logic. Secondary features: unambiguousness, semantic accuracy, standardization, objectivity, brevity, rigor, clarity, non-categoricalness, impersonality, imagery, evaluativeness, etc.

There are three substyles: the actual scientific style of the text (articles, monographs, dissertations, scientific reports, speeches at scientific conferences, debates), scientific and educational (lectures, textbooks, reports, essays).

Scientific style: its main characteristics

Academician D. S. Likhachev indicated in his works:

1. The requirements for scientific style differ significantly from the requirements for the language of fiction.

2. The use of metaphors and various images in the language of scientific work is permissible only if it is necessary to put a logical emphasis on a certain thought. In the scientific style, imagery is only a pedagogical device necessary to attract attention to the main idea of ​​the work.

3. Really good scientific language should not be noticed by the reader. He must notice only the thought, and not the language in which the thought is expressed.

4. The main advantage of scientific language is clarity.

5. Other advantages of the scientific style are brevity, lightness, and simplicity.

6. Scientific style involves minimal use of subordinate clauses in scientific works. Phrases should be short, the transition from one sentence to another should be natural and logical, “unnoticed.”

7. You should avoid frequent use of pronouns that make you think that they have replaced what they refer to.

8. There is no need to be afraid of repetitions, try to get rid of them mechanically. The same concept must be denoted by the same term; it cannot be replaced with a synonym. The only repetitions that should be avoided are those that come from the poverty of the writer’s language.

10. The scientific style calls for paying special attention to the quality of words. It is better to use the word “on the contrary” instead of “on the contrary”, “difference” instead of “difference”.

Scientific style texts: characteristics of linguistic means

- high frequency (approximately 13%) of prepositions, conjunctions, prepositional combinations (due to, with the help of, on the basis of, compared with..., in relation to, in connection with..., etc.);

- complex sentences (especially complex sentences);

- sentences with introductory words, adverbial and participial phrases.

Scientific style should be familiar to everyone.

The use of different speech styles plays an important role in the Russian language. The scientific style of speech helps to talk about phenomena, processes, patterns that occur in the world around us. What are its features?

Scientific language arose due to the fact that various narrow-profile areas of life were rapidly developing. At first it could be compared with an artistic style of speech, but over time it began to differ, acquiring its own characteristic features and characteristics.

In ancient times in Greece, a privileged class of people used a special terminology that ordinary citizens could not perceive correctly. At the same time, experts began to identify the main features of the scientific style of speech. Initially, the terms were used exclusively in Latin, but then all the world's scientists made translations into their native languages.

Over time, the style of the scientific text became precise and concise, which separated it as much as possible from the literary presentation. After all, artistic language introduces significant coloration into the perception of the text, which is unacceptable for the scientific style.

The scientific style of speech and its definition developed rather slowly. The opinions of representatives of science regarding the use of styles were significantly divided. This can be judged by Descartes’ negative statements regarding the works of Galileo. He said that his scientific works contain many artistic means. Kepler was also of this opinion, who believed that Galileo quite often used a literary description of the nature of things.

One of the important stages in the development of the scientific style of speech was the works of Isaac Newton. For a long time they served as a kind of standard of style that everyone tried to adhere to when presenting information.

The scientific style in the Russian state began to take shape only at the beginning of the 18th century. At this historical stage, people writing their own texts or translating began to form their own terminology.

In the second half of the 18th century, the famous scientist Mikhail Lomonosov, together with his followers, gave impetus to the formation of a characteristic scientific type of speech in Russia. Most experts took his works as a basis. The basic scientific terms were finally created only at the end of the 19th century.

Varieties of scientific language

According to modern standards, there are several types of scientific style in the Russian language, which have their own characteristics. These include the following speech styles:

Popular science

This type of text is addressed to those people who do not have special skills and knowledge in any specific area. It is characterized by simplicity of presentation in order to achieve accessibility for the public, but at the same time it retains a sufficient amount of terminology and clarity.

In addition, it is allowed to use such speech forms that evoke emotion in the audience. The purpose of scientific public language is to familiarize people with certain facts or phenomena.

This species also has a subspecies called scientific and artistic. With this presentation, a minimum of special terminology and numerical values ​​are used, and if they exist, then experts try to explain them in detail.

The popular science style is characterized by comparative analysis with ordinary objects, easy reading and perception of information. This text is used in books, magazines and other publications.

Training

It is designed for people studying in educational institutions. The purpose of this style is to introduce pupils and students to the information that is required to acquire certain knowledge in a particular area.

The scientific style and its features in this case consist in the use of many typical examples. This style is characterized by the use of professional terms, a clear division into categories, and smooth transitions from the general to the specific. Such texts can be found in textbooks, manuals, and manuals.

Actually scientific

In this case, the audience is people specializing in the field and scientists. The task of such texts is to describe certain facts, phenomena, patterns, and so on. You can draw your own conclusions in them, but do not color them with special emotionality. An example of this type of scientific style can be found in dissertations, reports, and reviews.

Technical

This type is necessary for highly specialized specialists. The purpose of this style is to describe skills and abilities that were acquired through practical means. It is characterized by a lot of digital, statistical data and technical characteristics.

Signs of style

Over time, the scientific style of speech, definition and its features have undergone changes. In modern times, some patterns of such presentation of information have already emerged.

Scientists identify the main features of a scientific style of speech, in connection with which the text should be:

• Logical. This trait is the most basic for using this speech style. Absolutely any coherent statement must have the specified property. But at the same time, scientific language is distinguished by its own logic, which is characterized by emphasis and rigor. All components of information have a strict semantic connection and are presented in a strictly sequential chain, ending with conclusions. This is achieved by using means characteristic of scientific texts, for example, sentences are connected by repeating nouns, which are often combined with demonstrative pronouns. Also, the fact that the information is presented sequentially is indicated by frequently occurring adverbs, introductory words, and conjunctions.
• Accurate. This is another important property that indicates that the text is written in a scientific style. In order to accurately present all the information, words are selected very carefully. However, they are used exclusively in the literal sense. In addition, terminology and special vocabulary are widely used. In such texts you can often find multiple repetitions of key phrases, which is absolutely normal.
• Objective. This trait also applies to scientific style. Such texts present only objective information, for example, they describe the results of experiments and patterns identified during their implementation. All described information requires reliable quantitative and qualitative characteristics.
• Generalized. This important feature necessarily contains any examples of texts in a scientific style. In this regard, specialists often resort to the use of abstract concepts that are almost impossible to imagine, feel, or see.

When presenting scientific information, words that have an abstract meaning are used. Often they use formulas, symbols, provide graphs, make tables, draw diagrams and drawings. All this allows us to most clearly reveal and explain this or that phenomenon.

The scientific style of speech is not characterized by the use of exclamatory statements, as well as one’s own subjective opinion. Therefore, in such texts personal pronouns and verbs in the first person singular are rarely used. Usually they use vaguely personal, impersonal, and definitely personal expressions.

All of the above signs make it possible to understand that the scientific style of speech is not characterized by emotionality or excessive coloring of phenomena.

The text must be logical, accurate, and true. All this is achieved due to the fact that when presenting information, certain rules of a scientific text are adhered to.

Characteristics of scientific information

The scientific style and its features have been formed for a long time and have undergone many changes. Currently, there are three groups of characteristic features of this language:

1. lexical;
2. morphological;
3. syntactic.

Each of these groups reveals specific features that distinguish scientific stylistics of speech from all others. Therefore, it is worth considering them in more detail.

Vocabulary

The scientific style and its vocabulary features are based on the fact that such information has its own immediate task, which is to identify phenomena, objects, name them, and explain them. To achieve this goal, nouns are required first.

The vocabulary of the scientific style has the following characteristic features:

• Words are used exclusively in the literal sense.
• When presenting information, the means by which various images are described in literary works are not used. These include epithets, metaphor, comparison, hyperbole.
• Abstract sentences and terminology are often used.

Features of the scientific style of speech are the identification of three groups of words:

1. Stylistically neutral. They are used in any speech styles, which is why they are called generally accepted.
2. General scientific. They may contain an example of the scientific style of different fields, rather than just one field.
3. Highly specialized. These are words that are characteristic of a specific scientific field.

Morphology

Features of the scientific style of speech include morphology. When disclosing information, the following shall be taken into account:

• In texts it is extremely rare to find the use of verbs in the first or second person singular. In a literary style, this is quite acceptable.
• They use many verbs in the present tense, which are quite similar to verbal nouns. Their use makes it possible to convey a reliable assessment of facts and phenomena quite well.
• The scientific style is not characterized by a feature of presentation in which a large accumulation of adjectives can be found in works. They are rarely used, and they are mostly included in specialized terms. While in a literary text they are used a lot along with epithets and other artistic means.
• When revealing scientific information, parts of speech and their grammatical forms are used slightly differently than in texts of other speech styles.

Syntax

The scientific style and its features are also determined by syntactic features, which include:

• special revolutions, for example, according to Newton, from experience;
• using the word “further” as an introductory word;
• the use of words such as “given”, “known”, “corresponding” in order to logically connect sentences with each other;
• using a sequence of words in the genitive case;
• the use of a large number of complex sentences, especially complex ones. With the help of complex sentences with an explanatory clause, you can make a generalization, describe a phenomenon or law.
  And if you use it with a subordinate clause, you can quite broadly reveal the causal relationship of certain phenomena in the world around you. In such sentences, conjunctions are used to consistently link statements together;
• the use of such word forms: “as is known”, “scientists believe”, “it is clear” and others in the case when it is necessary to make a reference to a source, to specific facts, instructions, and so on;
• widespread use of participles, gerunds and their expressions.

All these characteristic features of speech make it possible to separate the speech style in question from other styles, to isolate it as a separate sphere, which is characterized by the use of special rules of the Russian language. All this is necessary to achieve the goals and objectives of presenting thoughts in scientific style.

An example of a scientific text style is the following excerpt from a textbook about animals:

“Based on the experimental data and information presented in work No. 5 and displayed in Fig. 2, we can conclude that hedgehogs living in North Africa are psychologically vulnerable creatures.”

Here is another scientific text style - an excerpt from a medical manual:

“Gastritis is an inflammatory process of the mucous membrane of the stomach walls. Symptoms of this disease are pain that occurs during hunger or after eating, nausea, vomiting, and problems with stool. The diagnosis is made after an endoscopic examination of the stomach. Treatment is carried out with medication, which helps reduce acidity in the stomach.”

Thus, in the Russian language there are different speech styles that perform their specific tasks. Having studied the scientific style of speech, the definition and characteristics of such a text, it becomes clear why it was singled out in a separate category. An example of the scientific style can always be found in dissertations, reviews, reports and other documents created by professors, scientists and other specialists in the field of science.

Specifics of scientific style

Science, being a form of social consciousness, has a goal aimed at the most accurate, logical, unambiguous expression of thought. A concept in science is the basic form of thinking. The key purpose of science is the process of revealing patterns.

Scientific speech is directly related to science and scientific thinking.

The scientific style has the following features:

1. objectivity,
2. abstractness,
3. intelligence,
4. conciseness (brevity).

Scientific style of speech It is distinguished by a large number of terms and certain clichés, which create its complex system. It is very difficult for a person who does not belong to the scientific community to understand the semantic meaning of certain phrases due to the narrowness of their interpretation.

Linguistic features of scientific style determine its complexity and versatility. Any speech style is characterized by features that limit its perception and interfere with its evolution. The development of a particular style represents development through overcoming.

Signs of the scientific substyle are the accuracy of the information conveyed, the persuasiveness of the argumentation, the logical sequence of presentation, the brevity of the form with an emphasized focus on the addressee - a specialist.

Figure 1. Substyles of the scientific speech system

Communication between a specialist and a non-specialist brings to life a different organization of linguistic means than in the scientific substyle proper; another substyle of scientific speech is born, when scientific data must be presented in an accessible and entertaining form, without simplifying the science, but at the same time without overloading the presentation hard-to-access material is a popular science sub-style.

General characteristics of the text in terms of compliance with its scientific style

Each language style of speech is unusual, heterogeneous and unique. Without a doubt, the scientific style is no exception. It is aimed at ensuring that science can store and formulate its postulates in words.

Scientific style special features that are determined by the standards and characteristics of scientific thinking, which include abstraction and strict logic of presentation. In the process of working with a scientific style, it is necessary to understand that each functional style has its own objective style-forming factors.

Figure 2. Features of scientific style

Separately, we should highlight the fact that when identifying speech genres of scientific style, one should pay attention to the fact that any functioning language has its own hierarchy of stylistic systems - subsystems. Each lower subsystem is based on elements of higher-ranking systems, combines them in its own way and supplements them with new specific elements. It organizes “its own” and “foreign” elements, including functional ones, into a new, sometimes qualitatively different integrity, where they acquire new properties to one degree or another.

The consistency of the main functional style consists of general linguistic elements, linguistic-stylistic elements and speech-stylistic elements, which in a certain context acquire stylistic qualities and/or participate in the creation of the stylistic quality of the context and text. Each main style has its own principles for selecting these elements and their relationship.

As we see in Figure 2, the genre diversity of scientific style is obvious. Each of the genre subsystems assumes its own correlation of elements of the scientific and other styles itself and its own principles of organizing a speech work. According to A.N. Vasilyeva, “the model of this organization is formed in the speech consciousness (subconscious) of a person in the process of speech practice, and also often special training.”

The scientific style, being one of the functional styles, has a certain text composition, namely, in the scientific style the text is perceived mainly from the particular to the general, and is created from the general to the particular.

A scientific text is characterized by a multidimensional and multi-level structure. However, not all texts have the same degree of structural complexity. They can be completely different in purely physical design.

The degree of complexity of a text in a scientific style is not absolute, since the same theses are difficult to write without writing at least a rough draft.

Abstracts - a genre of scientific style

Each genre of scientific style has a range of features that require detailed consideration. The most indicative genre is scientific theses.

Theses written by a person for himself do not belong to the scientific style, since they are not subject to strict requirements of the genre. Scientific style includes those abstracts that were specifically created for publication. It is they who must meet certain regulatory requirements, first of all, the requirement of substantive compliance with the topic declared in advance as a problem. In addition, factors such as scientific and informational valence, content relevance and value of information within the chosen topic are important.

Theses are one of the most stable and normative genres of a speech work, therefore, violations of genre certainty, normativity, purity, and genre mixtures are assessed in it as gross violations of not only stylistic, but communicative norms in general. Among typical violations, such as, for example, the substitution of abstracts with the text of a message, summary, annotation, prospectus, plan, etc., the most unpleasant impression is made by mixing forms of different genres. Such a mixture demonstrates the author’s lack of scientific speech culture and casts doubt on his scientific data in general.

Theses also have a strictly normative content-compositional structure, which is presented in Figure 3.

Figure 3. The structure of abstracts as a genre of scientific style.

Theses also have their own strict norms of linguistic design, characteristic of the scientific style in general, but in this particular case they are even more strict.

According to A. N. Vasilyeva, the general norm of any scientific style “is the high saturation of the statement with subject-logical content.” This norm is implemented in the thesis work “in optimally overcoming the contradiction between content concentration and communicative accessibility.” It should be emphasized that in theses this contradiction is especially difficult to resolve due to the extreme concentration of subject-logical content.

Theses are very limited in linguistic expression, since the use of emotionally expressive definitions, metaphors, inversion, etc. is prohibited. and so on.

Theses have the nature of a modal affirmative judgment or conclusion, and not the nature of a specific factual statement, therefore, here it is necessary to especially carefully monitor compliance with a certain speech form.

So, using the example of one of the specific genres of scientific style, we were convinced of the strict action in this functional area of ​​the language of certain stylistic norms, the violation of which raises doubts in the scientific speech culture of the author. To avoid this, when creating works of a scientific style, it is necessary to strictly follow all the above-mentioned basic requirements of the genre.

Features of the language of science

The most essential thing for the language of science is vocabulary. The vocabulary of the scientific style of speech differs sharply from others in the presence of terms. A term is understood as a word, phrase or abbreviation that expresses a certain scientific concept in a given system of terminology or science. There are special requirements for terms. The term must be unambiguous and stylistically neutral. The term itself is a conventional and conventional sign of science.

Not only borrowed words are used as terms. There are many terms based on Russian roots. Even the richest language has limited resources. Language finds itself forced to distribute countless newly emerging scientific concepts into ready-made linguistic units. The formation of terms follows the path of developing the polysemy of words.

The language of science, as studies show, is characterized by a pronounced selectivity of use and stability of the use of various morphological categories, word forms, phrases and types of sentences that create the “morphological-syntactic face” of this subtype of common literary language. The preference given to the use of certain morphological categories is not a specific feature of any particular science, but a characteristic feature of scientific and technical language as a whole.

The language of science is nominative in nature, i.e. science names, defines. In the language of science, nouns and adjectives dominate, pushing the verb into third place.

Morphological selectivity affects not only the nature of the distribution of parts of speech, but also the scope of distribution of their meanings.

The most common case in the scientific style of speech is the genitive case. It is known that in modern Russian word forms are polysemous, especially in the genitive, instrumental and prepositional cases. However, in the scientific field, case forms realize only a few, very few meanings.

Analysis of vocabulary of scientific text

Being one of the most important styles of speech, the scientific style has a number of syntactic, lexical and grammatical features.

In the modern world, as a result of the growth of scientific and technical knowledge, over 90% of new words appearing in languages ​​are special words. From this we can draw an obvious conclusion, according to which humanity needs terms more than ordinary commonly used words. A very interesting fact is that in some sciences the number of terms significantly exceeds the number of non-specialized words.

Linguistic normativity in general terms is the correctness of the formation and use of a term.

In our opinion, special attention should be paid to the fact that in modern scientific speech the processes of formation of terms and their use are not spontaneous, but conscious. The processes that occur in the genre of scientific speech are controlled by linguists. Having dwelled on the terms, it is impossible not to emphasize that the norm in terminology should not contradict, but correspond to the norms of the general literary language. However, there is a system of special requirements that distinguish the term in the structure of the scientific style.

The requirements for the term require separate consideration. They were first formulated by the founder of the Russian terminological school D.S. Lotte:

1. systematic terminology,
2. independence of the term from the context,
3. brevity of the term,
4. absolute and relative unambiguity of the term,
5. simplicity and clarity of the term,
6. degree of implementation of the term.

Now it is necessary to turn directly to the system of requirements for terms in modern science. It does not quite meet the criteria proposed by supporters of the D.S. school. Lotte.

System of requirements for terms

	Term requirement	Characteristic
	Fixed content requirement	IN fixed content requirement is the provision that a term must have a limited, clearly fixed content within a certain terminological system in a specific period of development of a given field of knowledge. Ordinary words clarify their meaning and acquire different semantic shades in a phraseological context, in combination with other words. Contextual mobility of meaning for a term is completely unacceptable. It must be emphasized that this contains a logical requirement for the term - the constancy of its meaning within the framework of a certain terminology system.
	The term must be precise	Every the term must be precise. In this case, accuracy is clarity, limited meaning. From the point of view of reflecting the content of a concept, the accuracy of a term means that its definition contains necessary and sufficient features of the designated concept. The term must also reflect the characteristics by which one concept can be distinguished from another. The terms have varying degrees of precision.
	The term must be unambiguous	Requirement for unambiguity of the term. The term should not be ambiguous. Particularly inconvenient in this case is categorical ambiguity, when within the same terminological system the same form is used to denote an operation and its result: cladding (structure) and cladding (operation). By arranging the terminology, i.e., fixing the meaning of each term of a given system of concepts, the unambiguity of the term is established.
	Lack of synonyms for the term	The term must not have synonyms. Synonyms in terminology have a different nature and perform different functions than in the general literary language. In terminology, synonymy is usually understood as the phenomenon of doublet (ophthalmologist - ophthalmologist, Bremsberg - descent, genitive - genitive case). Between doublets there are no relations that organize a synonymous series, there are no emotionally expressive, stylistic or shading oppositions. They are identical to each other, each of them relates directly to the signified.
	Systematicity of the term	The term must be systematic. The systematicity of terminology is based on the classification of concepts, based on which the necessary and sufficient features included in the term are identified, after which words and their parts (term elements) are selected to form the term. The systematicity of a term is closely related to its motivation, i.e., semantic transparency, which allows one to form an idea of ​​the concept called by the term. Systematicity makes it possible to reflect in the structure of a term its specific place in a given terminological system, the connection of the named concept with others, its attribution to a certain logical category of concepts.
	The term should be short	Brevity of the term. Here we can note the contradiction between the desire for accuracy of the terminology system and the brevity of terms. The modern era is especially characterized by the formation of extended terms, in which they strive to convey a greater number of characteristics of the concepts they denote.

Morphological and word-formation features of scientific text

The study of morphological and word-formation features of scientific texts deserves special attention. As earlier in this article, attention within this aspect will be focused on terms, as one of the most interesting layers of scientific vocabulary. From a morphological point of view, let us highlight some features.

1. Using compound adjectives as terms
2. Clichéd phrases:
3. Preferential use of short forms
4. Using the singular form of a noun to mean the plural
5. Selectivity of meanings manifests itself when using verbs

From the point of view of syntax, the following is characteristic of scientific vocabulary in general and terms in particular:

1. Use of impersonal constructions
2. Complex sentences with explanatory clauses, consequences, concessions, attributives

Distinctive features of the scientific style

Having examined the key features of scientific speech based on terms, we can highlight the following features that distinguish the scientific style of speech from other functional styles of language.

Figure 4. Key features of scientific style

The scientific style is characterized by some lexical, grammatical and syntactic features:

1. general book vocabulary;
2. a large number of terms and other designations;
3. increased use of verbal nouns;
4. widespread use of abstract vocabulary, usually in its literal meaning;
5. international vocabulary;
6. using compound adjectives as terms;
7. clichéd phrases;
8. predominant use of short forms;
9. using the singular form of a noun in the plural;
10. the use of real and abstract nouns in the plural;
11. the use of verbal-nominal constructions instead of verbal ones in the function of the predicate;
12. the use of definite-personal sentences with the predicate in the first person plural form;
13. use of impersonal structures;
14. simple sentences with nouns as subject and predicate;
15. complex sentences with explanatory clauses, consequences, concessions, attributives; using complex subordinating conjunctions and conjunctive constructions to connect parts of a complex sentence;
16. a large number of separate definitions and circumstances;
17. extensive use of references, quotations and footnotes; abundance of introductory structures;
18. well-expressed formal organization of the text: clear division into paragraphs, paragraphs.

There are several substyles of scientific style. In this case, popular science is used, since the text represents scientific information in an accessible form for a wide audience: terms are explained, cumbersome syntactic constructions are not allowed.

Literature

1. Vasilyeva A. N. Fundamentals of speech culture. – M.: 1990. – P.93
2. Introduction to linguistics. / Ed. Vasilkova P.M. – St. Petersburg: Rech, 2004
3. Vvedenskaya L.A., Pavlova L.G., Kashaeva E.Yu. Russian language and culture of speech. – Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2004.
4. Volkov A.A. Course of Russian rhetoric. – M.: VLADOS, 2003.
5. Garbovsky N.K. Professional speech (functional-stylistic aspect) // Functioning of the system of language and speech. – M., 1989
6. Graudina L.K., Shiryaev E.N. Culture of Russian speech - M.: Publishing group NORMA-INFRA, 1999.
7. Denisov P. N. Vocabulary of the Russian language and principles of its description. – M.: 1980
8. Lotte D. S. Fundamentals of constructing scientific and technical terminology. – M.: 1961

The main features of the scientific style of speech

The most common a specific feature of this style of speech is the logic of presentation .

Any coherent statement must have this quality. But the scientific text is distinguished by its emphasized, strict logic. All parts in it are strictly connected in meaning and are arranged strictly sequentially; conclusions follow from the facts presented in the text. This is done by means typical of scientific speech: connecting sentences using repeated nouns, often in combination with a demonstrative pronoun.

Adverbs also indicate the sequence of thought development: first, first of all, then, then, next; as well as introductory words: firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally, so, therefore, vice versa; unions: since, because, so that, therefore. The predominance of the conjunction emphasizes the greater connection between sentences.

Another typical feature of a scientific style of speech is accuracy. .

Semantic accuracy (unambiguity) is achieved by careful selection of words, the use of words in their direct meaning, and the wide use of terms and special vocabulary. In scientific style, repetition of keywords is considered the norm.

Distraction And generality necessarily permeate every scientific text.

Therefore, abstract concepts that are difficult to imagine, see, and feel are widely used here. In such texts there are often words with an abstract meaning, for example: emptiness, speed, time, force, quantity, quality, law, number, limit; formulas, symbols, symbols, graphs, tables, diagrams, diagrams, and drawings are often used.

It is characteristic that even specific vocabulary here acts to denote general concepts .

For example: The philologist must carefully, that is, a philologist in general; Birch tolerates frost well, i.e. not a single object, but a tree species - a general concept. This is clearly manifested when comparing the features of the use of the same word in scientific and artistic speech. In artistic speech, a word is not a term; it contains not only a concept, but also a verbal artistic image (comparison, personification, etc.).

The word of science is unambiguous and terminological.

Compare:

Birch 1) Deciduous tree with white (less often dark) bark and heart-shaped leaves. (Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language.) A genus of trees and shrubs of the birch family. About 120 species, in the temperate and cold zones of the North. hemisphere and in the mountains of the subtropics. Forest-forming and decorative species. The most important farms are B. warty and B. downy. (Large encyclopedic dictionary.)

White birch Below my window Covered with snow Exactly silver. On fluffy branches Snow border The brushes have blossomed White fringe. And the birch tree stands In sleepy silence, And the snowflakes are burning In golden fire. (S. Yesenin.)

The scientific style of speech is characterized by the plural form of abstract and real nouns: length, magnitude, frequency; frequent use of neuter words: education, property, meaning.

Not only nouns, but also verbs are usually used in the context of scientific speech not in their basic and specific meanings, but in a generalized abstract meaning.

Words: go, follow, lead, compose, indicateь and others do not denote movement itself, etc., but something else, abstract:

In scientific literature, especially mathematical literature, the form of the future tense is often deprived of its grammatical meaning: instead of the word will are used is, is.

Present tense verbs also do not always receive the meaning of concreteness: regularly used; always indicate. Imperfective forms are widely used.

Scientific speech is characterized by: the predominance of 1st and 3rd person pronouns, while the meaning of the person is weakened; frequent use of short adjectives.

However, the generality and abstractness of texts in the scientific style of speech do not mean that they lack emotionality and expressiveness. In this case, they would not have achieved their goal.

The expressiveness of scientific speech differs from the expressiveness of artistic speech in that it is associated primarily with the accuracy of the use of words, the logic of presentation, and its persuasiveness. Most often, figurative means are used in popular science literature.

Do not mix terms that are established in science and formed according to the type of metaphor (in biology - tongue, pestle, umbrella; in technology - clutch, paw, shoulder, trunk; in geography - base (mountains), ridge) using terms for figurative and expressive purposes in a journalistic or artistic style of speech, when these words cease to be terms ( pulse of life, political barometer, negotiations are stalled etc.).

To enhance expressiveness in a scientific style of speech , especially in popular science literature, in works of a polemical nature, in discussion articles, are used :

1) intensifying particles, pronouns, adverbs: only, absolutely, only;

2) adjectives like: colossal, most advantageous, one of the greatest, most difficult;

3) “problematic” questions: In fact, what kind of bodies does the cell find in the environment?, what is the reason for this?

Objectivity- another sign of a scientific style of speech. Scientific theories and laws, scientific facts, phenomena, experiments and their results - all this is presented in texts related to the scientific style of speech.

And all this requires quantitative and qualitative characteristics, objective and reliable. Therefore, exclamatory sentences are used very rarely. In a scientific text, a personal, subjective opinion is unacceptable; it is not customary to use the pronoun I and verbs in the first person singular. Here, indefinite personal sentences are used more often ( think that...), impersonal ( it is known that...), definitely personal ( let's look at the problem....).

In the scientific style of speech, several substyles or varieties can be distinguished:

a) actually scientific (academic) - the most strict, accurate; he writes dissertations, monographs, articles in scientific journals, instructions, GOST standards, encyclopedias;

b) popular science (scientific journalistic) he writes scientific articles in newspapers, popular science magazines, popular science books; this includes public speeches on radio and television on scientific topics, speeches by scientists and specialists before a mass audience;

c) scientific and educational (educational literature on various subjects for different types of educational institutions; reference books, manuals).

Addressee purpose	Academic Scientist, specialist Identification and description of new facts and patterns	Scientific and educational Student Training, description of the facts necessary to master the material	Popular science Wide audience Give a general idea of ​​science, interest
Selection of facts, terms	Academic New facts are selected. Well-known facts are not explained Only new terms proposed by the author are explained	Scientific and educational Typical facts are selected All terms explained	Popular science Intriguing, entertaining facts are selected Minimum terminology. The meaning of the terms is explained through analogy.
Leading type of speech Title	Academic Reasoning Reflects the topic, problem of the study Kozhina M.N. “On the specifics of artistic and scientific speech”	Scientific and educational Description Reflects the type of educational material Golub I.B. "Stylistics of the Russian language"	Popular science Narration Intriguing and arousing interest Rosenthal D.E. "Secrets of Stylistics"

Lexical features of scientific style of speech

The main purpose of a scientific text and its vocabulary is to designate phenomena, objects, name them and explain them, and for this we need, first of all, nouns.

The most common features of scientific style vocabulary are:

a) the use of words in their literal meaning;

b) lack of figurative means: epithets, metaphors, artistic comparisons, poetic symbols, hyperboles;

c) widespread use of abstract vocabulary and terms.

In scientific speech there are three layers of words:

The words are stylistically neutral, i.e. commonly used in different styles.

For example: he, five, ten; in, on, for; black, white, large; goes, happens etc.;

General scientific words, i.e. occurring in the language of different sciences, and not of any one science.

For example: center, force, degree, magnitude, speed, detail, energy, analogy etc.

This can be confirmed by examples of phrases taken from texts of various sciences: administrative center, center of the European part of Russia, city center; center of gravity, center of movement; center of the circle.

Terms of any science, i.e. highly specialized vocabulary. You already know that the main thing in the term is accuracy and its unambiguity.

Morphological features of the scientific style of speech

Verbs in the 1st and 2nd person singular are practically not used in scientific texts. They are often used in literary texts.

Verbs in the present tense with a “timeless” meaning are very close to verbal nouns: splashes down - splashdown, rewinds - rewinding; and vice versa: fill - fills.

Verbal nouns convey objective processes and phenomena well, which is why they are often used in scientific texts.

There are few adjectives in a scientific text, and many of them are used as part of terms and have a precise, highly specialized meaning. In a literary text, there are more adjectives in percentage terms, and epithets and artistic definitions predominate here.

In scientific style, parts of speech and their grammatical forms are used differently than in other styles.

To identify these features, let's do a little research.

Syntactic features of the scientific style of speech

Typical scientific speeches are:

a) special revolutions like: according to Mendeleev, from experience;

c) use of words: given, known, appropriate as a means of communication;

d) use of a chain of genitive cases: Establishing the dependence of the wavelength of X-rays of an atom.(Kapitsa.)

In scientific speech, more than in other styles, complex sentences are used, especially complex sentences.

Compounds with explanatory clauses express a generalization, reveal a typical phenomenon, one or another pattern.

Words as is known, scientists believe, it is clear etc. indicate when referring to a source, to any facts or provisions.

Complex sentences with subordinate clauses of reason are widely used in scientific speech, since science reveals the causal relationships of real phenomena. In these sentences they are used as common conjunctions ( because, since, because, since), and book ( due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, in view of the fact that, for).

In scientific speech, comparisons help to deeper reveal the essence of a phenomenon, to discover its connections with other phenomena, while in a work of art their main purpose is to vividly and emotionally reveal the images, the picture, the words depicted by the artist.

Frequent use of participial and participial phrases.

Using expressive means

The generality and abstractness of scientific speech does not exclude expressiveness. Scientists use figurative language to highlight the most important semantic points and to convince the audience.

Comparison - one of the forms of logical thinking.

Ugly (devoid of imagery), for example: Borofluorides are similar to chlorides.

Expanded comparison

...In the history of new Russia we are greeted with an “excess” of factual material. It becomes impossible to include it entirely in the research system, since then we will get what is called “noise” in cybernetics. Let's imagine the following: several people are sitting in a room, and suddenly everyone starts talking about their family matters at the same time. In the end, we won't know anything. The abundance of facts requires selectivity. And just as acousticians choose the sound that interests them, we must select those facts that are needed to illuminate the chosen topic - the ethnic history of our country. (L.N. Gumilev. From Rus' to Russia).

Figurative comparison

Human society is like a turbulent sea, in which individual people, like waves, surrounded by their own kind, constantly collide with each other, arise, grow and disappear, and the sea - society - is forever seething, agitated and never silent...

Problematic issues

The first question that confronts us is: What kind of science is sociology? What is the subject of its study? Finally, what are the main departments of this discipline?

(P. Sorokin. General sociology)

Limitations on the use of language in a scientific style

– Inadmissibility of extraliterary vocabulary.

– There are practically no 2nd person forms of verbs and pronouns you, you.

– Limited use of incomplete sentences.

– The use of emotionally expressive vocabulary and phraseology is limited.

All of the above can be presented in a table

Features of the scientific style of speech

In vocabulary	a) terms; b) unambiguity of the word; c) frequent repetition of keywords; d) lack of figurative means;
As part of the word	a) international roots, prefixes, suffixes; b) suffixes that give an abstract meaning;
In morphology	a) predominance of nouns; b) frequent use of abstract verbal nouns; c) the infrequency of the pronouns I, you and verbs of the 1st and 2nd person singular; d) the infrequency of exclamatory particles and interjections;
In syntax	a) direct word order (preferred); b) widespread use of phrases noun + noun in genus P.; c) the predominance of vaguely personal and impersonal sentences; d) rare use of incomplete sentences; e) an abundance of complex sentences; f) frequent use of participial and participial phrases;
Basic type of speech	Reasoning and description

Example of scientific style

Spelling reform 1918 brought writing closer to living speech (i.e., it abolished a whole series of traditional, rather than phonemic, orthograms). The approach of spelling to living speech usually causes a movement in the other direction: the desire to bring pronunciation closer to spelling...

However, the influence of writing was controlled by the development of internal phonetic tendencies. Only those orthographic features had a strong influence on literary pronunciation. Which helped to develop the Russian phonetic system according to the law of I.A. Baudouin de Courtenay or contributed to the elimination of phraseological units in this system...

At the same time, it must be emphasized that, firstly, these features were known at the end of the 19th century. and that, secondly, even now they cannot be considered completely victorious in modern Russian literary pronunciation. Old literary norms compete with them.