After the wedding in the kingdom, together with a narrow circle of trusted persons ("Selected Rada") decided to conduct large-scale reforms, including in the military field. The old system of Prince's Friends outlived herself. A centralized state required a clearly organized army.

The main foreign policy problem of the young king was the threat from the Kazan kingdom. A huge problem was locality in the army. Usually during fees and even when conducting hostilities, fierce disputes took place about who "Rodovitei". This was clearly demonstrated during the first unsuccessful Kazan campaign (1547-1548). As a result, Ivan Grozny introduced the service of the service "without places", which made it possible to nominate on command positions really talented, and not born commander.

The first attempts to reform the army

October 3, 1550 g was created by T. N. Selected thousand Ivan the Terrible, which turned into the main headquarters and the basis of the Tsarist Guard. The selection was very careful. Thousands entered the "boyars best servants." The exceptionally formerly merits and "Fathers' Cases" were taken into account. All the low-income "thousands" were endowed with near Moscow land estates.

In 1550, the first attempt was also made to create regular troops. This was expressed in the formation of the body with a number of three thousand "Sagittarius from pegs", fully contained at the expense of the treasury. The hull was located in the Vorobyevskaya Sloboda near Moscow. He had a clear structure: 6 "articles" of 500 people. Each "article" was divided for hundreds with his commander. This structure subsequently became the basis of the formation of the Russian army.

The basis of the army was the equestrian landfill of the militia (serve people "in the Fatherland"). In addition, the state fully provided seruners "on the instrument" (Sagittarius, artilleryrs). Extra role was played by "Sour" (a set of citizens and peasants).

"Clause about the service" of Ivan the Terrible

The central point of military reform was the "service provider" (1555), which radically changed the legislation in the field of local land tenure. It was found that for the normal service "Man on horse and in the armor of full" ("In the long-range approach"), it was necessary to have 100 "quartets of the good land of the Earth" (about 150 tents), so any serunen man could demand a land The plot is not less than that size. The first one hundred quartets fully provided the host itself, with the following he withdrew his armed people. An important point was the etching equation with estates. Thus, markers became the same servilators as the landowners.

The landowner became a serve man aged 15 years (Novik). It was obliged to carry the service until Health allowed or while the king did not appoint him to a diplomatic or administrative position. The failure to appear is strictly punished: the landowner beat the whip and selected all land ownership.

With this reform, the introduction of a national tax - "faded sputter" is closely connected. These funds went to the state treasury and issued to those landlords who brought people over the norm, as well as those whose possessions were less than the established norm. Part of the servant people received such "help" annually, the rest - every three or four years. Those who have brought fewer people than could actually undergo a fine or even bodily punishment.

Ivan IV and his advisers at the end of the 40s - 50s. XVI centuries. We conducted a number of military reforms, during which the process of creating the classical Moscow military car was completed. These reforms wore a rather diverse and controversial nature. On the one hand, Ivan and his advisers continued the tradition of the development and strengthening of the Military Army invested by the Middle Ages, and on the other hand, elements of the new, regular troops began to be born. Thus, Ivan continued his father's line and grandfather to a combination in the military construction of the elements of the old and new.

Describing Ivan IV military transformations, the following important features are noted. The former military system was subjected to ordering. It expressed in the following: firstly, the order of the landowners was regulated; Secondly, with Ivan IV infantry, armed with firearms, began to play a much more important role in Russian troops than before. Its number is gradually growing, and elements of regularity are developed in its device. Thirdly, artillery, fortification and siege art received further development. Fourthly, the border service was completely reorganized on the southern border. Fifth, the principles of the organizational structure of the army and its tactical division, embedded under Ivan III and Vasili III, were further developed and were finally fixed. And the last, the total number of the army during the first half of the reign of Ivan IV increased compared with previous times, and it stated a more or less permanent component.

Local Connection in the 2nd half of the XVI century. Still remained the core of the Russian troops. However, otherwise it could not be alternatives to her until the Russian state focused on foreign policy to fight Kazan and especially with the Crimea was not. Meanwhile, the lack of a clear order in the land awards and various abuses in the distribution and use of the State Land Fund during the years of Ivan's youngsters led to the fact that the seruners began to "curse" and could not carry the service so better as before. In his "royal issues", Ivan IV pointed out to the need for general audit of the entire land use system. According to the calculations of the king and his advisers, she would allow to accurately determine who owns which lands own and what carries from them, since in the late 30s - early 40s. Many boyars and seruners acquired land owners "not by service", and otherwise they left and broke up at all. Many of them " painted"When crossing the patronage of richest and successful neighbors. As noted by the R.G. Skrynniknikov, "... The principle of the uniform distribution of state lands between all members of the service should be disturbed, state regulation of land tenure and service is questionable ...". Threat to the very existence of an efficient and numerous local cavalry was delivered.

Muscovite rider

The problem arose at the most inopportune moment when the Tatar threat was intensified. In an effort to raise the combat capability of the local cavalry, the government of Ivan IV made a number of measures to reorganize the military-serving system. As a result of a series of decrees and reviews of serve people in 1551-1556. A servant Chin received a more or less slim organization and structure. By decree of October 1, 1550, the highest rank of serving people was formed - " thousands of the best servants", 1078" selected»Servic people from the province endowed with land estates in the suburbs.

The new "Moscow Nobles" formed the top layer of serving people, from where the staff from the court and ordinary service were born, as well as commanders for the local police and the city service at the borders of the state. The provincial seruners made up territorial communities within the framework of the county where they were used. This community was called " city"(In order for the confusion between him and the city center of the county, the first is also called" served city"). In addition, they were divided into discharges-ranks (elected, yard and city), which, in turn, were divided into articles. Local salaries have now become more or less clearly conformed with articles.

Land salary differed greatly depending on the county, but the government tried to work out a single approach to the service rate for all. The royal application of the service was reading: "And from Votchin and with the estate laid by the teacher's service: from one hundred fourth of the good root of the land of the man on horseback, in the perception in full, and at the long-ranking of the two horse. And HTO will serve in the Earth, and the sovereign will comply with their salary, feeding, and people will give money salary. And HTO land holds, and the service does not pay from it, and on those on the sami, the idle for people. And Hto gives people extra in front of the earth through the laid people, and those from the sovereign are hurt salary themselves, and their people before laid down in half weather. " The tax burden was reduced, especially strongly mentioned on finely serve people. If the unit of taxation, " big Soka"For the brushful peasants of the North, now amounted to 500 quarters of arable land, then on the local lands of Soka was 800 quarters of good" apartment"Earth.

The most important element of reform, as seen from the royal deployment of 1556, was the dissemination of the principle of military service and on landowners, and on behaviors. Now those and others were to be on the state service " equally, crowded and arm"And serve according to the same rules. IN. Klyuchevsky, summing up the results of the Military Land Reform of the 50s. The XVI century, wrote that by the end of the century, the system of land suggestions looked as follows: "Salary - by rank, cottage - by Votchin and official age, appearing and to the salary and to the dacha - by the number and quality of service ...". Guidance of the order in the service of landowners and warders allowed, according to P.P. Epifanova, strengthen the influx of fresh forces into the composition of the cavalry and contributed to the preservation of its combat capability under conditions of continuous wars characteristic of the reign of Ivan the Terrible. The reform delayed the crisis of combat capability of the local militia for several decades and allowed to increase the number of local cavalry and thereby created the conditions for the transition to a more active conquering policy.

Russian rider. XVI in.

However, the regulation of the order of the military service of the state by serving people in the Fatherland in its long-term consequences for the development of the Russian military was inferior to the creation of an Ivan IV Corps of Streletskoy infantry - an embryo of the future regular Russian army. This reform can rightly be considered key among the military transformations of Ivan IV. Russia has made another big step towards the transformation into a "powder empire".

Ivan groznyj. Parsuna

The appearance of Sagittarius was predetermined by all the previous progress in the Russian army of gunshot arms, and first of all manual. Above mentioned the advantages and disadvantages of the first detachments of shooters armed with manual firearms - foods. In order for them to play a more significant role in the battlefields, they needed to give a more permanent appearance. It is noteworthy that highly appreciating unpretentiousness, endurance, the ability to transfer the most severe deprivation of ordinary Russian warriors, foreign observers emphasized the need for their regular training. It is possible that Ivan IV and his advisers were aware of this and could not but accept this circumstance into account. Nevertheless, analyzing the structure and character of the Streetsky troops, it is not difficult to note that, creating the Streletsky Corps, Ivan was guided primarily by Russian realities. It is noteworthy that the firearms were the main thing. The tree cold weapons played a minor role - and this is despite the fact that in Europe at this time the ratio of piquers and arkebuses was at best 1 to 1. Ivan, undoubtedly knew that in the west Musketeers and Arkebuses in the middle of the XVI century. coexisted with PIKiners, which were the main shock force of European armies. However, he did not start this highly specialized genus infantry. Picker utility in Russian conditions was more than doubtful, as in the middle of the XVI century. The main opponent of the Russians were Tatars, and not the European armies. Against the same Tatars deep, the low-live columns of pics were useless, and helpless. Neither go nor impose the battleship battle, whereas the Tatars could always shoot piquers without prejudice to themselves. Picker time in Russia has not yet come.

The creation of Streletsky troops was fully in line with a consistently conducted by the government of the policies of the separation of the services of the state and the professionalization of serving ranks. According to preserved written sources, the Streetsky army was formed in 1550, when, from already existing disparate and poorly organized detachments of "state" and "copyright" foods were "chosen" 3,000 people enrolled in 6 " articles»Decimal organization under the head team of 500 shooters in each. The selected, elite character of the Streetsky corps was emphasized by his privileged position - the sovereign determined it a salary of 4 rubles. A year, allocated for settlement within Moscow a special settlement - Vorobyev and from the very beginning I demanded that the arts of handling of wick peaks regularly learn from the Archers and their primary people.

The combat baptism "elected" Moscow Archerters received during the Kazan campaign of 1552, and, obviously, Ivan IV remained satisfied with their actions. The advantages of the "elected" segals in front of the "fed" from the planting were evaluated, and from that moment on, the rapid growth of the hull of the strike of the infantry begins. He was a fracture order on the privileged Moscow Archers who have served as in Moscow and the field, and the city who stood in the cities and some major monasteries and with rare exceptions (if it was not about the garrisons of large cities) who did not leave the places of permanent quartering. Russian governors quickly assessed high combat capability and effectiveness of reorganized and well-trained professional infantry. Sagittarius became a mandatory component of the Moscow Rate of the late XVI - early XVII centuries. No serious campaign in the years of the Livonian war or the reflection of the raids of the Crimean Tatars to Moscow in the 60-70s. did not do without their participation. And if at the beginning of the century S. Herberstein noted that the Russian army as equestrian, does not take infantry with him, now even in the Tatar campaigns, Moscow rhe necessarily included Sagittarov. At the same time, Saglots, as well as before the corporaticles, were often planted on sovereign or assembled horses, turning them into an analogue of Western European dragoons so that the local cavalry could rely on fire support at the right moment.

It is noteworthy that the ratio of the cavalry, infantry and "drago" in Moscow troops hesitated depending on the CWF, which indicates the flexibility of the tactical principles of the application of contractors. So, according to the painting of the tsarist troops, collected in 1577 in Pskov for a hike in the Livonia, at 6193 nobles and children of Boyar and 3303 Tatarin and other servant foreign mines accounted for 6239 hiking sovereign, Moscow and city contractors and 500 equestrian, i.e. 28.8% of ~ 23,3-thousand. Russian troops. And quite differently, the army appeared, assembled for a hike against Falseedmitria I in 1604. Total has numbered 26958 people. Of these, Sagittarius were 11.4% - 3075 people. However, at the same time, the equestrian Moscow Sagittars were the best and most part of the Streletsky contingent - there were 1693 people., Or 55% of the total number of contractors in the army.

Assess the number of hotels, both Moscow and city, difficult, since accurate information on the 2nd half of the XVI - the beginning of the XVII centuries. Not survived. However, based on the information of foreigners and data on the number of Streltsov at the beginning of the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich, it can be assumed that their number from the initial 3 thousand to the beginning of the XVII century. Up to 20 thousand Moscow and city Streltsov grew up. At the same time, the Archerters quartered in Moscow were (if the proportion was laid when Moscow Sagittarius was from 1/3 to half of the total shooting case), from 7 to 10 thousand. The increase in the number of Moscow Saglots is reflected in the following chart:

So, the total outcome of the Streletsky reform was the coming to change poorly trained and organized, instructed from the case to the case of the detachments of the corps of the permanent corps of hiking shooters, uniformly armed and trained and on the full content of the state.

On this, the development of infantry, equipped with firearms, was not completed with Ivan the Grozny. The importance of firearms and at the same time the professionalization of rout people was well realized. And although the use of dachine people with "land" is not only for auxiliary, but also for the combat service, the state has not been going to refuse for a long time, in addition to the Strels in the 2nd half of the XVI century. The state began to move to the service of all kinds of "free" people (and subsequently and the monastery and even monastic, landlord peasants and runaway - state interest turned out to be higher than the interests of landowners and church) in the "city" Cossacks. The Cossacks served from "land", the Cossacks were obliged to come out on their own way, and if at first they carried mostly walking service, then from the end of the XVI century. They were finally re-re-equipped with peaks and in their mass planted on-horse, turning into dragoons. At the same time, they sometimes constituted a significant part of the field army.

Armor and weapons of Russian warriors XV - XVI centuries. Armouries. Kremlin

A no less remarkable fact indicating the understanding of Russian warlords to increase the role and extensiveness of firearms, becomes occasioned by the end of the XVI century. The tendency to the introduction of manual firearms for weapons of the local cavalry. It has already been noted that the local cavalry is most of the XVI century. Armed exclusively by the traditional set of weapons - saber and Saadak, sometimes a light spear. Firearms were not used because of its high cost and complexity in circulation - shoot and recharge the wick handnet, sitting in the saddle, it was difficult. It is not by chance that horse-horse alternates and the Cossacks only moved on the horses, but they fought in a walk. Hiking service was not "to face" children of Boyarsky and nobles - it is impossible to disagree with O.A. Kurbatova, who wrote that "all relations between the nobles and children of Boyari were imbued with the concepts of" honor ": the honor of the genus, the honor of the city, the honor of the sovereign. The descendants of the ancient Russian warriors, they treated their honorable right during the war to carry "Far Regimental Equestrian Service", that is, the dresskone, "in the" full armor "and with holsters ...". Therefore, he continued, "... the translation of many impoverished boyar children in the infantry, or" horseback service with food "(i.e., ride, but to fight Thor), in the 1570s - 1600s. He became a serious local "loss" for their childbirth and entire servicing cities ... ". It took the "crucial" of serving people after the Official, Tatar and Lithuanian "Ripple", a personal example of the sovereign, who loved firearms, the experience of using the Russian service of the "German" mercenaries, who were fulfilled with the Tatars (using the term XVII century) "Ratar Build", The improvement of the firearms itself and the increased need for it to turn the situation for the better.

Troops of horse noble- " samopalnikov»Noted in the discharge records in the Ivan Grozny. True, these detachments, apparently did not have a serious combat value, playing the role of personal protection of the sovereign, and only at the end of the reign of Ivan IV and, in particular, with his son, the detachments of the nobles and children of Boyar, armed with food and carrying the horse service, are transformed into real power . Judging by the preserved documents, first of all such detachments were distributed on the southern border. So, in the literacy of 1595. Tsar Fyodor Johnovich Livevsky Voevoda I.O. Field about the organization of watchmen in the field was indicated in order to make part of each partitioned Stores to 100 Boyars's city children with peaks and 100 equestrian Cossacks with peaks. In 1604, in the army sent against the impostor, there were 1685 equestrian children of Boyar, armed with peaks. It is noteworthy that all of them were immigrants from the border - Bolchovichi, Meshremen, Ryazhan, Odoyeva, Chernyan, Novosillants. True, it is worth noting that although in all these cases we are talking about the children of Boyarsky with peaks, nevertheless, they fought "Dragunskoy Buildings". The guns were still very rare, and there were no attempts to adopt the ratar tactics of the riders of the Russian local catering. As noted by O.A. Kurbatov, "apparently, for the moral impact on the enemy was considered sufficient to have a cash squad of foreign people ...". In order to turn the tradition, they needed "great shocks"!

S. Ivanov. "On the southern turn"

Together with infantry at Ivan IV, the artillery of the Russian army received further development. In the 2nd half of the XVI century. She no longer looked so helpless as before. The experience gained by this time of its use both in field battles and in sieges has significantly increased its combat capability. So, for example, in 1541, the Russian artillery reflected the Tatars attempt under the cover of the Turkish artillery to cross through OKU, and this is despite the fact that the onset of Tatars supported Turkish artillery. It has positively affected the growth of the combat capability of the Russian artillery and the influence of foreign experts, cannon masters and artilleryrs. This is evidenced, for example, foreigners who wrote about Russia in the middle of the XVI century.

The chronicle testimonies and materials of the discharge books make it possible to say with confidence that the reorganization of Russian artillery was completed with Ivan IV. Judging by the fact that the chronicle when describing the campaign on Polotsk mentions the "big", "medium" and "small" outfits (the last two moved along with the army, while the "big" outfit - after the army due to its greater weight), Russian Artillery in organizational terms has already been clearly divided by calibrators into three groups. It could already be distinguished in it, relatively speaking, a light "regimental" (accompanying shelves), heavy field (there was a large-scale cannon and haubers and the batteries intended for stationary batteries) and the superheavy siege (it was included as a trumpeted guns that could Shoot the cores weighing up to 20 poods and the Mortira - "High" guns, intended for mounted fire). The successful actions of the reorganized Russian artillery ensured the success of the siege of Kazan in 1552, Polotsk in 1563, and campaigns in Livonia in 1558 and 1560.

Foreigners who were in Russia in the last quarter of the XVI century, were amazed by the number and quality of Russian artillery. Thus, the imperial ambassador I. Pernstein in 1575 noted that "... he (i.e. Ivan IV - Thor) has up to two thousand guns and many other guns, from which some amazingly long and so wide and high that High growth is a man entering the blow with a proper charge, does not pull the head to the top ... ". J. Fletcher noted that "... None of the Christian soverees has such a good reserve of military shells as the Russian king, which is partly to serve as a confirmation of the Armory in Moscow, where they stand in a huge amount of all kinds of guns, all the cast copper and quite Beautiful ... ". Such reviews about Russian artillery from the mouth of foreigners, rather inclined to increase the successes of Russians than to exaggerate them, very remarkable. It is possible without exaggeration to say that in the field of artillery, Ivan managed not only to be equal to Europe, but also to overtake it.

At the same time, it should be noted that if progress was obvious in artillery, it was the outlined in the fortification at the end of the XV - early XVI centuries. Move forward in the 2nd half of the XVI century. It fell gradually no. No, the very case of the construction of fortresses and the whole fortified lines not only did not decline, but, on the contrary, it developed extremely quickly. According to incomplete data, if in the 1st half of the XVI century. 6 stone, 10 wooden and 4 earth fortresses were erected, then in the 2nd half of the century 12 stone and 69 wooden. And this is not counting the colossal work done after 1572 in the southern borders of the state, where in the second half of the century was generally completed the work on creating a famous death feature - one of the grand military engineering structures in the history of mankind. For a systematic organization and the construction of fortresses at Ivan Grozny, a special order of stone cases was created (about 1583-1584), the construction of fortresses was preceded by a large preparatory theoretical and practical work (preliminary reconnaissance of the locality, drawing up the drawing of the future fortress, estimates for construction, etc.) . However, with all the time in Russia, the XVI century. trace Italienne. And its advanced options have not found recognition. Moreover, there was a certain regression - if at the beginning of the century, individual techniques of modern European fortification were gradually began to be implemented in the practice of building Russian fortresses, then by the middle of the century there was a rollback for old, traditional medieval techniques. Even in 1597, during the construction of a new Smolensk Kremlin, the famous Russian city master Fedor Horse applied the old, quite an old-fashioned fortress fence from the towers and walls and, although a huge amount of funds and materials left for the fortress, a huge work was spent, the Smolensk Kremlin was obsolete At the time of birth.

Conservatism, the archaic of Russian fortification of the 2nd half of the XVI - early XVII centuries. Repeatedly marked by foreign observers. As a result, the traditional of Russian fortification, despite the fact that, as a rule, Russian fortresses were supplied with numerous artillery, inevitably led to the fact that all the severity of their defense laid on the shoulders of defenders. They had to show the wonders of courage and perseverance, tricks and smelts, thereby compensating for technical and engineering retardation. And, I must say, not always it turned out. The rapidly developed techniques and techniques of the Opepiece were ahead of the development of Russian fortification, and if the Russian tremendous fortresses for the Tatars, not to mention the stone or bricks, were almost non-colon, it cannot be said about Polish-Lithuanian or Swedish troops. The vulnerability of Russian fortresses was revealed back in the 1st half of the XVI century. So, in 1535, Lithuanian Crown Hetman J. Tarnowsky pretty quickly took the fortress of Starodub, applied to that unknown Russian way of an accelerated attack of the fortress. Under the cover of a powerful artillery cannonade, Lithuanian sappers were under the shafts of the Starodub of Mines and did a barsh, through which Lithuanian troops and broke into the city. However, it was not possible to overcome this backwardness by the end of the century, when a number of large Russian fortresses in the West, for example, Polotsk, quickly fell under the blows of Polish-Lithuanian troops under the command of the King of the Roshopolitoy Stephen Batory under the command of the Polish-Lithuanian troops.

Smolensk Kremlin

What is Russia in the 2nd half of the XVI century. Unconditionally ahead of Europe (except, perhaps Spain Philip II), so it is in the creation of a centralized apparatus of managing the armed forces. Its creation was due to quite objective reasons. First, we have already indicated the need to careful development of campaigning plans, taking into account the peculiarities of the Eastern European TVD (extensity, undeveloped infrastructure, airlessness, poor resources, etc.). Secondly, the poverty of the state and society urged the need to create a special body that could take on a hard work on mobilizing and distributing cash. Thirdly, in Russia, the system of "temporary-contract armies" was not developed in Russia. Finally, the emergence of the power institutions and structures that would take on the management of the armed forces were in line with the steadily conducted Ivan III and in particular Ivan IV policies to gradually strengthen the authorities of the Sovereign. The most important role in this apparatus was played by a discharge order, which combined the functions of both the military ministry and the General Staff. The first mention of it is dating 1566, although, as noted above, it has arisen much earlier. Obviously, by the time of the reign of Ivan the Terrible, the discharge order was already a very effective system of controlling troops. The discharge order in 1571 was supplemented by Sagitsky, "transformed later in the Streletsky order (1571). From 1577, the Pushkarsky order is known. Direct attitude to the military case had an order of a big arrival, which was collected taxes and grants, a placed order, who had guided, distributing and redistribution of local land, order of the Kazan Palace. So, by the beginning of the XVII century. In the Russian state there was a rather slim and effective military system that had a few analogues in the modern world. And what was stated in relation to the effectiveness of Spanish intensity, which ensured the action of Spanish troops in Europe, Africa, America and in Asia, can be fully related to Russian orders.

The created system of centralized supply, mobilization and control of troops allowed Ivan IV to put on his banners if necessary, very significant military contingents at that time. In order to try to identify those framework limitations of the number of Moscow troops, for the 2nd half of the XVI century. A sufficiently reliable point of reference can serve as discharge records of Polotsk hike 1562/1563. - The first preserved paintings, in which a more or less accurate number of routine people who participated in the campaign are indicated.

S. Ivanov. "The campaign of Moskvatians on Lithuania"

Judging by the discharge records, this hike was the character of a national event, accompanied by almost total mobilization of serving people. Given the winter character of the campaign, there were practically no troops on the "shore", and only small garrisons remained inside the country itself. There is evidence of a significant swing of a hike, for example, an extremely rare number of regiments - sovereigns, big, right hand, advanced, left hand, guard, large, medium and small outfit and Ertoul. At the head of the troops, there was a lot of governor - in addition to the sovereign and his brother Vladimir Andreevich, 2 Tatar "kings" and 4 "Tsarevichi", Cherkasi Prince Vasily at the campaign participated 22 governors (20 in the shelves and at the dawn and 2 yard). Thus, all this allows us to conclude that the information obtained in the analysis of information on the composition and structure of the Moscow troops in Polotsky campaign data allowed to imagine an approximately the total number of Moscow root people on the rise of Moscow's power in at the first stage of the Livonian War.

If the sources are literally reading, it turns out that the "tumbling" rail participated in the campaign - about 150 thousand people. MM The chrom brings a slightly smaller figure - 110-120 thousand. However, in its calculations, he used among other things about the information of a certain anonymous German author about the presence of Ivan the Terrible 46 thousand peasants who pulled artillery, and "Shantsekop". In addition, he took into account the opinion of P.P. Epifanova regarding the number of serves (rounded 1 to 1.6 in relation to Boyarsky children).

However, when analyzing the available information, a number of issues relating primarily about the number of archers who participated in the campaign, and the local cavalry, as well as the collected "Sour" are immediately arising. The total number of nobles and children of Boyar, Tatars and Cossacks in general is no doubt, as well as dreakny (total 30 thousand people). It is not entirely clear why MM Krom takes the attention of the Nikonovsky Chronicles of 12 thousand. Based on the information of the chronicles and discharge records, namely calling all the shooters who participated in the campaign, under the Polotsk there were no more than 5 thousand. Sagittarov. As for the local cavalry, we believe that determine the number of serves, based on the information of the only Kashirskaya decament of 1556, illegally. If at the beginning of the 30s. XVI century, i.e. Immediately after the death of Vasily III, the son of Boyarsky could put in the campaign of 2 combat servants, what's the point in the reform of 1556, if she did not allow to return to this norm? In addition, information about the servants of the states of the shelf, preserved in the so-called "Boyarskaya book" show that on average, each of them acted as a hike, having with him 4 armed riders, not counting the "cat". Therefore, it can be assumed that in Polotsk, every son Boyarsky acted on a campaign, having an average of 1-2 servers "in Tegilyach in thick and in the shell and in the caps, on horseback" and at least 1 "Koshovaya" "from Yuka". It causes distrust and reported by Pskov Chronicles to the news of the 80900 national people who participated in the campaign, as well as the information about the anonymous German author.

"Taking Polotsk in 1579." Gavigni engraving

Based on all these assumptions, you can try to determine the approximate number of Moscow troops in Polotsky campaign: 17.5 thousand nobles and children of boyars and about 30-35 thousand. Their serves, 5.5 thousand Tatars, Mordvo and Cheremis, 6 thousand. Cossacks, 1.1 thousand dreakny, 5 thousand. Streltsov - Total to maximize 70-75 thousand "Sabel and Food" and in the weapon and at the same time about 25-26 thousand people. "Nesoloye". Obviously, this is the maximum of the forces that the Moscow Sovereign has in the beginning. 60s, provided that this army will be concentrated on one TVD during the same campaign.

But even with this situation, the field army with a number of 70-75 thousand soldiers seems very formidable force - in the XVI century. Not any sovereign could boast that it is capable of exposing so many experienced professional warriors in the field. It can be assumed by analogy with a trip of 1535, that the entire Russian army in the early 60s. It could well have up to 100 thousand or a little more warriors. This explains the desire of Sigismund II to avoid the battle and transfer the resolution of the dispute from the field of Brane at the negotiating table and confirms that the Moscow State Military Mechanism in Ser. XVI in. was at the height of his power. The system of mobilization of cash and funds was worked out in such perfection, which, yielding to the great principality of Lithuanian and Poland in resources, Ivan Grozny could put in the field more numerous and distinguished by high combat capability of troops.

So, based on the foregoing, it can be assumed that from the end of the XV century. There was a process of continuous increase in the number of Moscow troops, which continued until the beginning of the 40s. XVI in. By this time, the number of Moscow troops reached about 90 thousand soldiers, and the Moscow Sovereign could, however, at the cost of a significant voltage of forces, to put 50 thousand or even more warriors in the field. For comparison, in 1552, the Roman emperor and King of Spain Karl V, who was considered the strongest monarch of Europe, having almost 150 thousand. The army and practically unlimited financial resources at that time could use 45-50 thousand soldiers during the Metsk campaign. However, the internal political struggle of the 40th Gg, which led to the weakening of the central government, contributed to a decrease in the military potential of the Russian state, the result of which was the weakening of the foreign policy position of Russia, which were expressed in particular, in the transition of power in Kazan Khanate to hostility towards Moscow forces. It is obvious that by this time it decreased both the total number of troops (due to the cloak of landowners) and its combat capability. Common Military Reforms of the 50s were required., Which made it possible to raise the number of armed forces and increase their combat capability. It can be assumed that by the beginning of the 60s. The number of Russian troops amounted to about 100 or even more than thousand steady people. However, from the 2nd half of the 60s. The new decline began. The critical point was the end of the 70s - the beginning of the 80s. The XVI century, when, apparently, the number of Russian troops fell to the lowest mark for the entire century. Provided by S.M. A chestnut number of 50 thousand rout people seem to be quite real for this time. Only in the late 80s. followed a new rise and at the beginning of the XVII century. It was possible to approach the level of the end of the 50s - early 60s. XVI in. These changes are reflected in the following chart:

Summing up the total outcome of the transformations of Ivan the Terrible and the state of the Russian Army at the end of the XVI - early XVII centuries, it is difficult to give them an unequivocal assessment. On the one hand, we see undoubted progress, moreover, in something, Russia was ahead of Europe, but on the other, there is a presence of archaic traits who traded the development of military affairs. However, one undoubtedly - during the reign of Ivan IV Russia as a result of successful expansion in the East turned from the mononational, Orthodox state in a polyethnics, a multi-confessional power. This expansion, beyond any doubt, would be impossible if as a result of reforms. XVI in. It was not successfully completed for the formation of a largely similar to the Ottoman military machine. Almost all the army under Ivan IV acquired a professional character - the process of professionalization, outlined at the end of the XV century, went to his logical conclusion. To replace the former "untruth" "Zemsky" militia, which was complemented by princely databases, came the army, consisting of serviced people, complemented during the time of the war with dixy and "Strak". The basis of the new troops was the equestrian localization militia and equestrian detachments of the vassal Tatars, servicing fores and Cossacks. Easy irregular cavalry was successfully supplemented with an infantry equipped with firearms (Sagittarius and city Cossacks), and a strong "outfit", which included field and siege artillery, as well as the supporting service "Staff". The ratio of infantry and cavalry in the campaigns of the 70s. XVI - early XVII centuries. Shown below in diagrams 1-4.

The undoubted step forward Russian army of that time did both in the technical plan. If we take as an example and analyze the composition and structure of the Army of Prince M.I. Vorotnsky, who participated in the campaign of 1572, then immediately can be noted its combined composition. In case of unconditional predominance of the local cavalry (65.9%) of the infantry and planted on the horse of the Cossacks with the peys who fought against the hysters were 28.1% in it. In total, the number of routing people with the "fiery fight" in the troops of the prince was about 29.6%. At the same time, as follows from the royal orders, the local cavalry should have operated in close cooperation with infantry and artilleryAnd the governors had to choose the battleship with such a calculation to provide infantry and artillery to the maximum protection, otherwise evjected the bout. In Moscow, they appreciated the advantages that entered her possession of firearms in front of the Tatars, for which guns and were singing remained exotic weapons, and were not going to abandon them.

The plan of the siege of Kazan in 1552

Such an army successfully fought with Tatars with Crimean (typical nomads) and Kazan (the tactics of which were significantly different from the Crimean due to the fact that the Army of Kazan Khanate included numerous infantry recruited from the peoples of the Volga region), as well as with organized by the Russian method of the Great Principality Lithuanian.

Boris Godunov

However, on the outcome of the 70s. XVI in. The first signs of the crisis of this military system were identified. Russian expansion, as a whole, successfully developed before all the main strategic directions, actually choked. The unsuccessful outcome of the Livonian war and the preservation of a constant threat from the Crimean Khanate was visible confirmation of this fact. The deep strategic intelligence of the southern direction, implemented after the capture of Kazan and Astrakhan, showed that more thorough and thorough preparation is needed to conquer the Crimea, rather than to conquer Kazan. It included both the advanced borders of the deployment of Russian troops far deep into the wild field, closer to the Crimea and the provision of further attack on the south from the Western direction. The resolution of the first problem required a long time, and attempt to weaken Lithuania, to deprive her former influence in the East of Europe, accelerated the creation of a new powerful state - Commonwealth. Created by the battorium and his advisers and improved in King Vladislava IV Military Machine ensured the speech by the compulcpension of the prevalence in Eastern Europe and the successful struggle with the Turkish-Tatar threat to the nearest attitudes. The guarantee of its success was the successful combination of elements brought to perfection of late-European Western European and Asian military systems.

The collision "sharpened" under opposition to the light irregular horse armies of the Tatars and Lithuanians of the Russian army "Ottoman" model in the 2nd half of the XVI - early XVII centuries. With the reformed army of the speech, the compulculation ended for Russians sadly - from expansion in the west direction had to be abandoned. Moreover, it was necessary to accept the loss of a number of territories on the Russian-Lithuanian border, including the Smolensk - these "gates" of Moscow. The memory of defeats in the years of the Livonian war and the Troubles and the thirst for the revenge ultimately contributed to Moscow's failure from an offensive strategy in the south and enhancing foreign policy in the Western Strategic Direction. But for the return of Smolensk and the "Heritage of Yaroslav Wise", it was necessary to find an effective remedy against the Military Machine of the Commonwealth, and the cheap, efficient and not required of the considerable cost of time.

Blessed is the war of the heavenly king. Icon, Ser. XVI in.

Action in the battle is only two - the right fight and maneuver, but changes in the right and maneuver cannot be calculated. The right fight and maneuver mutually generate each other and it is like a circlery, which has no end. Who can exhaust them?

"Art of War"

The time of the reign of Ivan the Terrible was the time of large revolutionary changes within the Russian state and, among other things, they affected the Russian army. With Ivan Grozny, the Russian state was constantly in a state of wars with powerful neighbors. Initially, the edge of Russian foreign policy was sent to the Kazan and Astrakhan Khanate, these fragments of the once mighty golden horde. And when they were conquered by Ivan IV, it was involved in a long-term and severe Livonian war with powerful Poland, Lithuania and Sweden.

During the reign of Ivan the Terrible in the state, numerous reforms were carried out that mowed the most different regions. And although all these reforms are attributed to the name of Tsar and the Grand Duke Ivan IV, they were actually the fruits of other state husbands, the Protopopa of the Annunciation Cathedral of the Sylvester and Tsarist False Alexey Fedorovich Adashev. Thanks to them, around the young sovereign there was a circle of enlightened people, which Prince Andrei Kurbsky called "Selected Rada". In addition to Sylvester, Adashev, Prince Kurbsky included the princes of Vorotinsky, Odoyevsky, Silver, Humpback, Sheremetev's brothers.

Selected Rada dubbed autocracy and worked on the glory of Russia. A program that Rada was in life was a national-oriented program focused on "state" and "Zemsky" in their unity.

It is thanks to the elected Rada that the Russian army was able to capture the Kazan and Astrakhan Khanate and include them in the Moscow kingdom, which was unprecedented by the authority of Moscow and eliminated the constant threat from the Volga for the borders of the state and gave the treasury large trade benefits related to the operation of the Volga Trading Road.

But let's look at the army of Russia of that time. After all, Military art is the purpose of this study. What has changed, and what remains from past times?

1. Sagittsev

City militia, which used prince Dmitry Ivanovich as infantry, and used very effectively, by the time Ivan the Terrible is hopelessly outdated. It was impossible to rely on nonprofessional, and the reason for this was the use of firearms.

Therefore, the state required infantry from professionals. But at the same time, it should not do the treasury too expensive. How to be in this case?

When Ivan IV create shooting shelves. Sagittarov was chosen from free people, good behavior, and put them on a lifetime service, giving them for this plots of land for the management of the economy and appointing them to the state salary.

The shooting shelves were hiking, with the exception of the sranched Shattsky regiment. They struck in the foot rank and were armed with peaks, and then muskets. Also, each Sagittarius had a saber and Birdish. On the last, he put his patter with a shot. European Musketeers enjoyed a special stand for this. The fact is that the first muskets were very heavy and the sighting shot was difficult to make them without stop. Musket caliber was 23 mm. The stem length was 1.8 meters, weight from 50 to 60 grams. He could produce bullets at a distance of 200-300 meters.

It was charged and the muskets were singing and for quite a long time, Sagittars were built in the rows and the first to make a shot, went to the second row and recharged their weapons there. And the second row becoming the first made the next volley.

This very much resembles the system of European musketeers who called "Corokol" (snail). The first Sherge put Musketes to the stops and produced a volley on the enemy. Then this rank was divided and went into the rear of the building to charge muskets. Then this maneuver repeated the second Shangoy. Then the third.

The warrior, armed with a saber, with a convergence with an opponent, fought a saber or birdish. In hand-to-hand painter was useless, due to the high weight. This later, with a decrease in the weight of the musket, it has become very terrible weapons not only far, but also a melee.

Senakers settled in the sublodes and received numerous benefits from the government. The total number of seals by the end of the XVI century amounted to 12 thousand people. That is, Russia quickly responded to the requirements of time in the field of improving martial arts related to the use of firearms.

2. Artillery and engineering parts

With Ivan IV, Pushkari appeared in Russia, since artillery became an integral part of the Russian army. And together with the artilleryrs, various auxiliary services appeared, which helped the army during wars and hikes. With the troops, there were always clutters, collars, carpenters, blacksmiths. They also settled in the Slobodas and also received benefits from the government, as faces serving sovereign service.

The basis for engineering troops was laid during Ivan III. It was invited to the service of several foreign military engineers and called them "chances." It is known that when Ivan IV was Russian "chances".

During the hike, Ivan IV on Kazan under the Russian army in the dress was 150 heavy and medium guns, not counting small. But these were guns only in the army, and they were still fortified tools in cities. But the composition of this fortress artillery was extremely diverse and it is difficult to talk about her number.

Siege guns were a large caliber up to 2.5 pounds.

In the regimental artillery there were small guns up to 8 pounds.

Consequently, artillery was then divided into siege, field, regimental and serf. And, of this, it follows that the statement, that for the first time the regimental artillery appeared at the king of the hussy alolife from the Swedes is incorrect. Russians have appeared earlier!

3. Dark people - auxiliary infantry

At Ivan IV, the so-called "dreak people" were called on. These were militia from the peasants, which was used as auxiliary troops. For example, for work with shovels to fall asleep shafts at storming of fortresses, to drag severity, the delinquency of ammunition and others are very important in the war of affairs.

4. Inroznaya hired squad:

These parts consisted of mercenaries, which was also gained from representatives of hired soldiers from Europe. It was perfectly organized, but they cost their services expensive. With the king Ivan IV, with his son Fyodor Ivanovich, with the King Boris Godunov in the army there was a German squad. However, there were not only Germans there, but in Russia, at that time, the Germans called all foreigners.

Cavalry:

1. Nobility cavalry

The main part of the Russian Armed Force under Ivan IV was still equestrian parts formed from the nobles. It was a noble militia. The severity of the military service, which fell on a servant, according to the law of September 20, 1555, was this: from 100 quarters (200 tents) of arable land, the owner was supposed to send one warrior fully armed and equipped. "At the horse in the armchair", as was said.

But during the trips, serve people also received money from the royal treasury. In the XVI century, the service of the nobleman began with 15 years (according to the Office of 1550).

Up to the 15th anniversary, the boy was listed "inexpensive." And then after calling him to the regiment, he was called "Novikom", which means "the newlywall".

Then "Novika", depending on his official qualities, versed the estate and monetary salary.

Moreover, a removal was applied when the sons gave another estate during the lifetime of the Father. Although basically, the Son received possession of his father, subject to the fulfillment of official duties. The difference between the conditional (temporary) holding the nobleman and wrapped (hereditary) was eliminated only under Peter I.

The local right gave the opportunity to build from 50 to 100 thousand equestrian militia from 50 to 100 thousand. The collection of militia was appointed by decree, which was determined by the place of collection of troops and reserves, the number of warrids and the dates of turning on the national team.

2. Boyar children

It was also the discharge of people that they had to carry the service in the cavalry and they complained for the service from the great sovereign estates. But they stood on the hierarchy below the nobles, but above the Cossacks. Carried in the protection of the borders of the Russian state.

The need to protect the borders of the Moscow state demanded great strength. And for these purposes, Moscow sizards used Cossacks. With Ivan IV, the city Cossacks also become placed, but unlike the last, permanent troops. They were mainly equestrian. But belonged to light cavalry and were used for the security service and the length of intelligence.

4. Tatar cavalry

After conquering Ivan IV of Kazan and Astrakhan, Moscow sizards were eager to take on the service of the New Tatars. They received local salaries, but in a much smaller size than landowners of Russian origin. These detachments were also light-block.

5. States Regiment - Equestrian Guard Kings

It was with Ivan IV and something resembling the later Petrovsky Guard. The "states of the regiment" and the regiment of the sterepieces (equestrian) Sagittarov were a selected ruin that was equipped and armed with excellent luxury.

Armament of Russian warriors under Ivan IV:

1. Connection:

The armament of the cavalry consisted of a bow with arrows, a combat ax, dagger, kitchen and copies. The most secured soldiers had a saber. But in the troops of the noble ends told the militant arms. It all depended on the personal adequacy of each nobleman.

2. Infantry:

Armament of the Archer and the city Cossacks consisted of singing or self-patious, sword and birdish.

Armament of the rest of the foot warriors was the most different. From firearms - peaked or samopals, throwing - self-awake, cold - swords, tesaks, slingshots, Sovie.

Tactical division of the army on the division:

The Russian army was divided into the following tabular divisions.

The main division was a decade (not to be confused with a dozen). The declines boiled down in the shelves. And the shelves were reduced to rati (seven regiments on each rail). The tenmen shared for hundreds, and Sonya was done on tens.

Streletsky army was divided into orders of 800-1000 people. Each order shared for hundreds, and every hundred per dozens. In wartime, individual hundreds were distributed on the shelves, which were camping.

Cossacks also shared hundreds and dozens. And in the campaign, individual city hundreds were attributed to the regiments and performed various orders. Basically served as equestrian.

The army itself in the campaign looked as follows:

Large regiment, these were the main forces of the army. And in numbers, they were much surpassed by the number of the regiment.

Ertoul - equestrian advanced regiment used for intelligence.

Watchtower - followed immediately for Ertoulul.

The regiment of the right hand and the regiment of the left hand - in combat construction, the flanks of a large shelf were protected.

Command of the Russian army:

The institution of the Russian state in peacetime was concentrated in the discharge order (discharge). The city governors provided the discharge of detailed lists for each city, nobles and boyar children.

Sagittarius and Pushkin orders were made by Sagittarius and Pushkar.

Voivpends were appointed by the knowledge of the genus. And even Ivan Grozny, which established an official and executed the boyars for the right and left, and he respected this rule.

The Grevioratus of the Big Regiment was a very noble boyar, even if he had no big military abilities. In the case of small abilities, a comrades towards the governor of a large regiment was appointed, but a less than noble kind. For under the low-flowing, the rest of the governors would not become.

Concepts The military form under Ivan the Grozny practically did not exist. Warriors' clothing of most regiments were heterogeneous. In the noblestry Connection in general, everyone was dressed as he could and how much the funds allowed. Regarding uniformly were dressed royal guardsmen. Strengthened Streletsky Regiment had the same white caftans. Also, the royal bodyguards-markets had white caftans, embroidered with gold, and were armed with the same hatchers. Also, the uniform had Sagittarius - they dressed in the same caftans. Moreover, each order was distinguished from another color of the Kaftan.

In the end, I would especially note that the military reform of Ivan Grozny marked the beginning of the Russian regular army. Subsequently, she was brought to perfection under Peter I and became one of the most powerful armies of Europe.

Introduction

Military reform is a significant transformation of the military system of the state conducted by the decision of the highest bodies of state power. Military reforms are caused by the new political objectives of the state, the emergence of new types of weapons, economic considerations, changes in the level of production, means and methods of armed struggle and other. Find legal consolidation in laws, military charters and other documents.

Military reforms Ivan IV

The origins of the origin in our family of a new military organization go during the reign of Ivan III of the Great (1462-1505), which began a massive distribution of land plots and places the servants of the Princely Court, as well as free people, subject to service, that is, laid the start of the service for the service nobility. Ivan III's efforts to create a strong military organization of the Russian state continued Ivan IV, which created a large army in Europe, - 250-300 thousand people (about 3% of the population of Russia). In the period from 1550 to 1571, Ivan Grozny conducted military reforms, the beginning of which laid the Decree of October 3, 1550 on the section of the land around Moscow 1000 landlords that took the key team orders in the army. (This date is assumed as the Day of Education of the Russian Army - in 2000 will be 450 years of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation). Basic content: streamlining the system of the recruitment and military service in the local troops; Organization of centralized management of the army; Creation of permanent shooting troops; centralization of the supply system; Creating a permanent guard service on the southern border and other.

Local army, noble cavalry, which was the main genus of Russian troops in 15-17 centuries; had the nature of the militia. In organizational terms, it was divided into hundreds. All applicants' suitable for the service and Votchin on the service of the service of 1556 were hiking with their horses, supplies and weapons and exhibited 1 armed warriors from every 50 tenthees who belonged to them. Reorganized by Peter I in 1701 in regular regiments of dragoons.

Streletsky army, the first permanent army in the Russian state of the mid 16 - early 18th century. It was completed from the free urban and rural not a factory (not taxed) population, they were in service with the birdishs, managed by the warlords. Organizationally consisted of "devices" (detachments), then orders (500 1,000 people), from 1681 - regiments, and was under the signation of the Streetsky order. In the 1980s, a 17th century was reorganized in the image of the "New Building" regiments. Disbanded by the decree of Peter I at the beginning of the 18th century.

Military reforms Peter I - Military transformations in Russia in the 1st quarter of the 18th century under the leadership of Peter I.

The main content: the creation of a Russian (national) regular army and fleet based on the recruit system of the recruitment, the abolition of previously existing heterogeneous military formations and the introduction of the same type of organization and weapons in infantry, Connection and artillery, a unified military training system and upbringing regulated by the Charters; Centralization of military management, replacing orders of the Military Collegium and Admiralty-Board, the establishment of the post of commander-in-chief, in which the field headquarters was created led by a quarrister general; Opening of military schools to prepare officer personnel and regulation of officers; Conducting military judicial reforms. For the organization, armament, combat training of Peter I reform, put forward the Russian army to one of the first places in Europe.

Military reforms 1860-70, The transformation in the Armed Forces of Russia under the leadership of Military Minister D. A. Milyutin, an integral part of the bourgeois reforms in Russia of the 60-70s of the 19th century. We had a goal to create a mass army, eliminate the military backwardness of Russia, detected in the Crimean War of 1853-56.

Main content: Replacing the recruitance of the all-known military service, the creation of an exchange reserve, the formation of a military district control system (15 districts); Allocation of a new "Regulation on the field management of troops in wartime", re-equipment of the army with rifled small arms and artillery; Reorganization of military training forces (development and introduction of new military charters), as well as the system of training officer personnel (replacement of cadet buildings by military gymnasiums, institution of military and UNCERSK schools), military judicial reforms contributed to the strengthening of the Russian army.

Military reforms, part of the general military reforms conducted in Russia by Peter I at the beginning of the 18th century and the Military Minister D. A. Milyutin in the 60-70 years of the 19th century in order to improve the military legal service of the Russian army. Main content: At the beginning of the 18th century - the creation of temporary (from regimental to general) and in the military time of the "Surverting" military vessels (a prototype of military field courts) for consideration of specific cases; In the 2nd half of the 19th century, a military-judicial reform was carried out (1867), the essence of which was to introduce permanent military vessels (regimental, military-district, main) in accordance with the new structure of the army and the introduction of bourgeois principles of the Military Judice and legal proceedings. At the same time, an increase in punitive activity in the army was envisaged in the context of the class struggle in the country. The new reform was carried out on the basis of the military charter of 1867.

Military reforms 1905-12, transformations in the Russian Army and Fleet after Russia's defeat in the Russian-Japanese war of 1904-05.

Ivan IV Vasilyevich (Rules in 1533-1584) played an important role in strengthening the Russian centralized state. In January 1547, he accepted the title of king, which marked the transition to a new stage in the development of the state. At the beginning of the reign of Ivan IV, the Russian state extended from the White and Barents Seas in the north to Ryazan fields in the south; From the shores of the Finnish Bay and Smolensk in the West to the revolt of the Northern Urals in the East. The country area reached 2.8 million km2, and the population is 5-6 million people. The population of the capital of Moscow was about 100 thousand people. The capital was the cultural and industrial center of the state, the core of power to the Moscow government in the field of foreign policy on the forefront, the task was put forward: to provide an exit to the Baltic Sea. The economic growth of the fastened state strongly demanded connections with the countries of Western Europe and the elimination of the threat from the Kazan Khanate, which was ruined by the Nizhny Novgorod, Murom and Ustyugian outskirts of the state by permanent raids. In the middle of the XVI century. There were about 100 thousand Russian prisoners in Khanate.

Under these conditions, for the successful solution of the tasks facing the Russian state, a restructuring of public administration and the creation of a strong army on a different basis was the need for civil and military reforms. And in the 50s. XVI in. They were held.

When Ivan IV was made a major step in the development of the local system. The beginning of the streamlining of military service of large feudalists put a sentence (decree) of 1550. In it, the undisputed seniority of great governor was established - the commander of the large regiment. The first leaders of the regiments of the right and left hand, guard and advanced regiments were subordinate to the big governor. The coenses of the first regimental governor corresponded to the coenposition of the second. The sentence forbade disputes about places (seniority) during the fighting period.

The decree did not cancel the locality fully, which retained certain guarantees of the Boyar aristocracy, from the environment of which the commanders of the regiments were appointed. However, the king when choosing a governor on command positions could now be guided not only by the knowledge of the origin of Velmazby, but also his intelligent skill.

The reform of the noble militia had even greater importance. According to the service of the service of 1556, from every 100 quarters (150 tents) of good land (this one was called the salary) was to be one nobleman - a servant person on horseback, in full armor, and on a long campaign - with two horses. All markers were also obliged to carry military service on established by the provisions of the standards for landowners and turned to life in serving people. In addition to the estate, serunens received a monetary salary, which was usually issued before the campaign. For fuel dodging, the noblemen was punished up to the confiscation of the estate. Ivan IV government, giving the local system a slender military organization and equalizing in the service of warders with landowners, created a numerous equestrian army, ready to make a campaign at first request.

The yoke of 1556 finally issued the local system of the acquisition. It created the interest of the nobility in the service, attracted a large number of feudals into military service. The noble cavalry was distinguished by military training, rapid actions and rapid attacks on the battlefield. She fully met the demands of the growing Russian state.

Nevertheless, the location cavalry, despite its numerous, did not solve the main problem. The king could not contain it in constant readiness for combat actions, and the presence of large-scale feudal militia (princes, boyars) to some extent restricted its authority in the period of war. It was necessary to take certain steps to create such troops, which would be on the state content and was ready to start hostilities at any time on the orders of military leaders. Such a troop due to the development of military affairs in that period could be infantry, armed with firearms, with artillery given to her under the guidance of commanders directly submitted to state structures. It was required to create a permanent army with the team members who were under the jurisdiction of the Supreme Power.

The most important document that laid the foundations of permanent troops in the Russian state was published by Ivan IV on October 1, 1550. The verdict "on the apector in the Moscow and the surrounding villages of the selected thousand serving people." There are 1078 people from provincial nobles. They obeyed only the supreme power in the face of the king and did not depend on the metropolitan aristocracy and major faeodals - specific princes. By decree of the same 1550, 6 shooting regiments of 500 people were created in each. They were completed by set by the free Posal population and free hooleries of people - free Cossacks, the protein-sized state peasants. These were presented with strict requirements: respectfulness, good health, it was desirable that Sagittarius had a family. The age of Streltsov was at least 18 years old. To serve them was prescribed for life. Sagittarius were on public security. They received money and bread salary from the treasury. The Sagittarius who have served in the commodity cities was endowed with land plots. In Moscow and other cities, they lived with families in special approximations, had a courtyard and a household plot. Strels were allowed to engage in resolves and trade.

In organizational relation, the Streetsky army was divided into orders (shelves) of 500 people in each, orders - for hundreds, fiddles and dozens. Each regiment had 6-8 guns. By order of the structures that determined the external and domestic policies of the State party did the Streletsky head. The order was prescribed to have a special "movement of the hut", where the consideration of disciplinary disorders was carried out, prescribed agencies regulating the order of service. Unlike the noble cavalry, the Sagittarius had uniform weapons and clothing, military training periodically passed. Having a good combat sweating armed with firearms and cold weapons, they were the most prepared part of the Russian state troops. By the end of the XVI century. The number of shooting infantry reached 18-20 thousand soldiers. Thus, as a result of reform and further military construction, a permanent, well-organized and combat-ready shooting army was created, gradually replacing the temporarily convened militia filterings, the first step towards the organization of regular troops in Russia was taken.

The reforms touched the Cossack Volnitsa, who lived in cities on the southern outskirts of the state. According to the principle of the organization of Stretkoy, the infantry has developed a new formation in the troops - city Cossacks. They recruited, like Sagittarius, from free, hooing people. From the city Cossacks made up garrisons mainly border cities and fortified points of die-cast damn, where they carried the border service. Cossacks were divided into equestrian and hiking. Their total reached 5-6 thousand people.

Under Ivan IV, the outcome of the "outfit" (artillery) into an independent genus of troops and the streamlining of its organization occurred. Artilleryrs - Pushkari and clutters serving a starting (serf) artillery, constituted a special group of routine people. The government encouraged the service in the dressing of Pushkye and the clutters with the necessary knowledge and skill. They were provided with various privileges and benefits. Their service, as well as at the Streltsov, was lifelong and passed by inheritance: the father passed his knowledge to his son. The birth of field artillery took place. There were guns put on the wheels and moving with equestrian thrust, which increased artillery mobility and allowed it to apply it in the field battle.

Due to the wide use and. The improvement of firearms of the Russian army, especially the Streletsky shelves, in the middle of the XVI century. Change their combat order, elements of the new, linear tactics are born. The combat order began to stretch on the front and shrink down into depth. The noble cavalry gradually acquired an auxiliary value. She spent false attacks, leaving the enemy on the combat order of gunshot infantry.

The composition of Russian troops continued to be a storage rhe. During the reign of Ivan IV, people attributed to the "Staff" were obliged to be on the painting on the national teams. There, the governors distributed them in the regiments depending on the need: alone to the sum, others - to alongside. In total, 80-90 thousand national people participated in the campaigns.

In the course of reforms with the help of "Sour" Ivan IV improved the journal of Russian troops. The provincial was delivered by hitch or river vessels in the following points (for example, Murom __ Sviyazhsk - Kazan), where stocks were created. Many border cities (Pskov, Smolensk, Astrakhan, etc.) had in case of siege of food for 2-3 years. So the system of supplying troops was born, which was subsequently called the shop.

During the reforms, there was a clearer than before, the military management system. The general leadership of the troops and all the affairs was carried out by the king. Direct management of construction and training troops focused on orders. Military affairs did a discharge order. He led to account and controlled the production of artillery on a cannonum, cold, firearms, defensive armor - in weapons and armored orders. With the formation of Streletsky troops, and with him Streletsky huts (order), and then the Pushkar order, the discharge order becomes a supreme military authority in the state apparatus.

One of the central places in strengthening the state's defense capacity was the reorganization of the border service. The permanent military threat from the aggressive Crimean Khanate and nomadic peoples on the southeastern outskirts of the Russian state required an urgent improvement in the defense of the borders. By the middle of the XVI century. Along the whole southeastern border, a strengthened chain of supporting points was formed: cities-fortresses, the invodes and fortifications that made up the basis of die-cast damns. They camouflages were located, consisting of Sagittarov, Pushkje and Cossacks. For the timely reflection of robbery raids of nomads and the Crimean Tatars, guard and barny detachments were organized. In 1571, Boyarin M. I. Vorotynsky amounted to the "Boyarsky sentence of the Stanic and Watchdog Service" - the first Russian military charter.

During military construction under Ivan IV, the largest army in Europe was created, intended to protect huge borders in their length, solving foreign policy problems. The troops were over 250 thousand people, which amounted to about 3% of the total population.