What is myopia? Myopia or myopia is one of the most common eye diseases. According to the statistics of doctors, they are sick more than a quarter of the inhabitants of the Earth. Myopia is called this pathology because a person is well distinguished by objects near, but the distance sees badly, blurred. This happens because the picture is fixed on the retina's retina not as it should be, but before it, or behind it.

Three degrees of the disease are distinguished: weak, medium, heavy. Myopia is of average extent expressed in vision of vision from -3 to -6 diopters. This pathology is observed in 14% of people from the entire mass of patients and needs mandatory treatment.

There are three degrees of myopia

Usually developing myopia of the average degree of both eyes. She either progresses or not. The progressive myopia is of moderately placed when the vision falls over the year more than one diopter. This form may end up the cause of full blindness. If myopia does not progress, setting on the same level, then the treatment is usually a good result.

The most common causes of the development of the disease are:

• humidated heredity
• summary overload
• violated blood supply to the eye
• unbalanced nutrition, no vitamins

The resultant cause of the development of myopia is visual overload

• hydodina
• generic injuries and chmt varying severity
• increase intracranial pressure
• hormonal violations
• inxication or disease of viral nature (rarely)
• incorrectly started vision correction.

The very first glasses are important to pick up very carefully, completely excluding false myopia. Such a serious event in no way should not be carried out, as this may subsequently negatively affect treatment.

Myopia is of moderately also called myopia 2 degrees. So that the minority of the 2nd degree does not develop in a more severe form, you need to wear correctional funds appointed by the doctor and carry out comprehensive treatment.

The degree of refractive change in the mid-degree myopia is from 3 to 6 diopters. Vision decreases to the fact that the patient poorly distinguishes the items of 25 centimeters from it. Also, during myopia, the second degree of patient poorly sees in twilight, suffers from head and eye pain. There is a high fatigue and eye stress, some Puchglasie. With the development of the disease, "flies" and outbreaks before eyes can appear, the permeability of the eye blood vessels increases. In severe cases, there is even a retinal detachment.

If myopia exceeded 6 diopters - this means that the disease passed to the third, severe stage.

It is very important to track on time, whether the myopia is accompanied by other diseases. For example, astigmatism, which is another fairly frequent pathology of impairment of vision. It manifests itself that the cornea is irreversible, with a different refracting force, which affects the definition of vision.

Astigmatism is an independent disease, or complicated myopia. Middle degree myopia with astigmatism is adjusted by special astigmatic lenses, or is treated with surgical path.

Myopia in children and adolescence

Whether the disease will progress, largely depends on how early deviations were discovered, and treatment began. It happens that myopia of 2 degrees develops in childhood, then it is clearly congenital.

In school and adolescence, myopia acquired is mainly developing. This is due to the increased load during study, which is incurred by the period when intensive growth occurs, including eye structures. Promotes the development of myopia long staying behind a computer or teleposition. The most common age of pathology is 7-10 years.

Myopia is mainly developing in school and adolescence - this is due to high load while studying

For the correction of myopia, glasses are prescribed. With a second degree - mainly in order to see well in the distance. Sometimes glasses are needed for constant wearing. Basically, with large diopters, or the rapid development of the disease.

It is very important in children's and adolescence to systematically visit the doctor to constantly control the condition of the eyes. Children with the myopia of the average degree are shown and the method of correction using contact lenses is simply prescribed in adolescence, as the lenses require careful care.

Types of treatment

As therapy, patients discharge calcium preparations, funds that stimulate cerebral circulation, vitamins of group V. But therapeutic methods, as well as eye gymnastics with physiotherapy, are not able to cure myopia. These methods are used mainly in order not to give the disease to develop and keep visual sharpness.

Vision helps to restore only glasses or lenses. In case the disease does not progress, laser correction is possible. It changes the shape of the cornea, and help return the right focus. Laser correction is a very efficient and popular procedure today, but it has certain contraindications: glaucoma, cataract, age up to 18 years and some inflammatory processes of the visual apparatus.

Acute view help restore glasses or contact lenses

Surgical intervention is resorted only in the event of a rapid progress of the disease. When the vision drops more than one diopter for the year - this is a progressive form. It is much worse than treating, and in time can go to the third degree.

When conservative treatment does not result, the operation is necessary, the purpose of which is to slow the loss of vision. It is also useful to strengthen the sclera (scleroplasty).

Myopia of the second degree usually becomes a contraindication for natural genera, women with myopia recommended caesarean section. But sometimes natural childbirth is possible, especially at the request of the most pregnant.

If the myopia of the second degree during pregnancy does not progress, the eye bottom and the retinal state without pathologies, then a gynecologist after consultation with an ophthalmologist may decide on the admissibility of natural labor. But, if there is contraindications, the cesarean cross section is made to eliminate the detachment or the retinal rupture.

Prevention of depreciation

As preventive measures against myopia, it is useful to conduct a healthy lifestyle and engage in the general strengthening of the body. Recommended:

Daily eye gymnastics is useful as prevention against myopia development

• Moderate physical exertion.
• Walks in the open air.
• Refusal of a long work at a computer, or at least frequent breaks (optimally - two breaks per hour of 10 minutes).
• Proper posture and good lighting during operation.
• Gymnastics without a large number of slopes and strength exercises.
• Special Eye Exercises
• A balanced diet rich in the vitamins of the group B and E. It is also necessary to include selenium, zinc, copper.
• Protecting eyes from too bright light.

And one of the most important preventive measures - a regular visit to the ophthalmologist. It will help not only control myopia, but also to detect and prevent other eye diseases.

Dec 23, 2016 DOC

Myopia (myopia). Causes, species, symptoms, signs and diagnostics

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The site provides reference information solely to familiarize yourself. Diagnosis and treatment of diseases must be under the supervision of a specialist. All drugs have contraindications. Consultation of a specialist is obligatory!

What is myopia?

Myopia ( myopia) - This is a disease of the eyes, in which a person does not see far-sized objects, but sees relatively well near. With time ( especially if you do not fix the causal factor) Myopia can progress, as a result of which the patient's vision will gradually deteriorate. For some time it will be compensated by the operation of the accommodation apparatus ( fixtures) However, over time, the compensatory possibilities of the refractive eye system exhaust themselves, as a result of which certain complications will begin to develop, which in the end can lead to a complete loss of vision ( that is to blindness).

In order to understand the mechanisms of development, the principles of diagnosis and treatment of myopia, certain knowledge of the structure of the eye and the functioning of its refractive system is necessary.

The person's eye is a complex system that provides perception of images from the surrounding world and transmitting their brain.

From anatomical point of view, human eye consists of:

• Outdoor shell. The outer sheath of the eye is formed by the scleria and cornea. The sclera is an opaque white tissue that covers most of the eyeball. The cornea is a small portion of the outer shell of the eye, which is located on its front surface and has a slightly curved ( out) form ( in the form of a hemisphere). The cornea is transparent, as a result of which light rays easily pass through it. The cornea is an important organ of the refractive eye system, that is, the light rays passing through it are refracted and collected together at a certain point.
• Medium shell. Average ( vascular) The eye shell provides blood supply and nutrition of the eyeball and all intraocular structures. In the field of the front of the eyeball ( right behind the cornea) Iris came from the vascular envelope ( iris). This is a kind of diaphragm in the center of which there is a small hole ( pupil). The main function of the iris is the regulation of the amount of light entering the eye. With excessively bright lighting, there is a reduction in certain muscles of the iris, as a result of which the pupil is narrowed, and the amount of light passing through it decreases. The dark process is noted in the dark. The pupil expands, as a result of which the eye can catch more light rays.
• Inner shell. Inner eye sheath ( retina) is represented by a plurality of photosensitive nerve cells. These cells perceive the light particles penetrating ( photons), when generating nerve impulses. These pulses on special nerve fibers are transmitted to the brain, where the image formation occurs.

Inside the eye also contain certain elements that ensure its normal functioning.

The intraocular structures include:

• Glassy body. This is a transparent formation of a student consistency, which occupies the main volume of the eyeball and performs a fixing function ( that is, ensures the maintenance of eye shape).
• Crystal. This is a small formation, located right behind the pupil and having the shape of a bicon-like lens. The substance of the lens is surrounded by a transparent capsule. At the edges to the lens capsule, special bundles are attached, which connect it with the ciliary body and the ciliary muscle. Crystal, like the cornea, is an important component of the refracting system of the eye.
• Eye chambers. Eyes chambers are small alcohol spaces located between the cornea and the iris ( front camera eye), iris and lens ( rear camera eye). The data space of the chambers is filled with a special fluid ( water moisture), which provides food intraocular structures.

In addition to the eyeball and intraocular structures, there are a number of auxiliary bodies of the eyes, playing an important role in its normal functioning ( these are glazing muscles, tear glands, eyelids and so on). In the development of myopia, the defeat of the ice muscles may be marked, so they will be described in more detail.

The eyes include the eye muscles:

• Outdoor straight muscle - Provides a lead ( turn) Eyes outward.
• Inner straight muscle - Provides a turn of the eye Knutrice.
• Lower straight muscle - Provides lowering eyes.
• Top straight muscle - Provides eye lift.
• Top oblique muscle - Raises and removes the eyes.
• Lower oblique muscle - lowers and removes the eyes.

As mentioned earlier, the main structures of the refractive system of the eye are lens and cornea. The cornea has a constant refracting force equal to about 40 diopters ( diopteria - a unit of measurement of the refractive force of the lens), While the refractive strength of the lens can vary from 19 to 33 diopters.

Under normal conditions, when passing through the cornea and crystal, light rays are refracted and collected in one point, which must be placed in the norm ( projected) Right on the retina. In this case, a person gets the most clear image of the observed item.

When a person looks into the distance, the refractive capacity of the lens is reduced, as a result of which the image of the far located object becomes clearer. This is due to the relaxation of the ciliary muscle, which leads to the tension of the lens and its capsules and the flattening of the lens itself.

When viewed by the close-built subject, the reverse process takes place. As a result of the reduction in the cereal muscle, the tension of the ligaments and the crystal capsule, it itself acquires a more convex form, and its refractive force increases, which allows you to focus the image on the retina.

The mechanism of the development of myopia is that due to the various anomalies of the structure of the eyeball or due to the functioning of the functioning of its refractive image system, the farms located are not focused directly on the retina, and in front of it, as a result of which they are perceived by a person as fuzzy, vague. Closely located objects of the person sees more or less normal.

Causes and forms of myopia

Myopia can develop due to the anatomical defects of the eyeball or the refractive system of the eye, as well as as a result of non-compliance with hygiene of view.

Types of myopia

The immediate cause of myopia can be the defeat of the eyeball and various components of the refractive system.

Depending on the affected structure, allocate:

• Axing ( axial) Myopia. Developed as a result of an excessively long front-length size of the eyeball. The refractive systems of the eye are not amazed.
• Lenticular myopia. Developed by increasing the refractive force of the lens, which may be observed in certain diseases ( for example, with diabetes) either when receiving some medicines ( hydralazine, chlortalidone, phenothiazine and other).
• Myopia with damage to the cornea. In this case, the cause of the development of the disease is too large curvature of the cornea, which is combined with an excessively pronounced refractive force.

Depending on the development mechanism, allocate:

• true myopia;
• false myopia.

True myopia

True myopia is called a number of pathological conditions, in which the organic lesion of the eyeball, cornea or lens occurs. True myopia can be congenital or acquired. Without timely elimination of the cause of the disease, true myopia can progress and lead to the development of complications.

False myopia ( accommodation spasm)

Accommodation is an eye adaptation that provides a clear vision of objects at various distances from humans. False myopia is a pathological condition that develops in children and young people as a result of overvoltage of the accommodation apparatus.

As mentioned earlier, during the viewing of closely arranged items, a decline in the eyelic muscles and an increase in the refractive forces of the lens will occur. If the cub muscle is in abbreviated state within a few hours, it can disrupt the metabolism and nervous regulation in it, resulting in its spasm ( that is, pronounced and long-term reduction). If a person at the same time tries to look at the distance, the spashed ciliac muscle will not relax, and the refractive force of the lens will not decrease, as a result of which the subject the subject it is not visible. This state is called accommodation spasm.

Contribute to the development of spasm accommodation can:

• long continuous reading;
• long work at the computer;
• long-lasting telecast;
• reading ( or work at the computer) with bad lighting;
• non-compliance with labor and recreation;
• defective sleep;
• incompute nutrition.

Since the accommodation spasm is temporary and is almost completely permitted after eliminating the cause of its occurrence, this state is called false myopia. No anatomical defects in the eyeball or in the refractive system of the eye at the same time are not observed, however, with a long-term exposure of the causal factor and often repetitive accementary spasms, true myopia can develop.

Depending on the cause of development, allocate:

• hereditary myopia;
• acquired myopia.

Healthy myopia

Numerous studies have been proven that myopia can be inherited, with various degrees of the disease inheritance in various mechanisms.

The human genetic apparatus consists of 23 pairs of chromosomes located in cell nuclei. Each chromosome has a huge number of different genes that can be active or inactive. It is the activation of certain genes that defines all the properties and functions of cells, tissues, organs and the whole organism as a whole.

During conception, the merging of male and female sex cells occurs, with the result that the forming embryo inherits 23 chromosomes from the mother and 23 chromosome from the Father. If there are defective genes in the resulting chromosomes, the likelihood that the child will inherit the existing mutation and it also will also develop a certain disease.

Myopia is weak and moderately inherited by autosomal dominant type. This means that if a child inherits at least 1 defective gene, it will develop this disease. The probability of inheritance of this gene depends on the one of the parents sick with myopia. If both parents are sick, the likelihood of the birth of a sick child will be from 75 to 100%. If only one of the parents is sick, the child will inherit defective genes with a probability of 50 to 100%.

Myopia is highly inherited by autosomal-recessive type. This means that if only one of the parents is sick, and the second is healthy and is not a carrier of a defective gene, the child will have healthy, but it may inherit 1 defective gene and will also become asymptomatic carrier of the disease. If both parents are sick, the likelihood of the birth of a sick child will be 100%. If both parents are asymptomatic carriers of a defective gene, the probability of the birth of a sick child will be 25%, and the likelihood of the birth of asymptomatic carrier is 50%.

Acquired myopia

About acquired myopia speak when at the moment of birth, the child has no signs of this disease, and the probability of the hereditary factor is excluded ( if parents, grandmothers and grandparents have no myopia, the likelihood of a genetic predisposition is extremely small). The cause of the development of the disease is the factors of an external environment that affect the organ of vision in the process of human life.

Contribute to the development of myopia can:

• Non-compliance with hygiene of view. As mentioned earlier, when reading, as well as when working at a computer or when watching TV at close range, accommodation voltage occurs ( that is, the clarity muscle is strained, which leads to an increase in the refractive capacity of the lens). If a person works in this position for a long time, certain changes begin to occur in the ciliac muscle ( it is hypertrophy, that is, it becomes thicker and strong). The process of hypertrophy of the ciliary muscle can take several years, but if this happens, the mechanism of its relaxation will be offended. When a person will look in the distance, the clarity muscle will not relax completely, and will remain in partially abbreviated state. As a result, the ligament of the lens capsule will remain relaxed, and the lens itself will not be constructed to the necessary degree, which will be the immediate cause of myopia.
• Adverse working conditions. Reading or working at a computer with poor lighting requires a more pronounced stress of accommodation, which over time can lead to the development of myopia.
• Avitaminosis. Lack of vitamins ( especially vitamin B2.) It may also contribute to the development of myopia. This is explained by the fact that Vitamin B2 ( riboflavin) Iron improves many of the functions of the eye, in particular, facilitates the processes of dark adaptation ( improving view in the dark) And eliminates eye fatigue during overwork. With the lack of this vitamin, there is also an excessive stress and overwork of the eye structures.
• Primary weakness accommodation. According to the data, the pathological state is denoted, in which the refractive force of the cornea and / or the lens is not expressed enough. The light rays passing through them are focused somewhat behind the retina, and the eyeball is stretched as a compensatory reaction in anterior-margin. If at a certain time, the disease that caused the weakness of the accommodation is eliminated, the rectified eyeball will cause myopia.
• Injuries. Eye injuries, accompanied by damage to the eyeball, cornea or lens can also cause the development of myopia.

Night myopia

This condition cannot be called pathological, as it meets in people with normal vision. The mechanism for the development of night myopia is due to the fact that in the dark there is an expansion of the pupil, as well as the reduction of the ciliac muscle and an increase in the refractive force of the lens, as a result of which the images of the observed objects ( located on a remote distance from the eye) Focus not directly on the retina, but somewhat in front of it. It is assumed that these adaptive reactions are aimed at improving vision in the dark, since, with the expansion of pupil to the retina, a larger number of photons are received, and the development of minor "myopia" causes a person to consider items at a closer distance.

Night myopia completely disappears during the daytime and with good lighting.

Myopia in children

All the above listed factors can lead to the development of myopia in a child. At the same time, there are a number of other pathological and physiological conditions that contribute to the development of myopia in childhood.

Depending on the mechanism of development of myopia in children allocate:

• congenital myopia;
• physiological myopia.

Congenital myopia

Congenital myopia can be observed in premature children who were born before the deadline ( normally, the child should be born no earlier than 37 weeks of intrauterine development). This is explained by the fact that embryo at the age of 3 - 4 months the shape and sizes of the eye differ from those in an adult. The rear department of the sclera is a bit protruded by the stop, as a result of which the front-facing size of the eyeball increases. Also, at this age, there is a more pronounced curvature of the cornea and lens, which increases their refractive force. All this leads to the fact that the light rays passing through the refractive system focusing before the retina, as a result of which the birth of the premature child will be marked by myopia.

A few months after birth, the shape of the eyeball of the child changes, and the refractive ability of the cornea and the lens decreases, as a result of which myopia disappears without any correction.

Physiological Myopia

Physiological myopia can develop in children aged 5 to 10 years, when there is a particularly intense growth of the eyeball. If its front-facing size becomes excessively large, passing through the cornea and crystal rays focusing before the retina, that is, myopia is developing.

As the child grows, the severity of myopia may increase. This process is usually ends by 18 years when the growth of the eyeball is stopped. At the same time, in some cases, the progression of physiological myopia is possible up to 25 years.

Symptoms and signs of myopia

The main complaint of patients with developing myopia is to reduce visual acuity. Other symptoms may be associated with the progression of the disease.

Reduction of visual acuity during myopia

The first thing begins to disturb patients with myopia is a fuzzy vision of far-sized items. With a slowly progressive disease, patients immediately notice this symptom, often writing off the reduction of visual acuity and fatigue. Over time, myopia progresses, as a result of which patients begin to see far-spaced items and worse. Working with objects at close range ( for example, reading) Does not cause any inconvenience with people with myopia.

Also, people with myopia are constantly pushing, trying to consider far from the objects. The mechanism of development of this symptom is explained by the fact that with a partial closure of the eye slit, the pupil is lightly overlap. As a result, the nature of the light rays passing through it is changing, which contributes to the improvement of visual acuity. Also, when the eyelid is covering, there is a slight compaction of the cornea of \u200b\u200bthe eye, which can help improve vision in myopia, combined with corneal astigmatism ( the disease in which the wrong curricular curve is marked).

Other signs of myopia

As the disease progresses, other symptoms associated with damage to the refractive eye system and visual impairment may appear.

Myopia can manifest itself:

• Head pains. The development of this symptom is associated with the overvoltage of the accommodation apparatus, with a violation of the blood supply to the ciliary muscle and other intraocular structures, as well as with a fuzzy image of far-sized objects, which affects the functioning of the entire central nervous system.
• Burning and pain in the eyes. There are shortly after starting work with objects at close range ( for example, when working at a computer). The development of these symptoms is also associated with the overwork of various intraocular structures and disruption of accommodation. It is worth noting that burning in the eyes can also point to the accommodation spasm.
• Tear. Enhanced tears can be marked with long-term work at the computer and when reading books, however, this symptom can also be found in healthy people ( in the latter case, it appears much later and disappears after a few minutes of rest.). In addition, in patients with myopia, tears can be celebrated in clear sunny days or with bright lighting. It is explained by the fact that in myopia more pronounced ( than normal) Expansion of pupil, which is associated with damage to the ciliary muscle. As a result, too much light goes into the eye, and the enhanced tear is a kind of protective reaction in response to this phenomenon.
• Increase the size of the eye slit. This symptom may be invisible at the myopia of a weak degree, but is usually expressed in severe progressive myopia. This is explained by an excessive increase in the eyeball, which is somewhat forward, lifting the eyelids.

Diagnosis of myopia

An ophthalmologist is engaged in the diagnosis and treatment of myopia. You can suspect myopia on the basis of the patient's complaints, however, to confirm the diagnosis, the determination of the severity of the disease and the appointment of the right treatment always requires additional research.

To diagnose myopia use:

• measurement of visual acuity;
• study of the Eye DNA;
• study of field fields;

• skiaskopy;
• refractometry;
• computer kerathotopography.

Measurement of visual acuity at myopia

As mentioned earlier, the first thing that suffers in myopia is the acuteness of vision, that is, the ability to clearly see objects at a certain distance from the eye. Objective research methods of this indicator allow you to determine the degrees of myopia and plan further diagnostic and therapeutic measures.

The procedure for studying visual acuity is simple and performed in minutes. A study is conducted in a well-lit room in which there is a special table. This table contains rows of letters or signs ( symbols). The largest letters are located in the upper row, and in each subsequent - smaller.

The essence of the study is as follows. The patient sits on a chair, which is located 5 meters from the table. The doctor gives the patient a special opaque damper and asks to cover one eye ( at the same time not closing it, not a shoy age), And the second eye look at the table. After that, the doctor indicates the letters of various sizes ( first on big, then smaller) And asks the patient to call them.

People with normal urgency are capable of ease ( do not squinting) Read the letters from the tenth ( from above) A number of table. In myopia, the patients see worse in the distance, as a result of which small details are worse ( including letters and symbols on the table). If, during the study, a person incorrectly calls any letter, the doctor returns to 1 row above and checks whether it sees the letters in it. The degree of myopia is determined depending on whether the patient can be read from which series. After determining the visual acuity on one eye, it should be covered with a damper and carry out the same studies with the second eye.

If during the study, the patient cannot read letters from the highest row, this indicates an extremely pronounced violation of vision. In this case, the doctor becomes 4 - 5 meters from the patient, shows it a certain amount of fingers on his hand and ask for them to count them. If the patient cannot do this, the doctor slowly comes to it ( holding a hand in the same position), while the patient must call the number of fingers immediately as soon as they can count them. If he can't do this, even when the doctor's hand is located right in front of his eye, it means that it is practically blind on this eye ( such a state arises in the far events, with the development of complications of untreated myopia). The last stage of diagnostics in this case will be checking lights ( the doctor periodically shines the lantern into the eyes of the patient and asks to say when he sees the light). If the patient cannot determine the moment of turning on the light, it means that it is completely blinded on the eye studied.

Degrees of myopia

Determining the degree of myopia is carried out immediately after determining visual acuity. For this, there are special glasses with removable lenses to the patient. In the frame in front of one eye, the doctor inserts an opaque plate, and in front of another eye begins to install scattering lenses alternately. These lenses dispel the rays passing through them, as a result of which the general refractive ability of the refractive system ( that is, lenses, cornea and lens) decreases, and the focus of the image is shifted back.

As the lenses replaced, the doctor asks the patient to read letters from various ranks of the table until it can clearly define the letters ( symbols) From 10 rows. The degree of myopia in this case will be equal to the strength of the lenses that required for vision correction.

Depending on the severity of myopia, it is distinguished:

• Weak degree of myopia - Up to 3 diopters.
• Middle degree of myopia - from 3 to 6 diopters.
• High degree of myopia - More than 6 diopters.

Study of the Eye DNA in myopia

With the progression of myopia, there is almost an increase in the front-length size of the eyeball. Outdoor eye sheath ( sclera) It is stretched relatively easily, while the retina ( consisting of photosensitive nerve cells) is able to carry tension only to certain limits ( which are usually extremely small). That is why atrophic changes in the area of \u200b\u200bthe optic nerve disk are often observed during myopia. driving nerve disk is a plot on the back wall of the eyeball, in which nerve fibers are harvested, transmitting nerve impulses from photosensitive nerve cells to the brain.).

I can identify these changes using the eye study research ( ophthalmoscopy). The essence of the study is as follows. The doctor puts on his head a special mirror with a hole inside and sits in front of the patient. After that, it sets the magnifying glass in front of the patient's eye and directs the rays of light reflected from the mirror directly in the pupil of the examined eye. As a result, the doctor can study the rear ( internal) The wall of the eyeball, to estimate the condition of the optic nerve and reveal the so-called myopic cone - the sick-shaped section of the affected retina, located around the disk of the optic nerve.

Before studying the study, the patient usually bury several drops of preparations that expand the pupil ( for example, Atropine). The need for this procedure is due to the fact that when conducting a survey, the doctor directs the patient the rays of light into the eye, which normally leads to a reflex narrowing of the pupil, through which the doctor will not be able to consider anything. Based on this, it follows that the conduct of ophthalmoscopy is contraindicated, if the patient cannot be prescribed said drugs ( for example, when glaucoma - disease characterized by a persistent increase in intraocular pressure).

Study of vision fields in myopia

With the progression of myopia, not only visual acuity suffers, but also peripheral vision. It is manifested by the narrowing of the fields of view, which can be detected during special studies. The mechanism for the development of this symptom is to damage the retina, which is observed with an excessive stretching of the eyeball.

It is possible to explore field fields using approximate ( subjective) or an objective method. With a subjective research method, the doctor and the patient are sitting opposite each other in such a way that the patient's right eye looks into the left eye of the doctor, while their eyes should be 1 meter away from each other. The doctor asks the patient to look right in front of him and does the same. Then it sets the side of the head a special white label, which he first sees neither he nor the patient. After that, the doctor begins to move the label from the periphery to the center ( to a point, located between his eye and the eye of the patient). In this case, the patient himself must file a doctor immediately as soon as the mark moves. If the doctor notices the label simultaneously with the patient, then the field of view in the latter normal ( provided that they are normal at the doctor himself).

In the course of the study, the doctor sets the label to the right, on the left, on top and from the bottom from the eye, checking the boundaries of the fields from all sides.

With an objective research method, the patient sits opposite the special apparatus, which is a large semichere. He puts on a special stand in the center of the hemisphere on a special stand in the center of the hemisphere, after which it fixes the vision at the point, located right in front of his eyes. The doctor then begins to move a special label from the periphery of the sphere to its center, and the patient must file him a sign as soon as he sees it. The main advantage of this method is its independence from the state of vision of the doctor. Moreover, on the reverse ( convex) The side of the hemisphere has special ruins with gradation, for which the doctor immediately determines the boundaries of fields in various planes.

The study itself is absolutely safe and does not take more than 5 - 7 minutes. To perform research, no special training is required, and the patient can go home immediately after the end of the procedure.

Skiascopia at myopia

This is a simple research method that allows you to diagnose myopia and determine its degree. At skioscopy, the functions of all refractive structures of the eye are investigated ( crustal and cornea) At the same time. The essence of the method is as follows. The doctor sits on a chair in front of the patient and sets 1 meter from the light source under study ( this is usually a mirror with a hole in the center, which reflects the light from the lamp on the side of the patient). The light rays reflected from the mirror pass through the cornea and lens, fall on the retina of the eyes under study and are reflected from it, as a result of which the doctor sees a round spot of red through the pupil ( red color due to blood vessels located on the bottom of the eyeball).

If after that the doctor will start moving the mirror up or down, the form of the reflecting spot will begin to change, and the nature of the change will depend on the state of the refractive eye system. For example, if a person has myopia in 1 diopter, reflected from the retina rays will be collected ( focus) At a distance of exactly 1 meter from the eye. In this case, as soon as the doctor moves the mirror aside, the red spot will immediately disappear.

If a patient has a myopia in more than 1 diopter, while the doctor will see a shadow during the movement of the mirror, which will move to the side opposite to the movement of the light source. In this case, the doctor sets a special skiascopic ruler between the mirror and eye of the patient, in which there are many scattering lenses of various power. Then he begins to change the lenses until the mirror is moving the red spot will not begin to disappear instantly ( without the formation of a moving shadow). The degree of myopia is determined depending on the strength of the scattering lens required to achieve this effect.

Other research methods at myopia

After identifying myopia and determine its degree, it is recommended to investigate the components of the refracting eye system, which in some cases allows you to establish the true cause of the disease.

To identify the cause of myopia, the doctor may assign:

• Ophthalmometry. This study allows you to evaluate the refractive force of the cornea. During the study, special test brands are projected on the patient's cornea, the character of which will depend on its refractive force.
• Refractometry. The principle of this study is similar to those with ophthalmometry, but in this case the test images are not projected on the cornea, but on the retina, which allows you to simultaneously explore both refractive structures of the eye ( corneal and Crystalik). Refractometry can be carried out manually ( using special devices) or automatically. In the latter case, all measurements and calculations make a special computer, after which the monitor displays all the information you who are interested in.
• Computer kerathotopography. The essence of the method is to study the shape and refractive force of the cornea with the help of modern computer technologies.

Before use, you must consult with a specialist.

The deterioration of vision is the consequence of poor ecology, an improper lifestyle and rapid technical progress. Mixed myopia is one of the most common diagnoses. Most often, the disease is diagnosed in childhood or youth. Older people rarely suffer from myopia. Myopia is synonymous with this ophthalmologic disorder. If you do not turn to the oculist on time, the disease will progress. The acuity of sight is increased by wearing points or contact lenses. It is possible to get rid of myopia forever with the help of an operation.

What is the myopia of moderate?

Eyes are a tool of the visual system. A special center in the brain is responsible for the perception of the image. A person with good vision rays of light are projected onto the retina center, refracted and transmit a picture into the brain. Under myopia, the eyeball is extended. The rays of light do not reach the retina and focus before it.

A person with myopia of the second degree sees well close, and the items in the distance spread and seem fuzzy.

Eye muscles are strained and stretched. This leads to a deterioration of the state.

The second degree of myopia is characterized by the presence of such symptoms as:

• reduction of visual acuity;
• blur of objects located away;
• frequent migraines;
• seeking an eye to obtain a clarity of the image;
• increased tear;
• pain in eyes and between eyebrows.

To increase visual sharpness, it is important to understand what myopia is and why it appears. Myopia is a violation of refraction. Deals occur due to improper refraction of light rays. The visual muscles are in constant voltage. The eye is lengthened by 1-3 mm, turning from the sphere in the oval. To improve vision, ophthalmic gymnastics is prescribed. Exercises are aimed at relaxing and restoring the functionality of the muscular eye apparatus.

Myopia 2 degrees is a refractive deviation within the framework of -3.25 to -6 diopter. With such a violation, a person is poorly focused in space. He cannot distinguish the number of transport, does not see the letters at the distance of an elongated hand, will not recognize familiar people on the street. Myopia is 2 degrees must be corrected by points or contact lenses. Otherwise, the quality of life will worsen.

Hypertonus eye muscles provokes damage to vessels and capillaries.

Frequent hemorrhages are noted. The state of the eye bottom is worsening. In the absence of therapy, complications arise. The retinal detachment is a dangerous consequence of the launched form of myopia. Distrophic changes lead to blindness. So that this does not happen, it is important to start the treatment of myopia to moderate in time. Therapy and correction are selected with the age and individual physiological factors. The task of the eyepiece is to strengthen the vessels of the eye and write down the glasses or contact lenses.

Medication methods of therapy

Mostic people feel dry and itching in the eyes. This is due to the constant voltage and frequent friction of the age of fingers. Redness appears on the mucous membrane. Eyes begin to root. To relax visual organs, the oculist writes to the patient drops. Medical treatment does not dispose of pathology, but only eliminates physical discomfort. However, this is also important.

Myopia of 2 degrees is facilitated with the help of such drugs like:

1. ICF. Drops output excess liquid and expand pupils, contributing to eye muscles relaxing. The medicine narrows the vessels and strengthens the retina. Eye bottom gets all the necessary substances.
2. Upgal. The drug is intended for cleansing lens and removal of voltage. Potassium is the main component of the drop, it feeds the eye structures at the cellular level. Regular use of the drug contributes to the purification of vessels and capillaries.
3. Taufon. Sulfur-based droplets and amino acids improve metabolic processes and promote rapid tissue regeneration. The drug is effective on 1 and 2 stages of myopic disorder.
4. Vita Yodurol. These are universal eye drops. They are rich in minerals and trace elements. Children are prescribed with caution.
5. Emoxipin. The drug protects the cornea and strengthens the retina. It contains a complex of antioxidants and is assigned to improve the vascular system of organs of vision.

If myopia progresses, the doctor discharges vitamin drops. The following drugs have efficacy:

• Quenax;
• Vyysiomax;
• Riboflavin;
• Aquadeurim;
• Okobit;
• Focus V.

If you need to remove inflammation or explore the eye bottom, the doctor discharges tropics. For 6 years, the medicine is dropped in the presence of an ophthalmologist, since the active substance has a strong effect on the nervous system. It is important to correctly calculate the dosage to avoid negative consequences.

Drops are an additional method of therapy.

The main treatment is to use the correction and performing exercises for the eyes. You can treat myopia drops only with the permission of the eyepiece. Incorrect selection and dosage of medication can adversely affect the functioning of visual organs.

Optical Correction of Middle Degree Myopia

You can increase visual acuity with glasses or contact lenses. This is an optical correction. This method is completely safe and suitable for people of all ages. The use of therapeutic accessories will not save from pathology, but only improve the clarity of the visible picture. This will have a positive effect on the work of the eye muscles, since during the use of the correction they will relax.

Myopia of the average degree of both eyes is corrected by glasses with scattering lenses having minus indicators. Glass thickness depends on the number of diopters. The launcher of the pathology, the thicker the lenses in the glasses. Glasses, corrective myopia, visually reduce eyes. Points are written out by an ophthalmologist for constant wearing. A man puts on them in the morning and shoots immediately before bedtime.

People with 2 degree of illness it is more convenient to use contact lenses. Therapeutic accessories are made of hypoallergenic material, so we can wear them comfortably. The lenses for the correction of myopia also have minus indicators and are dissipating. People with a hype-sensitive mucous membrane of the eyes are recommended to wear glasses.

Contact lenses can provoke the development of conjunctivitis.

The method of correction picks only an ophthalmologist. The doctor conducts examination of the patient, diagnoses the degree of deviation and discharges a recipe for glasses or contact lenses. You can not choose a correction accessory yourself. With recipe for glasses, the patient goes to optics. Contact lenses can be purchased in an ordinary pharmacy.

Laser correction and ophthalmosurgery

Myopia 2 degrees can be fully cured with a laser. The procedure is modern, safe and efficient. It allows you to return to the patient 100% visibility. Laser correction has age limits, it is carried out by people from 18 to 40 years. This is explained by the fact that before the adulthood, visual bodies are still formed. After 40 years, the laser correction of myopia can give the opposite effect, while the myopia will go into the long-haziness.

The essence of the procedure is to change the shape of the cornea. The top layer is cut into the laser, the similarity of the minus lenses is formed. A flat cornea scatters light rays better, the image is projected clearly on the retina. There are several types of laser correction. The most expensive method is characterized by the ability to adapt to the individual physiological features of the patient. This is necessary in the case of serious congenital pathologies. With ordinary myopia, the standard laser correction procedure is suitable.

Middle degree progressive myopia is a dangerous pathology, which is recommended to correct with the help of ophthalmosurgery. This method is applied in cases where the degree of violation exceeds -20 diopter. The operation is complex and requires a long rehabilitation period.

Natural lens is replaced by artificial.

Sometimes a corneal layer is transplant. Iol or a faky lens are implanted into the eye. Ophthalmosurgery is a good alternative to laser correction. The cost of such an operation depends on the stage of the disease, the popularity of the clinic and the reputation of the attending physician.

Prevention of the disease

In myopia, a weak degree is to properly dispense visual loads and generalifying activities:

• do not hold before the monitor or TV screen more than 45 minutes in a row, take breaks for at least 5 minutes for adults and 15 - for children and adolescents;
• pay time regular gym for eyes;
• organize sufficient lighting in the workplace;
• eliminate reading in bed and in transport;
• observe the day mode, more often walking out in the fresh air.

Video: Prevention of myopia

Contraindications for weak myopia

Weak myopia of one or both eyes imposes small restrictions on the lifestyle, to neglect which it is not worth not to exacerbate the course and not provoke an increase in the degree of myopia. Patients are contraindicated:

• severe physical work or work that requires constant long-term voltage;
• travesty sports, professional bodybuilding and pauellifting;
• children need to monitor the level of stress and the duration of continuous lessons with high visual load.

Myopia is a weak degree to both optical correction and complete curing with modern methods. At the first signs of impairment of vision in the child or an adult, it is necessary to immediately consult a doctor for the diagnosis and appointment of relevant therapy.