Submail: The story of this phenomenon in Russia. Who canceled the pillow in Russia? Reducing redemption payments

Taxes in Russia

In order to figure out what a pitchfork is to apply, you need to make a guarantee in the history of taxation in Russia. No state can exist without taxes. Therefore, in Russia since the formation of the early refortion state, the prince collected a tribute from the subjectal territories first, and then vozoom. At the same time, the tribute was going with smoke, that is, from every home, as a business unit. The residents remained the main to the Mongol-Tatar yoke, when the backers conducted a census of the population and every resident of the male fest in the tribute. In addition, direct tax existed a large number of indirect. The formation of a single centralized state led to the establishment and a holistic tax system, the unit of taxation was land. Under Ivan, Grozny, the reform of a large soy has set the sizes of grants depending on the owner and the number of land. Fyodor Alekseevich, the consolidated brother of Peter the Great, returned to the residential taxation.

The introduction of sealing from each man (pillow) was the consequence of the financial crisis in the country under Petr I, in the conditions of active foreign policy that required large investments. The North War, which lasted 21 years, created modern Russia. Army, fleet, European education, St. Petersburg and many other achievements of the Petrovsk epoch would be impossible without huge funds invested by the state. Initially, the sovereign used the traditional tax system of the landing case, but there was not enough money. Profitors were attracted, which came up with numerous indirect taxes, ranging from stamp printing and ending with beards. But it did not solve the problem. Then the pillow was proposed to file, that is, the tax personal, from every man. It is worth noting that the spent census did not establish the exact number of the male population of the peasantry, the numbers ranged from 5 to 6 million. The submachine has spread to all ages of the male population, regardless of the working capacity. The amount of tax was formed depending on the needs of the state for the maintenance of the army and other expenses.

The total required amount was divided into the number of population, the amount of tax was obtained. This innovation put the peasantry on the face of survival. Soon this type of tax was distributed to the urban population, and even for merchants.

Cancellation Podachi

It was so that over time, the pillow to file stopped climbing from merchants, then with the meshman, and only the peasants continued to pull it. Together with the question of the abolition of serfdom, the problem of cancellation of the pillow, as discriminatory in relation to the peasantry, arose. Alexander Liberator created committees to consider this issue, but did not have time to decide. Already his son and heir, Alexander III in 1885-1887 replaced the treatment of taxation with various indirect taxes.

RESULTS

So, the pillow to file is a tax charged from each person, regardless of its income or property. In Russia, introduced in 1724. In its pure form, there was long. Already starting with Catherine Great, each peasant community received the amount of tax on the whole world, and the society itself determined who and how much should pay, taking into account the state of the economy, the size of the land, and so on. It saved from an unfair equalization in the taxation of large families and the poor with wealthy, land. For a long time, this tax showed the unequal position of the peasantry in relation to other estates. Canceled by Alexander III.

This small document was completed by a whole era of Pocheat in Russia, introduced by Peter I. According to the highest approved Oblast State Council, from January 1, 1887, the first to submit for all payers of the Russian Empire, except Siberia. For the main territory of Siberia (Tomsk, Tobolskaya, Yenisei and Irkutsk provinces), the pillow was canceled by S.Yu. Witte from January 1, 1899 by law on January 19, 1898, however, the law did not apply to the Altai District of the Tomsk province, the Amur Governor-General, the Yakutsk region, the Kirensky district of the Irkutsk province, the Turukhan region of the Yeniseis province, the Narym region of the Tomsk province, Berezovsky and Surgutsky County Tobolsk province.

The introduction of Podrode I, Podrter I, was caused by the increase in the number of regular army and the need for sources for its content. In 1718, a folk census was held to decompose the amount of male shower the amount required for providing the army. Initially, it was ordered to write in the pillow of peasants, beasmen, business and tailoring people, and one-bedrooms. In 1720, courtyard people and churchmen were recorded in the pillow. According to the results of the census, it turned out to be a little more than 5 million sides, which determined the Suma of Podachi from the soul in 74 kopecks. In 1722, the pillow to file was distributed and on landing people in the amount of 1 rub. 20 cop From the soul. But charging underthath began only since 1724.
The pillow to file was estimated, and not a total tax. Already under Peter I, nobles and representatives of the highest clergy were not introduced into the audit fairy tales. In 1775, the merchants were released from the pillow, for which the guild duties were established. In 1863, the cushion was stopped to pay the burghers: instead, real estate tax was introduced in cities, pans and towns. But at the Meshchean Siberia, this measure was distributed only in 1873. After paying, all the estates, except the peasants, this file was released exclusively in the peasant tax.
Increased pillow of grade from the end of the 18th century. It was associated with the cost of the device and the content of land and waterways of the message. The next round of increasing pillow of Podati began from 1861. And the increase was occurring taking into account regional peculiarities. After 1867, before the cancellation itself no longer occurred by the pillow.
Under Peter I, the pinks collected colonels and the commissioners of the quarters in the regions of the regiments, Catherine I instructed this case to governors and warlords, and Anna John was transferred to Podachi again. Finally, with Catherine II, the collection of puffers was entrusted to landowners, their custoders and the elder. With the establishment in 1775 of the government chambers, it was the last to be entrusted to lead the distribution and collection of puffers. The pillow was charged under the audition souls, the number of which from revision remained unchanged: the died in the interval between revisions were not excluded from the salary, and the born were not introduced into them. All the peasant society has responsible for entering the pillow. In turn, the distribution of the pillow of Podati between the individual payers was made by the peasant societies themselves, taking into account the size of the station, the number of souls in the family, etc.
The more gap a gap between farms in the capitalist conditions, the less acceptable for the state was becoming a pillowing, this gap did not take into account. Due to the existence of the pillow, the Podachi existed a circular order, because otherwise it was impossible to provide a file imposed on individuals. In turn, the circular lodge attracted both the restriction of freedom of movement of the peasantry and the actual restriction of peasants in the right choice of classes. Therefore, from the beginning of the 1860s. The question of canceling the pillow of Podachi rose repeatedly together with the preparation of the abolition of serfdom. I received great importance to this question since 1870, when it was first put before the departments, they were discussed and one way or another was allowed, but did not receive any further movement in government spheres.
Finally, in 1879, a commission was formed to discuss the prescribed cancellation of the pillow, and to recover other sources of income for its replacement. The Commission, which consisted of officials from various departments and invited experts, was a project about three types of replacement of puffers: income tax by 35 million rubles. from income from commercial and industrial capital, crafts and personal labor; personal tax by 16 million rubles. with persons working age; manor tax on 18 million rubles. With the estates of all without the difference of classes.
First of all, the authorities tried to weaken social tensions in the village. In 1881, redeemed payments were lowered, because with the peasants liberated from the fortress dependence, more than paid for the obligations of the redemption operation. With the help of a peasant march established in 1882, who provided the peasants to assist in the acquisition of former landlords, the government tried to solve the problem of the peasant small ground. Thanks to the support of this bank, the peasants acquired in 1883-1900. 5 million tenthends of land.
When the head of the Ministry of Finance became a bungla, he decided in 1882 to finally take on the permission of this issue. In May 1882, the highest Decree of Alexander III, who was ordered to cancel: the first collapse in favor of the treasury with the meshman; Pillow with assigned to mossets of landless peasants and yard people; The pitchfather from the peasants who received from the landowner put on the basis of Article 123 of the General Regulation and Article 116 of the Malorosiysk Local Regulations. Also Minister Finance N.Kh. The Bunge was ordered to develop considerations about the gradual (for 8 years, starting from January 1, 1883) the abolition of the custody of the Populi from the remaining discharges of the population.
The coronation manifesto of May 15, 1883 was forgiven all arrears on the pillow. In the same month, landless, factory and factory peasants were liberated from the pillow. For the former landfill peasants (in some localities and for other payers), the pillow was reduced by half. Finally, on May 28, 1885, the emperor was approved by the opinion of the State Council on the termination of the charge charges from January 1, 1886: from all the peasants, on which the provisions were approved on February 19, 1861 and June 21, 1863; from the Baltic peasants, with the exception of the settlers in the state land; From the Malorossiysk Cossacks and other discharges of the population, consisting of both special and common salaries, with the exception of paying rural files. And from January 1, L887 was ordinous to cancel the charge of the pillow of the Podachi from all the discharges of the population of the Empire, except Siberia.
Bungja tried to meet the folk needs even when it was associated with some treasury victims. When canceling the pillow, he had to meet with great difficulties on the issue of budget equilibrium, in which the pillower filed about 40 million rubles annually. It was assumed to partially compensate this to an increase in the tax on alcohol and rural files from state peasants, from the increase of which the government in 1886 abandoned 20 years. The compromise was found in the translation of state peasants from the lifestyle on a mandatory ransom, the entrance of which their grade for the land was raised by an average of 45%. That is, the translation of state peasants for the ransom turned out to be any other as an increase in the lifestyle. However, this reform was carried out with some installment: from January 1, 1883 and from January 1, 1884, the pillower was folded from the most reapered peasants, and from the peasants of the rest of the locations - from January 1, 1886
In addition to alcohol tax, taxes on sugar and tobacco were increased, the coat of arms was increased and the customs rates for many importations were introduced, the tax on the gold mining industry was introduced. Also increased real estate tax in the cities and tax tax, the collection was introduced from cash capital and the tax on donation and inheritance, taxes on foreign passports were increased, and the like.
The establishment of the Institute of Applied Inspectors, which was entrusted with both the recovery of the supply and solvency of the population for the further settlement of the supply system were also included. Prior to this, the filing was charged with the use of hard forms of penalties, up to the sale of property necessary in the peasant life and even the bread to the root.
As a result, the transformations of the main peasant tax in the state budget became the state capital collection, which began to more pronounce the personal principle. The binding to put on, only government lands were subjected to a rural collection. In this case, the main criterion for determining the salary of the tax was the cost or yield of land. But auxiliary features were taken into account, allowing to evaluate the economic consistency of this village: the sum of the arrears of the arrears, the number of residents, etc. Although the reformed peasant discharge remained far from the full embodiment of the income principle, the most obvious anachronism in the tax system was eliminated.

Highest approved Opinion of the State Council (Coll. Uzak. 1885 June 14, Art. 551a) - On the cancellation of the pillow and transforming
The State Council, in the United States Economy and Law Departments and the General Meeting, considered the presentation of the Minister of Finance on the cancellation of the pillowder and the transformation of the Domestic Services, put the opinion:
1. Stop challenge the pillow by Pasha from January 1, 1886:
a) from all peasants, the former landlords, specific and others, on which the provision of the situation is approved on February 19, 1861 and June 26, 1863 (36657, 39792);
b) from the peasants of the Baltic provinces consisting on the special position of the peasants, with the exception of water-made on stateless lands and
c) from the Malorossiysk Cossacks and other sedients, consisting of both special and common salaries, with the exception of paying rural files.
2. From January 1, 1887, cancel the pillow to file finally for all payers in the empire, with the exception of Siberia.
3. From the same January 1, 1887, in view of the end of the term for which the permanent size of the Occasal Podachi with state peasants was appointed [High. uk. November 24, 1866 (43888)], to transform this grade on the grounds necessary for its final redemption in the 44th-year term.
4. Provide the Minister of Finance to proceed immediately to the preparatory actions and drawing up assumptions: a) on the transformation of the rural and state peasants, so that the total amount of having to replace its redemption payments exceeds no more than 45 percent, the current total amount of this provision, And that the distribution of the mentioned payments between the villages was, if possible, commensurate with the value and the profitability of incidents consisting of their disposal, and b) about the changes that should be made in legal entities based on the population on the Audivis Souls, on the order of responsibility to pay in The execution of the groin fees and about the passport system. The assumptions on the subjects mentioned, for relations with the subjectibles, to be submitted for consideration, established by the procedure, with such a time calculation so that their acts could follow from January 1, 1887.
Resolution. His imperial majesty has redeeced the opinion in the general meeting of the State Council, on the cancellation of the pillowder and the transformation of the dealerships, the highest to approve deign and commanded.

Barabanov O.N. Reforms and counter-reforms in Russia of the XIX-XX centuries: International Round Table Association of East graduates. Fact Moscow State University // Bulletin Mosk. un-ta. Series 8. History. 1995. № 5. P. 64-65.

Balkhanov A.N. Emperor Alexander III. M., 1998.

Korelin A.P. S.Yu. Witte and fiscal reforms in Russia of the late XIX - early twentieth century // Patriotic history. 1999. No. 3. P. 42-64

Russian reformers, XIX - early XX centuries. / Ed. A.P. Korean. M., 1995.

Stepanov V.L. N.Kh. Bunge: The fate of the reformer. M., 1998.

What region of the Russian Empire did not extend the cancellation of the Capital from January 1, 1887?

When was the pillow to apply and how was it calculated?

Who is the Cancellation of the Cupid Podachi?

What are the consequences of cancellation of the pillow?

ONLY POEATING POSATURE.

Come on January 1, 1887, the European Rossii should cease to stop the submission on the basis of the Pushkinago. Powder to file - one of the sad heads of the XVIII century, the era of temporary and favorites, one of the distorted ideas of Peter I close to his successors. Converted by transformed by Armia, long, difficult to war, Peter I mercilessly pressed the people of "Walking" and "Nѣtchikov", - in any car, who evaded the responsibilities of a citizen; But at the same time, it was striving to distribute public gravity perhaps equally, imposing on whom the service for whom the payments, prescribing "between the great and lower, screamed and rich in the pretexts. , for if you are learn, then drunk - ivogiy yards and pies, and state revenues with time Sun ѣ diminish And the bubble cry attracts Groang on all state". Again the foundation of the economy of the economy, obviously, it was obviously not to introduce a submachine code in the modern meaning. The first census (1718--1723) was produced" for V's "," for the Izstіya "about cash payments, and I was assumed to attract exactly the person, free from the sovereign service, "arranged arable landing and trading"; "There is no sign of the Svan and officials, I am only a monetary and chloride of the Dacha", ugly and other property and insolvent " Locked "... The most" location "again was supposed to be given" ZѣLO KRѣPKO, according to the state of nature and the circumstances of the provinces, according to the center of the field plaid and on others the need for resonance. "The census failed; to file the same, introduced in 1724 And the garrison regiments, "temporarily", "appreciated" sighted on the souls (the shelves were distributed in the provinces, according to accounting, which is required on the content of the Soldier I am 32 1/2 submitted Souls, and on the content of Connago - 51 1/4 substantive Soul.), I received a character, a little compliant in the sovereign. While there was a provisionarca of the audi (until 1726), he died ... And it began to be distorted by his ideas; I quickly began to watery "Tot Antipetrovskiy order, which the deceased Vasilchikov was characterized by the words:" The liberty of the nobility and captain of the peasant ". Only recently, ITORI wishes Peter's slander's memory, which attributed him to the introduction of Podtachny Podachi, and" People's Gloor "so Literature ѣ. To submit this, obvious and losing special purpose, gradually ranked in a row of our direct taxes. 1727, 1810, 1832, 1859) tried to eliminate them, but until 1882, attempts to him remainlessly unlikely: he was hardly able to temporarily reduce the pillow payments, but it raised them again, yielding needs. and in the features of the Soclamonary Social Railway system and the lack of civilian feeling in Lassey, creating a preferred value. Even by the post of 1861, from Kotoro, modern Russian life leads his Lѣtosisseri, the first salary increased by himself. 25 kopecks, 1167 - another 50 k. The approach of this increase is a submail to submit to the differences, "looking to the degree of well-being inhabited" was from 1 r. 15 k. Up to 2 r. 61 K. (Government, taking in 1859. It was trying in 1859. Delica, increasing it in 1863 and 1867, to weaken, on the extreme MѣRѣ, Nѣkotying the inconvenience of the Emi various salaries on the lowestness, recently reach although it is nѣkotora to meet the pillow property Captain of the payer.). Called Pores, charged on the same pillow system ѣ Fees: State, Zemskiy (1175 s) (in an average of 50 to 91 k.)) And the public sector of the peasant (CEN 1876 . (In the middle range. 34 1/4 k. Soul; from 14 to 40 k.)). Between Tѣh at the same time, completely in parallel with the regime of the pitchpiece, there was continuous work about the deputy chosen, either Bolѣe fair and reasonable. It was, the 10th of Iyuna 1859, the commission was established by the Commission "for an existence of funds in strengthening state income through the improved system of submission and fees through the introduction of new taxes, and chief task Commission recognized: " the destroyed of the suggestion and rationa of the pillow of the custody of the seal and downtime, lying on the peasants, to ram, compliant payment of them forces"Commission This provocation is a loud illegality of the Podvivіm" Submitted ". Arguments, and now sometimes the factually cited in favor of our pillow, desectively, to the bottom are exhausted by specifying on the convenience of calculation of the people and the habit of the people, dignity, by no means covering the disabilities. . The Costae, who serves the main thing to be destroyed by Dulenіyia Soskovia on "Outstablishing" and "Disqualled", who is not possible, the uneven, calculated without the relationship in terms of the soul, and the "Audivskaya", The 10th census contributed (1859), i.e., the soul in the present time is completely fictitious, - this is to submit this, in addition, it is a free movement of the payer, almost clouding him to Ky Mѣsta; Word: Connect Consisions, recognized as an experienced and Nauchno inconsistent reasonable tax. Twenty-two years have existed a submitted commission; it is impossible to deny the merits of EN on clarifying Their Questions ("Proceedings" of Heria is, it seems, 27 Tomov, in 60 books), but to perform the "main task", although partly -conduct the pitchfork grade - it did not happen ... In Tsѣlom " the main task" waiting for completing and up. Tѣm is not me, the relevance of this commission is in many ways instructive, and to remember the features of Her Eastor and useful. She started his relevance of the Sovp, on the time, on the eve of the all-length coup 1861, rightly realizing that "the Most of the Most of the Payer - Peasants would not be able to be a tѣh, can't be a civago transformed supply system"; Conscious that the upcoming reorganization of the peasant of life is captured by the Sphere of Russian life to the very depths, entailing the rod of the other reform; That every work directed to the device of the future relationship should first of all understand Section a picture of the newly emerging life. And no one could submit this picture in 1859. The government, imbued with the need released, started up by the dual without a comprehensive-thoughtful program, not to stop at any coherent system of reform, which even without giving a preliminary cashanag report: In any spheres, it is inevitable to be transformed by VSOD for rally karѣvostnago law? A milder foundation was still challenged, showedly, "Boreni was hard," and the banner did not even lean the banner in the direction of opponents of Nadulenіya peasant earth. When the principle of Nadlov was enthusiastic, the opponents of the peasant landlands, hiding behind the most liberal arguments, led the struggle against the obligations of the ransom and completeness of Nadlov, they were troubled about the preservation of the ledels of Lѣsov and the pasture. On the right of redemption of Nadlov's reward members, about the redemption of payments, etc. I was still certainly confessed, I would definitely post the Falnѣyshіya transformed: that it will be for the peasants with state, pleased; How are administrative and economic bodies deposit the authorities abolished by the Power? ... Up to half the 60s, the commission remained only to occupy the expectant ... But there was enough to be enough for this deadlines. It turned out to be particularly well-performance for the completion of the "main task", but ... The Ministry of Finance of the Time Sovsѣm did not sympathize with the revived Rossіi and looked at the other side ... Soon after "February 19," I was in a car of one of the foreign expensive dear, which By enthusiastic "Emancipatsiy" Russian peasants, exclausal: "Ous N" Avez Plus Qu "à Ajouter Unbeu Réseau de Chemins de Fer, Un Crédit Bien Organisé Pour Lancer La Grande Industrie, et, Avec Vos Richeses inouies (then in these" richesesses "Still). .. QUEL AVENIR! "Someone somebody by the Minister of Finance in Rossіi, he would have accepted him, without thinking, with a sincere UBѣZhенMEM, which is worth only to adapt to this unprepared to him, completely peculiar Rossiya is instituted by Napoleonic Centralized French, and it is incomprehensible! .. I stumbled upon my experiments of the acclimatization on communal, Zemski order, on the peculiarities of the Nationality of the farm, on the advantage of the Nationalist, contrary to all the steps of the State Centralizer, who retooded the loan to the village of Ukraine, the Cossack Circle, the loan of the free land, is commonplace, - he would have nothing In these orders did not understand and waved his hand, how to yunced, who did not deserve seriously attentively, how on roughness, which should be rushing, and not to disappear, pull out in imported millstones. It happened if the Ministry did not use the Ministry of Finance 60-- 70-h-annules helpful owls of this alien? Absorbated by concerns about Privitіi Koh Yarovoy and the bank fever, guided by part of the bourgeois ideals, part of the sympathy of Kobatsky-Batrackovskaya rank of Baltіiskago Territory, it was not aware that the prevailing in Rossii interest was and for a long time - the device of the peasant, that the to the Effort of this should be sent to this. . Also, it was alien to the communion of the Zemskiy, which was alienated by the Razkago, even directly in hostility to Nizhyania: Thanks to him, he was irreviving, already on November 21, 1866, trade and industry seized from Zemscago. It was supposed to serve as a submitted commission by the leadership in Egyse k Obesteyya In the same time, the Commission, not yet a counterpart of his duality with his task, showed a single out of the question of the question of the question obtaining land for private owners: "Relatively attracted to Parisia in charges to the state needs of the ledge of land, it is impossible not to be deployed that, the provisional of the Supplement is imposed, the Zemskіyia is introduced, which ... most of the Zemskie expenses covered the fee with all the land. . In such a way, the general governorskago is already introduced in sight of Zemcago Gubernskago and the Valido collection ... Therefore, and taking a real transitional transitional state in mind, the need for the need to be widthed by a voltage labor, it is impossible not to impose these named There would be inconvenient to the alleged transformance in the persistent system. For the peasants, "the transparent of transparent" was not recognized, despite the fact that the same report - the peasant payments (pillow, Zemskoy and redemption) came out from 10 to 18 p. Soul, from 1 r. 50 k. Up to 3 rubles. 50 kopecks Feed tithing, from 30 to 60 rubles. Caught the yard! Through the "Grande Industrie" and the ledge of the land, obviously, had to refuse and destroyed the suggestion of the progressability, and the separation of the filters lying on the peasants, to the spinner, corresponded to the payment of their forces. I had to restrict ourselves to the deputy downturn to another, came of the same peasant. In 1869, it was evidently compiled by Pozmelnago Tax Proekt dumavor: The state shower Zemskii was supposed to shift on the peasant lands (22 mil.), the very same pillow (about 40 mil.) On the peasant of the courtyards, or, in the peasant, already on earnings. Even the ministries of domestic and government assessment talked this project in elaborate, fairly to find it to indispensable "Mostovyoviyiam and Non-Prompt with the means of the people." None, no other ministry, incidentally, did not specify the impossibility of the task, leaving the burden of taxes exclusively on the peasants. I was worked out, settled by taxes by taxes by Taxes, and discharge (in-55 mil. 55 mil., From which 40 fell on the peasant), but the minister of Finance fell on the same place, reporting about the village of 1876, expressed UBѣZHENIE that the project was not Maybe it is recognized as useful or timely, so as a reduction of the peasant payments only on 1/99 part, and between TѣM will complicate administratives; what while it is enough for a greater equal to the rewarded of the total Sumy submissive (chrome redemption "Of course) between the provinces ... This presentation, at the extreme MѣRѣ, was distinguished by a frank formulation of a dual problem, which the ministry considered it possible. The report was ordered to consider Victitogo Prince Konstantin Nikolayevich in a special commission, but it was distracted by an internal dune dѣmadi, the War of the Tourtsey ... Lifely Russed in Enchanted Circle, Iska Raspiya to alleviate the peasants by the way, the same Opportunities by afild classes, for a while, it came to an end ... The submitted commission, however, there was still LѣT five, as an overlooking, dying in mindless, but state control was finally drew attennely on her unwarfish bastard, and it is closed. At the end of the war, on March 23, 1879, the new minister of Finance, General Aduterthat Greig, as forgetting about the extension of the commission of 1859, asked even the highest led on the formed by the new commission, which was entrusted to be immediately "to start a discusive fees charged with the benefit of the Treasury of the Treasury on the Pillow Systemsѣ, and the Obaniki, for them are depicted, other sources of state income. " The tasks of the new commission was not destined to be implemented by the Ministry of Finance S. S. Greig, nor the management of his successor, A. A. Abazi. The first step is to change the pitchpiece of Podachniy Vѣlan, only with H. X. Bungja; It was 1882 by 1882 by the sense of the highest pitching: 1) to begin a deposit of the culbage of the centers of 1883 and to commit SII transformed gradually, in the same number, the same number, MNѣEM State Communion Communist Finance all the patternation of gravity is not exceeding 7 LѣT.), on MѣRѣ is an existence of new sources of state-owned income, and 2) to stop the 11th of January 1883. Vimimary: a) pillow in favor of the treasury collection of mѣshchen; b) Podachnaya Podatnnye peasants and courtyard people, civodes of the peasant and courtyard, and c) the culbage grazing of the peasant, who received the fourth part of the higher or illegal sample of Nadlov, " 000 r.; In 1884, the pitchpie Castle for another 15.688,000 p. The edge of the landless peasants attributed to Kolostyads without primenny sentences, the peasants of the factory and the factory, and also lowered the salaries of the pitchpiece: a) half - for the former ledge The peasants and, in certain, more in need of relatives, for all the discharges of payers, and b) on 1/10 part for the rest of the peasant. Standing Podachny Podachi remained to 1885. 39 MIL. (In Tom Numes on Siberia 2 Mil.), It is : on the peasants state 22.179,000 p. (In Tom Numes on wereproof to submit state-owned peasants of European Rossіi 18.412,000 p.), on the former leaving - 10.441,000 r., on the time of 2002,000 p. And on the other payers 4.510,000 p. Deposited, in 1882 and 1884, the above-mentioned 19.259,000 rubles., By the way, the inclination of the tax of the real estate property in the cities, Posadakh and Mѣstechki, the tax of Pommelnago, the duties of the KarѣPost, and for the right of commerce and fisheries; Introduced by the duties of the Estate, transmitted in good way; tax on the income of money capital - in short, the fees that are implancing a thoughtful system, strict principle; Sun ѣ they are awesome, are defined by the property, imbued with the idea of \u200b\u200bincome, is subject to natural growth in the Murѣ of the nationality of the people of the economy, and finally, they have a certain educational knowledge, step by step by adding society to the income tax to his simple and perfect expressions. "On the former payers, the puffers of Podachi naturally had to remain in the measured species only part of this grade, in terms of reconnaissance , Priced on the same basis and in the same deferred property of the remaining Soskovia. Mѣry to his eliminates, establishing the post of sustaining inspectors; he, chrome, whether every year will be tangible if our society will develop in civil relationships. In sums on which it was assumed to increase the gramale collection (3.888,000 p.), for the peasant The lands falls 2.300,000 r. The rest of the articles, how sees the reader, relate to a lot of landpashers and, in general, the man of the middleness. Going to this way, to 1891, and maybe, and the wound, the great reform would have made such a thoughtfulness, with the reception In Russian life, such a passion, which inevitably had to reflect in all the spheres and put a durable It is based on your well-being, since it depends on the intelligent and fair supply system. In the past year, however, the Ministry of Finance for some reason suddenly completely changed calm and seemed to be so consciously moving. Whether it was afraid of a persistent-increasing budget, whether Samobordani lost and the noble stronghold was committed to all the screams of all moral melkota, frightened by the grouse of Her Togi Pocket, whether his dudes were tired, he was seduced by them who prefer the target shine effects, dignity Serranago, Velichi Kotorago would be aware of only in the end of the way and would find Sechѣ Ontsk in Easter, and not in street cry - it is difficult to say. One thing is not doubtful: Mѣry, adopted by the binding of reforms by law on May 28, 1885, Rѣzko Anything from the previous Māropriyamiyam Ministries of Finance in the implementation of 1882; Therefore, looking at the chronologist and parallelism of the event, you come to Kuzѣzhyuyu, that the Ministry in this case did not mean independently, the sentenced to third-party Vlianiyiam; What it does not see the partial lining of the plans as expected to him, I was tempted by the temptation hurriedly spinning Gordiev Kozk, dropping the shoulder difficult, the well-to-the work of His Rostynia. The owls walked, it is necessary to assume that the same-novaya landowdlast residents, from Kompyonavdsevtsev, from the hosts of large industrial vehicles, breeders ... They realized that the insignificant now the rampage of the fee of the tax of the tax, caution, the new principles were held, the masses are made When there is a papers - all this, of course, acts of "political wisdom"; But what the first step should, however, post and the second, and tertiy. .. What in the end of the end the idea of \u200b\u200bincome will be taken unwanted for them completeness, and I am rich - you will have to pay more others ... I went to the extravasia of Novovvedenіy, about the hardest landlade and industry. Chorus McAlshchikov about Tom, that now the earth "only in a loss", combined the gathering, ready to prove that the plants work, and coupons do not burn "only from honor." Tai of the exclamations did not help. The storm against the Ministry of Finance, mainly against the institutions of the factory fees, is a storm, which for a long time there was only a certainty and harmful for a week-to the government, which was in a timid army, causing undoubted damage to such an industry, in an advantage of which as if lifted ... but he suffered persistence of the ENY, which hesitated, did the clarity of the views and the calm implementation of the program himself by the Ministry of Finance, using this tired of the industry, who should be assumed to exploit the Ministry to the Ministry of Calibration, indicating that he The ability to support in state owl. The cunning of this plan was not thrown in the eye: it seemed that the veshchko between the "friends of industry" and the lubrication of the state peasant: that they are heckob, and that Hekabi! Between TѣM, the interior of the question of the deputy basement, disappeared for interest-percentages, factories, lands, urban real estate, hopes, in general, for income, relentlessly, indicated on the need to make it immediately 37 Million tax. Nѣt Somnѣnіya that when the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry, the Ministry of the Ministry, was awarded approved, the same "Friends of the Industry" - the enemies of the former program of the ministry - splashing to congratulate his excommunication "the greatest reform of real reign!" But it is still sad that such a certain short-sighted publicists who are still awarded, a young scientist, dedicated to the law on May 28, 1885, a unfortunate report, printed in "Labor I. V. E." (Nono 6 and 7 of the current year). Anyway, perfectly conceived, thoroughly started reform ended with spectacular spacecraft, returning to a predanіyam submitted commissionwhich, if you do not take serious Mur, threatens us by Sovsѣm unwanted posts. For omission of the remaining to 1885 on European Rossіi 37-Millіonov RUB RUBLES PUTABILE RUNED, KAYMENT: 1) ENLARGE CENTURY OF 1887, ORDER TO DOWN THE FEATURE OF THE PUTTED PERSONS FOR EVERY SELLІY AUTUM TO THE SUMM OF PUBLINE CATE CALUATION, SELECTED SELECT SELECTION. However, to an increase in this accounting for an urgent payment of the tithing not exceeded the redemption payments to the supine peasant and so that, in sum, the annual statements of the state peasant were sublighted not by Bolѣe, Chѣm at 45% of the current ORPACI; 2) to increase the excise on one (already ninth) kopeku of the degree of alcohol (law on May 18, 1885), and the most pillow to submit to the lean for the ledge and all the peasants of 11886, for the state-of January 1887. "Friends of industry" reached their own: sun ѣ 37 Millionov remained on the peasants. From 18 Millionov lying on the state-owned peasants podachnaya Podachi (about 8 Million shower) - sixteen will remain on them Pour to another Nazvanіm (in one hundred approximately UZDAH (i.e., approximately in 1/4 of the European Rossіi), the amount of the rural and pillow of the Podachi would exceed the rampage of the redemption payments, therefore cannot be charged in full.); Another 21--22 Million people will not only pay extra, but - without drinking a single unnecessary charm - overpays on vodkѣ... and, in addition, only partly in the treasury, mostly in the pocket of the bombing Kabaku! They say that this payments will be distributed between the peasants, bolѣe equation. How to lower it? Up to Schit, the state-owned peasants were lighted easier, there was a former leaving; They have more in general, and payments were easier; And now TѣM, and others will be the same - hard . "MOSKVIA INDOVOSTE" - on this plot of the fact that the facts were exaggerated - they sought that the 9th kopeck, imposed on the degree of alcohol, should increase the Barysh Kabachiki and inspidate shinkov, at the extreme MѣRѣ, as much as the government income. The newspaper is silent; That about two-time thirds of the total number of wine in the inner gubernіyi diverge in retail sales. Assuming the crossedness of wine in 40 °, the upgrades should be 40 k. On the bucket; But so in a bucket of 100 chairs, then the charm is elevated 2/5 kopecks, and such a coin does not exist, it becomes significant to be significant. "In order not to make it difficult to buyers," the folders and the centners of our chernozem gubernіyi, the forty kopek, who has been empowered, the round ruble on the bucket has already been allowed to be retaileged. Label station 6 cop. It is worth 7 kopecks., Koshka is a 12-point - 14 cop., Halfotophtime 30 - 35 kopecks. The people are paying, it is impossible for wine in a retail of the allowance not 1 kopecks, and 2--2 1/2, that is, 80--90 kopecks. on a bucket of 40-degree crosses. Leading peasants paid the pitchfork grades in 1885 around 90 kopecks .-- 1 rub. Soul. Considering Zooma Piteiango's expense, alive on the Law on May 18, 1885, only in 44 Million, leaving about 1/6 to 4 Million city "souls" (until 1883 subject to pillowdown) and at least 35 Millionov on the villagers of rural ( About 22 Millіonov Aborpet Souls), I will see that every soul will have a overpayment of approximately 1 rub. 50 kopecks This is, of course, this is very inaccurate, but, comparing his arms by soles, beyond the subject of the subject of the Print Authority, it can be said that he grinding is excessive condescension in reforms ACCCCCC order, - in general, Mѣropriyatiya Kotorago for Chairman 2 - 3 years, to say in passing, they do not deserve any luxury and only surprised by his lightly mindlessness ... But now it is not up to him; It was only important for us to show how the last Akt Akt, the pillow of Podati corresponded to the foregoing and how heavy Bremen, he lay on inhabiting himself, to facilitate him ... Maybe, by the way, it will be possible to remind you that it's time to quit a pretty root. Tax In general and the excise tax of the threads in features. The exit from the financial accomplishment is difficult to carry out a stivest surcharge on Tot or another excise taxation of seductilenen, of course, its simplicity, how nѣ occasion was the seductive surcharges "per soul", but it is easier to carry them, TѣM is careful. It would have to take her in the sight of the uninimed far-shaggy decline of Russkago peasantry, soon raise the question of the newly reduced payments, and not only for the peasant, the former leaving, but also for state-owned ... Return to the Uphraine abandoned the question of the rise of the peasantskago well-being And, by the way, about agreeing on incomes - in any case have to;otherwise, he will become far difficult, although all the same inevitably. One-magazine, also providing in the future the opportunity, even the need for a reduction is still upgraded by the year, I even suspected: I have not been called by the post of the ministry of the Ministry of Finance - only with a pillow eliminate the name of this grade And, VmѣStѣ TѣM, to make an accomplishment of an obligation to implement the pre-soldered law of 1882 to the facilitating of the peasantry of the Quality line (1891)? ... a guessed, of course, a little plausible, but not deprived of witness. Thus, 28 LѣT does not manage to break the list of the "Optimatov" group, despite the repeatedly pronounced will of the highest power, despite the fact that in this perigode time was awarded the moments, especially the well-being for the contrast of the dark earcinity of egoism. The best gusts of the society, the Bestshiya Namrenіya, a separate government person, was allowed to be fully implemented, only because they did not concern the interests of this group, a small number, but the Crospka is laid and cohesive. With such circumstances, it is important for a part of the law on May 28, 1885, it is necessary to recognize not to the very beginning of the pillow, and the points: Trete transformed by the rural payments of payments, Tone 44 years old, and the fourth, - providing "Minister Finance to embark it immediately to the preparatory duality and compiled by: a) on the distribution of payments between seleniums mentioned By opportunities, the approximacy, and b), which should be died in Uzakenіyiai, founded on the expense of the existence of the audison soul: about the order of respondents in treasury fees and passport systemsѣ ".These, these, according to the proper wish, should be introduced in the dualization of the 1st of January 1887. It is not difficult to make sure that the fans are privileged by putting and Batratskaya Rusi, with this reform, not only agitated to fall out with their shoulders 37 Millionov, but still a significant step forwarded to destroying the hateful principles of the principles on February 19, to undermining the sacrifice, and Also, the principle of state-state landlading, not up to * launching the state-owned land. When the editorial of the commission, the preparations of the Svolyovo liberated the peasant delerance, stopped for thought, by the redemption, to provide the land to the peasants in his property, the Roshenia, they were awarded the enthusiasm of the company. But, be in that time the opportunity to foresee the movement of the Moon in the hands of the colors of the village and Obatrachenia BѣDNѣysty, which was influenced by clarity for the post-day years; Calculate then the role that redemption payments starts to play in the easter of our peasantryskago landlade, - in short, do not be only "the rear mind of crosses", perhaps, perhaps, already in 1861, prefer redeeming land state ownershipand they are mistaken - on the profitability of NADLOV, it is equally distributed to the ruffles. In any case, it is strange that the unsuccessful Primem, the excavating in 1861, but requiring diligence in the present time, repeated with some incomprehensible order: the ministry not only did not recognize useful to listen first to Public Monsniyu on the conceived dual, but what I did not subject my project any colleague discusive. Anyway, the landlade of the state-owned peasant joins the struggle of the struggle for the peasant society. Transforming in such a manual payments in redemption, spreading the sphere of duality in the redemption, ultimately necessary, on the extreme MѣRѣ, pre-or at the same time Clean her from the side, a strongly convicted life, the press, zemstvo, government bodies, from elements, aimed against the principle of the principle of our peasant reform - against the principle nago, Frameless Labor Farmers on a dedicated in its intention(Exactly " defined in his user"- At least not selfbut de Jure is the ownership of the state and the subordinate relation to the relationship of the country's destroyed in the state of the state, the principle, it is potential, with sufficient it, To protect Rossіyu from shocking, threatening the West, and imagine reliable rallying of the Internal Magnogo welfare and VNѣshnyago Velichiya Rossii. Particularly harmful, how illegally, there were articles, the owl of the mobils of peasant ownership, both community, so and personal, - articles allowing her free handle. The question of the revision, and part of the volume of articles (115, 161, 162, 165, 169, 161, 162, 165, 169, 173), the walled question of the question "On the inappropriateness of the peasant Nadlov", it becomes more likely to become a row of other questions of the peasant region (weaving, the question of Posmel and a shallow business loan, the volume of public, the artel community, and so on.); He is destined to get a certain value of this kind of other issues. Folding Overcoming payments in redemptions can find nѣkotor Justified only under the condition of such a revision, and it is necessary to pay attention attention not only on the fence of the transition of the peasant land in a sidney hand, but also on the fencing of them from Sobiranіya in a few hands in the society itself. We will be deputy by the way that the question of Laissez Faire is limited to the area of \u200b\u200bthe peasantryskago landlade, in the present time, even not a special-Russian question, although he is obviously NIGDѣ in Europe, it does not have such an extensive surrender value, like in Rossiya. In Hermani, for example, it turns out all Bolѣe and Bolѣe, that the main reason for the decline of the farm's peasant market is going to recognize not a row of a lambrogen, not even taxes on chlѣb, not even taxes, it is not much higher than the norm, a certain amount of the area and the urgent needs of the earth-worker The family, - namely the freedom of mobilice and the peasant plots and the burden of their debts. The text of the Law 12 ІYUNY 1886 is about transformed by the Obrocal Podachny payments (Art. I, paragraph 15), stating a dual legislation, admits, regrets, early premiums for the redeems of Capital Nagud and the Wednesdays of the State Peasants, as for rural societies , there and for Vlad, the residential areas. From this we can conclude that they are threatened with the same danger, both and formerly leaving peasants; It remains to be impossible to persistent rumors about those who were agreeing to agree to the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Financial Statement of the State Council on the Bill and Recognition of the Nadal Land with the public property as communal, so and with the historical use of it. We can only predict that such a bill will be awarded a deep sympathy of all sincere friends of Rossii. It is impossible to overlook the circumstance that the proceeds of the Obrocal Podachnaya payments are repurchased by himself, actually saying endosdenіe State Private Property In the amount, the law itself defined almost in Millіard rubles (redemption of payments are supposed to charge the state of the peasant 49. In a year, which the law for capital offers to multiply in 20.). Such a side of the dual name, firstly, the meaningful principal. It is not wearing in the present case, of course, of course, the inventive nature of the state-owned wealth of Favorites, who lies the spot in Russian Eastor XVIII, nor the nature of the sacrificed land of the Orenburg, Caucasian and other, is a certainly unbelled page of the palacing porching: - with a thorough development of the law on the law on Inshagelessness of the Nadal Land (we would be eagerly told at all: "Lands, Privo-Committed Government", but for this you still need to bring this to this, which is not crowned in this article, so as not to shy away from the subject of Roschi.), Of course, the public peasant landlade can Being stopped - TѣM not changed, transformed by the Obrocal Podachnye payments, along with "Holly other people, for example, the fact that the dismountain of the dismountain of the nobility is granted, indicates that the idea of \u200b\u200bthe security of the state-state landlade) and now weakly penetrate our government sphere . Returning Nadѣlov in Kommersant ownership of the state-owned peasant - so or otherwise, it was committed by a plug in the time when ultimately arose a question: did the land of the former peasant and the land of the state of state-owned? These Mѣropriyatiy, by the way, explains the vitality of the thoughts about Chishenia. They do not stop and have a pore; Recently, in the "Moskovskaya Layholdations" was printed, for example, without any reservation by editorial, correspondent to Ufa, offering to resume distribution of the European East lands "deserved officials", etc.; Eastern Siberia's chassis are seen from the Siberian Print Authority, also dream of the seizures in Prіamursky and Ussurian regions ... Really thinks about such a distribution, about such seizures can still be admitted by the time of the lesson, teachers of the past, by ambassador of the dignity of state land ownership In general, about the importance of Hero Security for Rossii in features, at least only in the qualities of the Coloniz_onnago Fund? She else is twenty ago, America considered himself uncomfortable with free lands, and now the land is not the blar of us; And see how, the scientific experience, the government of the state is concerned about to be seized by the remaining in its disposal of the spaces of the arms of the speculats and about their preserved them for all sorts of farmers-farmers. .. Or should I do not have anything or someone else's experience? Refractory payments relate to redeveloped payments, such as Kyazdenіyu state property, also affects the $ 12th. Pay, "on the repayment of public debts." The Minister of Finance is provided, over, "Make the established order about the reasons for the redemption of the capital sums on the order, the redemption established for 44 years by the redemption of the paid state-owned peasant." Slisserly, the average of one side, the capital amount equal to the value of the Earth, urgent payments of the centers of which (49 Millionov) should be ceased after the 44-h LѣT, should be subject to the State Treasury (VѣRolotno, by the contributions of the IzTstnago-% annual contribution on rewarding); The government is the right to use this capital. The government recognizes the payment of public debts. Only early premiums would be allocated to such payment, as because these contributions, it will be too insignificant (the volume of it is consumed on the repayment of our huge debts would not be worth talking), so and because it is founded, recognizing the feeder appointment Capital is correct, to dance according to the occasion, only a small part of it is prescribed. Dependent, money, reversed by the sale of a significant share of government property, must go to capital Improved Financial (What cannot be represented by at least part of the capital of public debt); Their spending on the current expenses would be extremely confusing; This will even understand the Russian society who deliberately deliberately in the financial officers, who understood in this ratio of the Type of Tutorial, Pro-Vechego redeeming. It remains to be expected, how the Ministry of Finance will furnish this operability of a possible benefit of Rossіi? It would be possible to deposit that the share of annual contributions, for the contribution of% rewarded, should be made to pay interest on the public debt, but Rossіya is paying them every year in five bollane plug, there may be a redemption of payments, depository and pillow peasant; Slisserly will go to interest these redemptions - Dual accounting record, which is not meaning. It is only important to realize the foundation of the Fund's Zemnago, projects out for real reforms from the financial resources of the future, and give properly to the participation of capital revenge on it. Attracts the attention of the attention and practical implementation of the reform. The main thing is the foundation of the redemption of payments as follows: established in legislative procedures for each province in the necromann-rallium for the entire period of redemption (until 1931) payments are distributed between USDs by agreement of Ministerial: Financial, Domestic and Public Protection; The expansion appointed for each USD between reward seleniums is produced by the provinces on the peasant to the details on the basis of the exploration projects composed by the Special UPRs from the MѣTNAGO ALCOHA and the two members of the Perelovaya, which, VmѣStѣ, appoints one of the members of the Commission Predelman. The expected commissioning of the Slanіyam commissions is carried out by the poll of the elected commodities of the Commissioner, the number of two selenium, convened at the same time from the closest friend to a friend Seleniy. The statement of the Commissioner is entered into the Protocol, which is presented to the provincial present of Vmѣstѣ, the project project of the SZD. This appears to Gubernskіyia and a long present, there is still little OKRѣPSI, a little familiar sequence, the institute's suggestive inspectors ... And as for the land, for the same self-government, for Kotorago, according to the total data, the distribution of the submissions between the MѣSt Paters is one of the most important ? .. As far as we managed to hear, the Ministry of Finance does not fall through the depths, in the type of negligence, which it often showed during the distribution of payments, the redemption of payments; But - what else is strange - the society, which hesitates, absolutely indifferently looks at the no-person rendered to him ... even voices are heard that it is impossible to rely on the "current Zemstvo" that the governments are discontinued ... leads the facts of the Items To his dunes, they say that only the faces are engaged in the departments, which are looking for Mѣste, earnings, even not a good income ... Is it so? - Write it out. The question about the forces of the zemdom or the defense of this, about the reasons of this instant, about the zemstvo, how the rubbish of the parties - too important to talk about Major Casually, especially in the attitude of the sealing parties convictedly to deposit his official or noble element. Health is important only to ignite the obvious fact of the NEVRI of the Government of the Government in that tasks, which is performed by the Direct Dome of the Zemstvo, and indicate the importance of this fact. If, depending, such a string, such a zemstnoy, was cut off, such a string, how to remain indifferent; outless, Say Bolѣe - without it is correctly functional functions, public life is unthinkable. It is necessary to strictly ignite how much the facts of disrepair or small suitability of modern zemdom, and if he is Vѣren - it is necessary to find out why it happened that it has lowered the level of the zemstroy ... and to take care of them. There is no well-organized, civilian developed farm forces can not be felt even by the government, which cannot disagree that the power should be made from Mѣset public elements, and trait elements cordlessRepresenting the interests of the whole layer inhabited, even preferably Tѣx, which, according to the circumstances, the Menѣe of others in state to defend their needs. Departed by this force, the government, not looking at the best striking, is not disposed of severe mistakes; Mѣroprіyatіyya is doomed to distorted and failure. However, it is ashamed, but we have to confess that Rossіyu we know not enough, and that it is impossible to rely, with OCsѣNCѣ of modern duality, neither on officials, in most of them Baskago farm, nor on the "twisting people", not even about their unbearable; Neither, in general, on the representatives of their personal interest, unleashed claiming that they serve as representatives of the interests of the region. As we are bad, our zemstvo, all the same, they gave and give a comparative-Leshiy Material to familiarize the contemporary life in the works of his own director or in the work taken on their account, according to their cohere. To the same Material, facts Live Duality, it is necessary to apply for the Roshenia of the question of the question, as expected in "Uzakonniyai about the order of diversion on the collapse of the salary of the salary", especially if the government will insist on Tom so that "Izmѣnyia" these inseparable situations January 1st Futulo 1887. We are as much as evidenced by the accuracy in this case. It is possible, the law of concern is only installed "about the order of diversion on the collapse of the bounced fees, the correspondence of the culmination of the patternation, and the one was already delivered to the administrator, as if it was actually about circular poresEven the ultimate volume is ration. And what if the best order is due to the preservation of a circular order? Is it possible to say it to the objective of National Life, the historically established forms of life, who has been relevant to the people of our state life, the form, in the help of the people of the people with the people of the people with the people of the peasant in the spherical of the people in the sphere of the people in spherical of the peasantry ... The patch is one of the items of ocked, the most familiar to the government and the society of Russian life; Regarding his ALTѣ, undistinguished in the time of the time, it is unanimously witness that prevailing against him predicted perfectly falsethat they are built on arbitrary approved "Experts" who spoke about the circular feast, not impact about it and recognizing sufficiently founded for their shown even personal antipati. The specialty DovѣRIEM is useful, for example, I am attributing a circular garden "Razzhenia by hardworking, wealthy peasant for arrears of Lѣnttyaev-BѣDnyakov." Between TѣM Details izlѣdovaya, GDѣ would neither produced, prove that never rich for Badnyaka pays not. And Zemskiya is lovingly, and the witness of the person, closer to the eve of the seal, on the contrary, the conversations of the uniqueness are witness, which arrears are mostly not for the bits, namely, for the rich fists, for various relatives and kums, the voltar-headed bosses, ledgers, etc. LѣThe I had a case to hear the central rod such, such a review of the submission of inspectors the most divergent maxibility. Without stopping in detail on this question, we will only be deposited that the exactist not only didn't give anything to the damage, but the whole, on the contrary, confirmed that this is uncompaired, it is uncommon to be a communal device. . Especially brightly the importance of a circular order affects the equalization folding. Mіr, unwinding about the amount falling on him. Obtaining himself, how duty, distributes it between his artists. Correspondence exercising in this layout, he developed a multi-line system, striking his justice, his mind to take into consistency in the total data: and Nadѣl, and the number of employees in sevenѣ, and the consistency of them. He distributes it in cash, then according to the audison souls, then on the taxes, then on the ground, then the communities, then the fractions. The basis of this painstaking, but fruitful work, completely unacceptable for the administrative, is a circular order. Thanks to her, Mіr cares about the support of his artholov, the total insolvency of them: "Thereby" in gives it to recover from the comprehension of the battle, taking temporarily to pay the submissions on himself, that inherent to the lack of unprofitable forced surrender. It is suitable for "helping" by work, there I frees a person who makes money for a poorly, etc. Thanks to the circular char ", the grade is sometimes paid in full or partly to lease to publicly income articles; for example, the different Society of Bakhmutskago UZDA 12,000 DC. Lands. The remaining died or the departed households. Only exhausting the whole stock of those in its disposal of funds for the security of the Zahudlagio peasant from the accumulation of the arrears and permanitaging, Mіr gives an unfortunately heavy alone received personal diversion. In MѣSTNOST, GDѣ income gadgets payments payments, the diversion is determined easily: its most common form is, obviously, the temporary surrender of its unpleasant; there, Gdѣ duct-shitches-land NѣT, GDѣ incomes Came Nadѣlov did not even cover the grade, when the Mira's satisfied assistance is exhausted - the outrageous epic "Domotion" of the filters, which Mіr is unacceptable, although the clerk Et Consortes and make up the sentence of his name, how they are The same, and the roshenia volost court. Return to earnings, Tѣlesnya punished, sale of postnago property (but it is the unawarer, and not the wealthy peasant), Everything is edged with a man - manifestion, in which the pie chapter, obviously, does not really have anything. These people are called not a circular instrument, but the low level of representatives of the administrative and, mostly, in the facts perfectly disadvantaged payment of payments to the land, the estate, For which the Government's Honest People and Eliminations were constantly indicated by the Government, the Government itself put the first task of another submitted commission of 1859. We were glad, whose concerns the main task remains more than it ... Any file should be disposed of property, it is an elementary rule of financial science. If something is guaranteed by more of us from Bolly, the Svyzveniyaiyiyiyii is this rule, so it is Tѣ communal, circular foundations, who are destroyed by whose fans of Obatrachenia. We saw that these foundations guard the peasant to ruin, they are only they They can raise and dropped the peasant, and Tѣm, there is a deeper the feeling of a circular paper preserved in society, and it is lost it, weakened by elements that, without a deputy, which is cut by souk, they crave a ruin village. Here is their own Crener: "If, establishly destroyed a circular lie, and formed class workers landless ", We read on page 22nd report "Valuevskaya" Commission, "then the departure of the land of the earth will not release any society from them. For large same landowlast residents As well as for the peasant societies ("as well as for the peasant societies" - the insert, obviously, an arbitrary, unreleased society. Late Latvia IslѣDovaya claims completely nasty.), very desirable In order for the earth to be in the hands of people wealthy "(not deprived of the interest of the same sense, amazing unless the arguments, the report of G. Shatilova, recently appeared in the" Labor of Moskogo Socialist Society of Agriculture ".). Clearly: Do not destroy community and circular orders, And the kihhhhhhhhh should strive to strive for the law, the exclusion of more and more expensive in definiteness of the peasant life. "How powerful Vlianiyani law is, - Schuepotov depudes, - how much the fear of the peasant in front of this, often by uncommon and not understanding them , force - perfectly illustrated by the methods of delayed rooted in front of one dangerous, are they not prohibited by the tone? "Having a circular order of his support, the law rightly gives the Badnye Peasants on the Citation of the Cordan and Kulac. When" their hearing Celebago will touches " optional, they, of course, will not allow to rent a plot of public land in rent, and the Potcher fuck his scribe; They do not think and patted about the sales of the land of the unpleasant to buy her for a penny (the law allow for celebrate Overlaced for arrears, but so far, with a circular char ", this mѣra is not in the nruhni peasant. They are accustomed to treating the rights of their schistov to Earth before it is strictly that, even if there is no union unused, when he fell off from the earth, the preemptive right to the liberty to put on returned and grabvoy, at least from the income, remains behind it.) ; to judge, even survive from the village of Badnyak, Razoroi Kotorago on Mir already can not be reflected in, - in general, will be not Protecting the un Communications dispenser, but, on the contrary, together they are death Patriastragomago arsenal of funds consisting of their disposal. Recently, I managed to hear about the new combinators, as if it would be encountered in administrative areas about a circular order: "Location of filse between members of the Company to provide MIRU, and to free it from a circular order, reversing directly and only on the person who did not pay the shares, The definite appearance of the mіra layout "... It seems to be nothing to prove all the insolvency of such a Roshenia: entering it in force, rich, so as not to pay anything, will only remain when laying out all the submitted burden on Badnyakov, the seed of which is nothing to take! .. In any case, such an area would opened a large temptation for uneven layouts and an unpunned arbitrariness of Miroѣdov; Created by the same proletarіate would go ahead with rapid steps. In short: in no matter how molds, it was done by a circular order, she would only be the celebration of fans of Obatrachenia Rossii, -"Radical capitalism." Even in 1881, indicated, as a handful of these radicals stubbornly, the Energie, worthy of Bolѣe, Clean Tsѣli, is sitting on the manifestations of the domestic life, looking forwarding, GDѣ and how to find funds to the clouds of the people, not missing from the sight of anyone's reason to destroy him well-being - lead him to proletarіatu, putting a slave on extensive fields of negligible and power of the minority, - "Order" set a row of questions: "Where are you going? Suppose for a minute that you have reached your criminal tli, and think: really unprecedented in Easter, 60-Timillion proletarіate, component 86 percent. Total inhabited country, Proletarіate, never leaving the vague dream of "black in front of" and you torn off the village of Land of the earth, submissively go to work on your fields? How to manage the proletarіyat? Up to sea, the whole peasant mass, ignoring the administrator, even thoroughly worrying out of her, originally conducted the system of his life internal forces of the community. Which Armia officials in state to deploy these forces of order in the free Russian deserted for the people of the domnago, crossed out, lost domestic foundations and scrocks? If even, drunk poverty and hunger, proletarіia and come to work to you, - What kind of farming is possible with such workers? Is it possible not only intensive, progressive, and and some kind of farm? Whether Rossii does not empty, does she not want, how did it be launched, the luxurious Italiya, flooded by slaves in the village of the Republic of Roman Republic? What will be enemified? Two or three faulty years reduced production by half ... And what will be the occasion when the homeless proletarіy will be 86% populated? Foreign markets for our factories NѣT and can not be, and who will consume home production? Composed people? Or do you support them insanely luxury? The luxury of the minority is a shameful stigma of the ruined country. This is an axioma. What will be in the state execution when this abomination launched? Who, what can make it? What perhaps will be taken to her? What will be the inner, extremely meaningful Rossii? What a shameless-nonsense, the flabby rhylad must decompose Natsiya, facing the nurse and the depraved minority? "... Which strifold the painted paintings rises in a reproach to these requests! .. And the handful of soulless egoists, between Tѣm, continues his" destructive work. ... come home, gentlemen, it's time: Denn Solchen Grossen Leiden Gebührt Ein Grosses Grab!

For the term "salary", see also other values.

For the term "pillow to file", see also other values.

Subtle (also plente salary, tax) - a tax form, grade, when the tax is charged in the same or approximately the same amount with each person to be taxed, according to the results of the census. I existed in ancient Rome called "Capitatio". Most countries have lost its distribution by the beginning of the 20th century due to the introduction of income tax.

In Russia, the submern was introduced by Peter I in 1724. At the same time, the livestock census of the applied population was started and the tax with the soul was determined (excluding the nobles and persons of the spiritual estate). All were taxed mencalled estates regardless of age: and newborns, and old people. Also installed unequal rates for various categories of the submitted class: the state peasants paid more than the serfs.

In the Russian Empire

To collect money on the maintenance of the regular army, the Decree of Peter I dated November 26, 1718 demanded during the year to conduct a men's population census (to collect "fairy tales"), and "to paint as a soldier ordinary souls with a share on it and ruffles. Positioning average salary " The census was completed only by the beginning of 1722, it was possible to count about five million "souls".

The first tax rate was 80 kopecks from the soul a year, further decreased to 74 kopecks, then up to 70 kopecks per year due to improving the population coverage. Raskolniki paid a dual-size towing (up to 1782), hence their folk name "Dvoedan". Initially, merchants were also charged with a file, but already in 1775 it was replaced by interest taxes with declared capital.

In future, inflation and increased state expenses led to an increase in grade to 1 ruble in 1794. By 1867, the size of grants depended on the ground and was from 1 ruble of 15 kopecks to 2 rubles 61 kopecks.

In the XVIII century, the pillow to file 50% of government revenues, in the future, this share decreased as indirect taxation develops.

In 1866, with the exception of Bessarabia and Siberia, it stopped to collect with the bureaucrats and shops.

Difficulties with the collection of assesses and huge arrears led to the fact that from January 1, 1887, a pillow, as the All-Russian tax, ceased to exist and then continued to be charged only in Siberia (until 1897).

Notes

Links

Literature

• Leadership I. P., historical and statistical information on pillowers, in the collection: Tr. Commissions for revising the system of filing and fees, t. 1, SPb, 1866.
• Troitsky S. M., Financial Policy of Russian Absolutism in the XVIII century, M., 1966.

• P. Milyukov, "State Farm of Russia in the first quarter of the XVIII century."
• V. Klyuchevsky, "Powder to submit and cancel the Half of Russia" ("Russian Thought", 1886).
• M. Alekseenko, "Existing Legislation on Direct Taxes" (SPB., 1879)
• I. Guideline, "Historical and Statistical Information on Pillow" (in the "Works of the Commission to revise the submission and fees system" T. I.
• V. Yarotsky, "Cancellation of the Capital Catering and Related Reforms" ("Proceedings of the Economic Society", 1886, No. 6 and 7.

see also

Links

Subtle

The pillow to file is the tax that Peter 1 introduced, replacing them with tax on high courtyards. Summit significantly expanded the number of people who had to pay it, as a result of which the main goal of the king was achieved - to increase the receipt of money in the treasury. The first to file was paid about 5.8 million people, and its value was 74 y120 kopecks (depending on the estate to which a person belonged to).

Backgrounds of reform

Peter 1 is known for creating taxes literally on everything. Often you can hear the joke that I did not pay in the Petrovsk era, except for the air. This is true.

Pillow: History of this phenomenon in Russia

The beloved of the king (army and fleet) eaten gigantic money, to compensate which at the beginning of the reign was nothing. For example, in 1710, taxes were collected by 3.1 million rubles, but the total expense of the treasury was 3.8 million, of which 2.7-2.7 million (in different sources, the numbers differ slightly) to the army and the fleet.

There was not enough money and Peter introduced even a special post - a surprise. Profitors are people who performed only 1 function - looking for treasury enrichment means. If we talk easier words - they came up with new taxes, as the simplest means of receiving money.

Essence of POSATI

Until 1724 in Russia polish courtyards. They are by the presence of land and peasants, as a result of which the value of the tax was calculated. Peter 1, who was looking for all sorts of ways to replenish the treasury, replaced this tax podatyu pillow. That is, now the tax paid from every person. For these purposes in 1718, a census was conducted, which recorded about 5.8 million inhabitants in the country. Really, this figure was more, because many were hidden from the correspondence, in order to pay less money. At the census, for the first time, not only the inhabitants were recorded, on which it was buried, but also classes that were previously free (free people, walking people, chores).

Starting from 1724, the following sizes were installed:

• 70 kopecks with each person, regardless of its age.
• 1.2 rubles from those who did not in the peasant dependence.

In fact, the price of freedom - 40 kopecks was established (unofficially, of course).

The pillow to file significantly increased revenues to the budget. In 1725, only 9 million rubles of taxes were assembled, while in the middle of the reign of Peter, they were mainly collected about 3 million rubles.