terms for the designer. Dictionary of the designer "A

A complex process that must be based on the necessary knowledge and at least the slightest experience. But everything is possible with a great desire and aspiration. Therefore, it is worth understanding the basic terminology and concepts of design in the interior.

Interior and exterior

The exterior is giving to a construction of beauty outside.

The interior is the decoration of the room inside.

Both of these terms are the embodiment of the architect's ideas and inspired by the social order. These concepts play the role of an ideological solution. In other words, the exterior and interior are designed to complement each other and interact perfectly.

It arose at the time of the expansion of the scale of construction. It was the architect's busyness with new and permanent projects that prompted him to assign a role in this area to a specialist in ennobling the premises from the inside. Design has always been "two-faced":

• in art;
• in technology.

Therefore, interior design terms are classified according to areas of reference. The field of art can be attributed to the artistic side of design, which is inextricably linked with painting and sculpture.

Artistic sphere

The artistic field uses terms such as:

• style and style;
• spatial concepts, environment;
• proportion;
• design and composition;
• color and contrast;
• colors and shades;
• volume, massiveness;
• light;
• texture and texture.

Many terms can be attributed to both areas of design. For example, space and volume or light and proportion. They are subject to change, but only in the hands of a master who knows the intricacies of the work. Techniques for transforming the environment or space are such concepts as rhythm, shade, color and contrast, texture.

Technical area

The technical sphere operates with such concepts as:

• reconstruction;
• cubature;
• zoning;
• design;
• scale;
• drawing;
• drawing;
• insolation;
• redevelopment;
• plan and sketch.

Thus, the technical side of design makes it possible to explain artistic terms in a more accessible language. Those. from the abstract to the simple.

Basic terms used in interior design:

1. The environment is the environment that is created by the designer from objects and spatial techniques.
2. Space is nothing but emptiness, which is "painted" with emotions and allows you to create a mood for a person.
3. Composition allows you to give the space a "shape". This is zoning, redevelopment.
4. Proportions play an important role in the process of finding a comfortable path. Each interior style recognizes its own concepts of proportions.
5. Rhythm allows all actions to take their place and thus helps to avoid chaos in the interior.
6. Style is a set of certain techniques and rules.

Style formation takes a long time. Its formation is influenced by events and way of life, ideas and customs of people. With each stage of development, design additions are made to one direction or another, which become part of the style. The terminology of interior design is so broad that only a true connoisseur can understand it.

Outline - outline

Avant-garde, avant-gardism - the desire to break with realistic art, to create something contrary to the established norms of artistic taste and aesthetic concepts.

Academism is an evaluative term referring to those trends in art whose representatives are entirely oriented towards established artistic authorities, believe that the progress of modern art is not in a living connection with life, but in its closest approximation to the ideals and forms of art of past eras, and defend absolute, not depending on the place and time, the norms of the beautiful.

Brand relevance - The level of demand for the brand, its compliance with the key needs, characteristics and motivations of the target audience.

Allegory (Greek allegoria - allegory), the image of an abstract idea (concept) through an image. The meaning of the allegory, in contrast to the multi-valued symbol, is unambiguous and separated from the image; the connection between meaning and image is established by similarity (lion - strength, power or royalty).

Anamorphosis (Greek ana - on, over and morfe - form), the effect of superimposing one pictorial motif on another, their visual fusion, for example, a sea wave and a stone pattern, a human body and a tree trunk.

Brand attribute - the external form of the brand, perceived by the human senses and providing recognition (color, shape, composition, image, etc.).

A brand (eng. brand - brand) is a design developed for a certain product in a style that is different and distinguishes it in the sales market, through packaging, graphic signs, logos and multimedia technologies. Following from the definition, a very important aspect can be identified: a brand is created in order to distinguish a new product from substitute products. This is the main task of the brand. The name of a product or brand is the name by which a consumer distinguishes a given product or group of products from substitute products. For brand names, there are some rules, following which determines the success of the product in the market: 1. ease of pronunciation and memorability 2. individuality 3. speaking about the quality and purpose of the product 4. compliance with the requirements for registration of legal protection

Branding is the activity of creating a long-term preference for a product, based on the joint enhanced impact on the consumer of all elements of the brand and the branding policy of the company.

A brand book is a document containing a set of instructions and recommendations for positioning a company and its self-identification. The brand book postulates individual components of the company's image in order to form its stable positive reputation among target customers. In fact, a brand book is a document that describes the basic algorithms for building customer loyalty as part of the brand creation process.

Gamma color - in the fine arts, the name of the external color features of color (see), a characteristic of the "optical" regularity that combines the main color shades of the work. As a rule, this term is accompanied by the usual color definitions (since the color scale is called warm, hot, cold, bright, faded, light, etc.)

Geometric abstraction is one of the types of abstract art that prefers compositions based on the strict rhythm of geometric or (in sculpture) stereometric figures. Its early versions (partly the Orphism of R. Delaunay and F. Kupka, as well as the Suprematism of K. S. Malevich and the neoplasticism of P. Mondrian) combine rationalism with romance, gravitating toward the construction of “absolute” colorful and graphic monumental symbols expressing the mystical laws of the cosmos. At the same time, geometric abstraction absorbed the technocratic pathos of constructivism.

Engraving (French Gravure, from graver - cut) - In the visual arts, a section of graphics, including works performed by printing from an engraved board. A separate work of the corresponding section of graphics is also called an engraving. An engraving is called original if it is entirely, including the entire processing of the board, executed by the artist himself. An engraver is a master engaged in any kind of engraving on metal, glass, stone, wood, linoleum, etc.

Graphics (French Graphique - linear, from Greek GraphO - I write, draw) - One of the types of fine arts, close to painting in terms of content and form, but having its own specific tasks and artistic possibilities. Unlike painting, the main visual means of graphics is a monophonic drawing (i.e. a light line, chiaroscuro): the role of color in it remains relatively limited. From the side of technical means, graphics include drawing in the proper sense of the word - in all its varieties.

Graffiti (Italian, "graffio" - scratch) - for the first time the word began to be used in relation to the inscriptions found during the excavations of the city of Pompeii in 1755, when the city was cleared of volcanic ash, under which it was buried after the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 AD. e.

A grapheme is a written symbol used to express the unit of speech, the phoneme. An example is 26 letters of the English or 32 letters of the Russian alphabet.

Grotesque (French Grotesque, literally - bizarre; comical) - Sans serif font. The first typeface of this class was created in 1816. It was used to attract attention in the headlines of advertisements. Accidents Grotesque, designed in 1896 by an unknown artist for the Berthold firm, is considered the progenitor of modern typographic grotesques.

Dadaism - Modernist movement in literature, fine arts, design, theater and cinema. It originated during the First World War in neutral Switzerland, in Zurich. Existed from 1916 to 1922.

Design is a creative activity whose purpose is to define the formal qualities of industrial products. These qualities include the external features of the product, but mainly those structural and functional relationships that turn the product into a single whole, both from the point of view of the consumer and from the point of view of the manufacturer.

Dominant - (Latin dominans, dominantis) - dominant. Dominate - dominate, prevail; rise (above the surrounding area). In graphic design - the most active, contrasting element in the composition of the sheet.

Genre (French Genre - genus, type) - In the visual arts: a concept that characterizes the field of art, limited to a certain range of topics. Distinguish, basically, the genre of historical, household, battle; genre of portrait, landscape, still life. The concept of genre emerged in the 15th - 16th centuries: the division of art into separate genres contributed to a deeper study and reflection of reality in art, as well as the development and development of the necessary means for this. The modern concept of genre is especially developed on the basis of easel painting. In sculpture, there is almost no division into genre, because here the classification is based on the purpose of the sculptural work rather than the thematic principle. But here, too, a stable thematic genre of portraiture remains.

Sign (fr., "signe"; lat., "signum" - mark) - a human-made image, the meaning of which is known. From the 15th century, the word "sign" began to appear as the verb "to sign", with the signature being the cross with which, according to Professor Weekley, "most of our ancestors 'signed' letters at the end instead of putting their names." Currently, the word “sign” refers to any graphic image that conveys some special message (for example, a mathematical sign), as well as a gesture that expresses any information or command. This word can also refer to posters, banners and other media that are information carriers.

Golden section (golden proportion, division in extreme and average ratio, harmonic division) - division of segment AC into two parts in such a way that most of its AB relates to a smaller BC in the same way that the entire segment AC relates to AB (i.e. AB : BC = AC: AB). Approximately this ratio is equal to 5/3, more precisely 8/5, 13/8, etc. The principles of the golden section are used in architecture and in the fine arts. The term "golden ratio" was introduced by Leonardo da Vinci.

Illustration - text visualization in a book, magazine, newspaper. The illustration is used for: conveying the emotional atmosphere of a work of art, visualizing the images of the characters in the story, demonstrating the described objects, as well as displaying step-by-step instructions in technical documentation.

Interior is a French word, it means "interior". The interior is called the design inside different rooms - living rooms, palaces, public buildings. In addition, the interior is called the image of the room, decorated (decorated) with furniture, carpets, curtains and other things. The artists who paint the interior very carefully depict all the details of the situation - furniture, carpets, lamps. Looking at the picture, we can imagine how people lived - the artist's contemporaries. In addition, the interior can tell a lot about the character of these people.

art for art(pure art) - the name of a number of aesthetic concepts that affirm the self-sufficiency of artistic creativity, the independence of art from politics and social requirements. The ideas of art for art's sake took shape in theory by ser. 19th century (T. Gauthier, Count Parnassus in France).

Calligraphy is the art of beautiful and clear writing; The word comes from the Greek "kallos" - beauty. The opposite is “cacography” (Greek, “kakos” - bad) - a bad, illegible image of letters.

Kitsch is a primitive, blunt (kitchen) "design", currently the definition carries a connotation of disdain and contempt. This style is widely used in modern advertising aimed at a wide (popular) consumer. The word appeared in the 1860s-1870s in Germany (Munich) and meant the alteration of old furniture, renovation with a hint of deceit: to sell the old as new.

Collection (from lat. Collektio - gathering) - The systematic collection of any homogeneous objects of scientific, historical or artistic interest. The word "collection" was first used by Cicero (1st century BC) in his speech "On the appointment of Gnaeus Pompey as a commander" in the sense of: gathering disparate parts into one whole.

Composition - (lat. compositio) - composition, compilation; connection, connection. In literature and art - the construction (structure) of a work of art, the location and interconnection of its parts, due to the ideological design and purpose of the work. In architecture - several buildings interconnected in a single compositional construction. The composition of a work of fine art is the placement of people and objects on the canvas. In graphic design, the arrangement and relationship of individual graphic elements on a sheet.

Constructivism is a trend in the visual arts, architecture and design of the 20th century, which set as its goal the artistic development of the possibilities of modern scientific and technological progress. In architecture, it closely adjoins rationalism and functionalism. It developed in the 1910s, primarily on the basis of cubism and futurism, soon splitting into two separate (albeit constantly interacting) streams: “social constructivism”, closely related to the tasks of “social engineering”, the creation of a new person by radically transforming the environment. its subject-material environment. The brightest representatives of constructivism in graphic design were (in the USSR) V. Mayakovsky and V. Rodchenko.

Conjuncture - the situation that has arisen, the situation in a certain area of ​​\u200b\u200bsocial life. Applied to design, market awareness is the designer's ability to capture the expectations of the target audience, and through the techniques of artistic expression, embody them in the design object.

Conceptual art is a trend in avant-garde art of the 1960s-90s, which set as its goal the transition from the creation of works of art to the reproduction of "artistic ideas" (the so-called concepts), which are inspired in the mind of the viewer with the help of inscriptions, impersonal graphs, diagrams, schemes, etc.

Copy(lat. Copia - set, stock) - A work of art that repeats another work in order to reproduce it as accurately as possible. A full-fledged copy must correspond to the original both in size and technical means, and in workmanship. In practice, this term is applied to works of various properties and merit. A copy performed by the author of the original often bears the special name of a doublet, replica, repetition.

Cubism(French cubisme, from cube - cube) - avant-garde movement in the visual arts of the 1st quarter. 20th century Developed in France (P. Picasso, J. Braque, H. Gris), in other countries. Cubism brought to the fore formal experiments - the construction of a three-dimensional form on a plane, the identification of simple stable geometric shapes (cube, cone, cylinder), the decomposition of complex forms into simple ones.

Lettering (eng., “lettering” - inscription) is an inscription drawn by hand, and not based on a constructed font. Font composition.

Ligature (lat., "ligature" - to bind) - a printed character, which is a combination of two or more characters. As an artistic technique, the ligature became widespread in the creation of original newspaper logo styles at the beginning of the 19th century in Europe.

Lithography is a widespread type of graphic technique associated with working on stone (dense limestone) or a metal plate replacing it (zinc, aluminum). Lithography is performed by the artist on the surface of the stone with a bold lithographic pencil and special ink. After etching the stone with acid, the pattern is washed off; printing ink is applied instead. It is rolled with a roller over a moistened stone. Printing is done on a special machine (see also autolithography).

Logogram (Greek, "logos" - word) - any symbol, sign, etc., that replaces the word: for example, & instead of "and", # instead of "number" (in the USA). The use of signs instead of words is called logography.

Logo (Greek, - word imprint) - a term denoting in the 19th century small printing forms containing two or more letters (for example, instead of "and" - &), created in order to speed up typing; later, addresses, names or trademarks cast in the form of a printed form in a single piece began to be called so. Nowadays, this word is often abbreviated to the word "logo" and is called a trademark, which introduces some confusion. You can accept one of the common definitions, where the logo in the trademark is its letter designation, and the sign is a pictorial one. In modern design practice, a “company logo” is a name, initials, a monogram or other iconic image made using certain graphic design styling techniques.

Brand family of goods (house mark) - a set of groups of goods designated by one particular brand.

Miniature (French Miniature, Italian Miniatura; from Latin Minium - cinnabar, minium). In the visual arts: a colored or one-color drawing made on the pages of a handwritten book for the purpose of illustrating text and decoration. In the history of art, miniature played at times a significant role (Western European Middle Ages, Byzantium, India, Iran, Central Asia, Azerbaijan). In ancient Rus', book miniatures have been known for a long time. Until the end of the 14th century, it was performed on parchment, mainly with egg paints.

Modern (French moderne - the latest, modern) (“Art Nouveau”, “Art Nouveau”) is a stylistic direction in European and American art. 19 - beg. 20th century Representatives of the "modern" used new technical and constructive means, free planning, a kind of architectural decor to create unusual, emphasized individualized buildings, all the elements of which were subject to a single ornamental rhythm and figurative-symbolic design (H. van de Velde in Belgium, J. Olbrich in Austria, A. Gaudí in Spain, C. R. Mackintosh in Scotland, F. O. Shekhtel in Russia). The fine and decorative art of "modern" is distinguished by the poetics of symbolism, the decorative rhythm of flexible flowing lines, and the stylized floral pattern.

Monogram (Greek - a simple line) - at first meant an image drawn with one line, later - a sign composed of two or more connected letters, usually initials; these days, this is the name given to letters or images that are placed on household items to indicate their owner. “The sleeve of his suit caught on a tray that fell to the floor. On the bottom were the letters - E. K. This elegant monogram was designed by one of the famous Swedish designers. The same letters - E.K. - were repeated countless times in the drawing of the floor, on the walls in the waiting room; on the office doors. E.K. flaunted on the sign of the restaurant ...

Matte Painting is a term for large-scale hand-drawn images used in film, television, and computer game production to create the illusion of an environment in a frame that, for whatever reason, cannot be filmed on location or reproduced with scenery. The art of Matte Painting is the creation of a photorealistic image that creates the illusion of living nature, however, bearing traces of artificiality (man-made).

Neoplasticism (goal. neoplasticism) - a trend in Dutch art associated with the architectural and art magazine "Style" (1917-28). It put forward the idea of ​​"universal harmony", embodied in a "pure", geometrized generalized form. Having given fruitful results in architecture and the art industry (P. Oud, G. Rietveld), neoplasticism in easel art (P. Mondrian) resulted in the creation of one of the variants of abstract painting - combinations of large rectangular planes painted in the primary colors of the spectrum.

New wave (eng. New Wave) - a term usually used to refer to some trends in art and design of the second half of the 20th century. The term "New Wave" comes from the French term Nouvelle Vague, which denoted a direction in French cinema in the late 1960s.

Original (from Latin Originalis - initial) - In the field of fine arts - a genuine work of art, as opposed to a fake, copy (see) or reproduction. The term original is also used as a designation of a work of art that serves as a model for a copy. In this sense, the original can be any, including non-genuine work.

Ornament - The word "ornament" is derived from the Latin word "ornamentum", which translates as "decoration". An ornament is a pattern with patterns repeated in a certain order.

Palette- This is a thin wooden plank of a rectangular or oval shape with a hole. Artists need a palette to work with oil paints. The artist holds the palette in his left hand with his thumb inserted into the hole. Along the edge of the palette, he squeezes paint out of the tubes, and in the middle of the palette he mixes the paints, achieving the desired color. Every artist has their favorite colors. Some like to paint pictures without using many different colors. And others prefer the variety and brightness of colors in their work. In the first case, the artist is said to have a “restrained palette”. And in the second - "a rich, bright palette." That is, the palette is also called the paints that the artist and designer uses in their work.

Personification- giving to living or inanimate objects, or abstract concepts such as "victory" or "industry", human forms or human attributes. For example, death is depicted as a skeleton or figure in a black robe with a scythe.

Seal (eng., "seal" - seal, goes back to Latin, "sigillum" - seal, and this, in turn, serves as a diminutive of "signum" - sign) - usually an emblem or sign engraved in metal used for imprint on paper or sealing wax as a symbol of identification of the owner or received authority. The history of the use of seals dates back to about the 3rd millennium BC. e., to the art of the ancient Sumerians, whose seals were pictograms carved on stone that identified the owner; the imprint was applied on wet clay, turning the edges of the seal in a circle.

A pictogram is a stylized and easily recognizable graphic image, simplified to facilitate visual perception. Its purpose is to enhance the characteristic features of the depicted object. The scheme is simple: I saw - I learned - I understood. I saw it because it attracted attention; recognized what is depicted on it; understand what exactly she wants to tell you. A pictogram (lat., "pictus" - drawn) is an image used as a symbol in early writing systems. For example, the crescent is used as a designation of the moon, wavy lines - as a designation of water. Usually this is a sign corresponding to some object; used to provide more specific information that emphasizes its typical features. Hence, the pictographic form of writing is writing using pictograms, the art of recording events or expressing ideas with drawings, and depicting statistics and relationships with graphs, diagrams, symbols, and similar means.

Fin style is a conventional name for trends in automotive design that existed at the turn of the fifties and sixties of the XX century. The fin style was originally a feature of North American car manufacturers, but it has since spread throughout the world and has lasted much longer in other parts of the world than in America itself.

A poster, or more familiar to us - a poster - is a large-format image made for advertising, propaganda, information or educational purposes. In graphic design theory, a poster is an advertising message reduced to a clear visual formula, designed to encourage the recipient of the message to take specific actions. From the point of view of the features of a poster as an advertising medium, it can act as an advertising page in a printed publication, a street lightbox, a roadside billboard (billboard) or just a poster. From a content point of view, a poster should combine into a single composition a number of graphic design elements that are in a certain relationship with each other, namely: a large, drawn or photographic image, a slogan that deciphers the advertising message and elements of the advertiser's corporate identity (sign and logo).

Plagiarism is the issuance of someone else's work for one's own or the illegal publication of someone else's work under one's own name, the appropriation of authorship.

Repetition - in fine arts and design: the author's copy of a work of art in the size of the original (sometimes less than it). The repetition may deviate from the original in minor details. Wed doublet, replica, variant.

Pop culture - Forms of entertainment that find their way into the mass market. Pop culture can include such phenomena as everyday life, entertainment, mass media, etc. The content of mass pop culture is determined by the daily aspirations and needs that make up the life of the majority of the population (the so-called mainstream).

Project (from Latin projectus, literally - thrown forward) - 1) a set of documents (calculations, drawings, etc.) for the creation of any structure or product. 2) The preliminary text of any document. 3) Idea, plan.

Design - the process of creating a project - a prototype, a prototype of a proposed or possible object, including the design of the object.

Psycho-design is the science of adapting interiors, architectural and landscape, as well as graphic style-bearing forms to a specific person, his psychological characteristics and needs. The interior is able to stimulate and destroy, tune in to success, peace or activity, remove or exacerbate the internal problems of a person, family, team; intensify the creative process, influence sales. It is possible to create an individual design model “for a person” only on the basis of objective, scientifically based information and a methodology that combines the principles of design and psychology.

Public art - the so-called folk (urban) design. Thrives in the west. It did not exist in Russia (an exception is the agitational art of the 1920s), it does not exist, and of course it never will.

Foreshortening (French Raccourcir - shorten, shorten) - Perspective reduction in the shape of an object, leading to a change in its usual outlines. Foreshortening refers to usually pronounced contractions that occur when an object is observed from above or below, especially close up.

Replica (French replique) - In the field of fine arts, the author's copy of a work of art, which differs from the original in size. Like repetition, a replica can alter minor details of the original.

Restyling - in design and publishing, bringing the corporate identity in line with modern aesthetic requirements with the obligatory preservation of generic stylistic signs of recognition.

Advertising design is more of a commercial craft based more on profit than art.

Drawing is a kind of art graphics based on technical means and drawing capabilities. Unlike painting, drawing is done with a solid coloring matter (pencil, sanguine, charcoal, etc.) or with a pen, brush, ink, or watercolor. The expressive means of a drawing are, as a rule, a stroke, a spot, a line. Such a drawing can be either a cursory sketch from nature or a complete graphic composition, including an illustration, caricature, or poster in the original. Drawing is one of the most ancient types of fine arts. In ancient times, when there was no written language yet, our ancestors conveyed their attitude to the world around them with the help of a drawing. Until now, archaeologists have found images of animals in the caves where primitive people once lived.

A symbol (Greek - a sign, a signal, a sign, a sign, a pledge, a password, an emblem) is a sign that is associated with the objectivity it designates so that the meaning of the sign and its subject matter are represented only by the sign itself and are revealed only through its interpretation.

Style- the commonality of the figurative system, means of artistic expression, creative techniques, due to the unity of the ideological and artistic content. We can talk about the style of individual works or genres, about the individual style (creative manner) of an individual author, as well as about the style of entire eras or major artistic movements, since the unity of the socio-historical content determines in them the commonality of artistic and figurative principles, means, techniques (such , for example, in the plastic and other arts, Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque, Rococo, Classicism.

Styling design - Artistic adaptation of an already finished form (interior-exterior) or improvement of the technical part of the object. In Russia, it is developing quite bizarrely.

Environmental design - design of the architectural environment (interior-exterior), services of designers designing art festivals, exhibitions, etc.

Street art (eng. Street art - street art) - The main type of street art is graffiti, otherwise spray art, but it cannot be considered that street art is graffiti. Street art also includes posters (non-commercial), stencils, various sculptural installations and other examples of urban street art.

Suprematism is the style put by K. S. Malevich as the basis of his artistic experiments of the 1910s, K. S. Malevich considered it the highest point in the development of art (hence the name, derived from the Latin supremus, “highest, last”), which is characterized by geometric abstractions from the simplest shapes (square, rectangle, circle, triangle). He had a great influence on constructivism, industrial art. Malevich himself and his students (N. M. Suetin, I. G. Chashnik and others) repeatedly translated the Suprematist style into architectural projects, the design of household items (especially artistic porcelain), and the design of exhibitions.

Surrealism (French surrealisme, literally - super-realism) is a trend in the art of the 20th century, which proclaimed the subconscious sphere (instincts, dreams, hallucinations) as the source of art, and its method - breaking logical connections, replaced by free associations. Surrealism took shape in the 1920s, developing a number of features of Dadaism (writers A. Breton, F. Supo, T. Tzara, artists M. Ernst, J. Arp, J. Miro). Since the 1930s (artists S. Dali, P. Bloom, I. Tanguy) the main feature of surrealism was the paradoxical illogicality of the combination of objects and phenomena, which are skillfully given a visible object-plastic authenticity.

Technical aesthetics is a branch of science that studies the socio-cultural, technical and aesthetic problems of the formation of a harmonious subject environment created by means of industrial production to ensure the best working conditions, life and recreation for people. Technical aesthetics studies the social nature of design and patterns of development, the principles and methods of artistic design, the problems of professional creativity of an artist-constructor (designer).

Tilt-shift (tilt shift) - a genre of photography in which objects, landscapes or people taken at life size appear more than miniature on a photographic print. In photographs made using this technique and using special lenses, ordinary things and objects look like toys.

Texture (from the Latin factura - division) - In painting, sculpture and design: material, tangible properties of the surface of a work of art, used as a means of truthful depiction of reality. Texture differences are determined, first of all, by the peculiarities of nature itself: in painting, for example, transparent, deep shadows are usually conveyed by a thin and even layer of paint, as opposed to a thick, embossed writing of brightly lit places and highlights. In sculpture, a person's face, in comparison with his clothes or hair, is executed more smoothly, etc. The properties of the texture also depend on the technical capabilities of the material, on the nature of the task (a sketch, for example, is never painted like a picture); from the scale of the image, from the individual characteristics of the artist.

Corporate identity is a set of visual, verbal and other elements, the totality of which creates a unique brand image in communications. The development of a corporate identity includes two stages: the first is the creation of corporate identity constants, the second is the adaptation of the conceptual design to different media groups. The list of corporate identity positions is determined taking into account the key points of contact between the brand and the consumer.

Background (French Fond - lit. “bottom”, “deep part”) - Any part of a pictorial or ornamental composition in relation to the “protruding” (especially foreground) detail included in it. A non-pictorial background is called neutral.

Futuro design - historical design and predictive design of the future.

Heritage style (eng. Heritage - heritage) - A direction in men's fashion in the 2010s, which is based on the traditions of the past: lumberjack shirts, work boots sewn using pre-war technology. In graphic design, heritage features are the use of anchors, mustaches, Helvetica fonts, and other vintage elements in the identity.

Emblem (lat., “emblema” - mosaic work; derived from the Greek “emballein” - to throw inside) - Now the emblem is understood as a symbolic image of a concept or idea: for example, an anchor is a symbol of hope; "semicandlestick" - Judaism; the dove is a symbol of peace. In heraldry, the emblem in a certain way characterizes its owner; in religious art, symbolic objects surround images of saints. In sports symbols, this is the “big coat of arms” of a club or team (for example, a national team).

Outrageous behavior, a scandalous trick, an artistic statement that provokes an irritable reaction of the target audience.

Imitation- imitative, devoid of creative originality activity in any intellectual field, incl. in design.

Ergonomics (Human Factors). Ergonomics (from the Greek ergon work and nomos law) is a scientific and applied discipline that deals with the study and creation of efficient human-controlled systems.

Sketch (French Esquisse - sketch) - In fine arts and design: a work of art of an auxiliary nature, which is a preparatory sketch of a larger work and embodies its idea with the main compositional means. The execution of a painting or project design is usually preceded by a whole series of sketches in which the artist (designer) seeks or develops a structure of the whole that satisfies him.

An engraving is an impression from an engraving board. This is the same as engraving on wood, metal, linoleum or stone. Prints are available in black and white and color. The engraved board is made by the artist. Then he makes engravings of her. And prints in the form of woodcuts appeared a long time ago, back in the 10th century. Unlike paintings, they were very inexpensive and therefore poor people could buy them for themselves. Prints decorated houses.

Asian style - The main features are order, balance, clarity and simplicity

English style - These are cabinets finished with dark oak or walnut panels, green cloth

Enfilada - A series of communicating rooms, the doorways of which are on the same axis

Application - A method of creating ornaments or other images by superimposing pieces of another material on the main background

Arabesque- A rich and complex ornament based on a whimsical interweaving of geometric and stylized plant motifs

Arcature, arched frieze - A series of decorative arches on the facade of a building or on the walls inside

Harlequin- Furniture with a secret, the appearance of which does not match the function

Art Deco - Direction, geometric style in architecture and home furniture, popular in the 20s, 30s of the 20th century

Art Nouveau - Style developed in France and Europe at the end of the 19th century; with decorative smooth lines

Archivolt - Profile arched cornice

Architectonics - Structural patterns inherent in the design of a building, sculpture

Architectural divisions - General designation of columns adopted in architectural structures

Architectural- Characteristic for building art type of construction

Assemblage - Free composition of various elements or accumulation of material in free combinations

Atlant- Bearing column in the form of a powerful male figure on furniture or buildings

Attic - Wall above the cornice crowning the building

Lampshade Abacus

The top plate of the capital of the column; in architecture - the crowning part of the column, which takes on the weight of the cornice.

abacus avant-garde

The general name of a number of trends in the art of the twentieth century. Avant-gardism - the denial of traditional forms of art, the destruction of established aesthetic views, a penchant for expression.

Avant-garde Asian style

The main features of this style are order, balance, clarity and simplicity. Interest in Feng Shui has made this style popular in recent times. Texture, neutral palette and emphasis on the concept of home as a sanctuary are all important. This style is aptly described by the phrase "less is more".

Asian Style Acanthus

A southern herbaceous plant with large serrated leaves arranged in rosettes. The acanthus motif is widely used in ancient art.

Acanthus Watercolor

Water-soluble paint and painting technique using the transparency effect of the paint layer.

Colloquial name for polymers based on acrylic acid derivatives and materials made from them.

Acrylic Axonometry

A method of depicting objects in a drawing using parallel projections. Such an image is characterized by great clarity, because. illustrates a 3D model.

Axonometry Emphasis of the composition

Main part, compositional center.

Allegory

Conditional image of an abstract concept.

diamond face

Decor elements in the form of pieces of precious stones.

A recess or niche in a wall. Alcove originally meant a sleeping room, a bed enclosed by a curtain. In a modern interior, alcoves are small side rooms into which light does not penetrate directly from the outside, but only from other rooms through glass doors or windows.

Alcove Empire

The style of late classicism (1st third of the 19th century). Massive lapidary, emphatically monumental forms are characteristic; rich (often exotic) decor; reliance on the artistic heritage of imperial Rome, the use of military-imperial symbols. The style developed during the reign of Napoleon I Bonaparte.

Empire Amphora

Ancient Greek vase with a narrow neck.

Painting with colored clay on ceramics.

engobe entablature

Beam ceiling of the span, based on columns, and consisting of architrave, frieze and cornice. An entablature is an integral part of an architectural order.

Entablature Antiquity

History and culture of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, as well as countries and peoples.

Flooring, a shelf under the ceiling for storing various things, separated from the room by doors. The word is also used to refer to the top of the cabinet. The mezzanine is also called the upper part of the high room, divided into two half-story.

Antresol Anthropometry

One of the branches of anthropology that studies the dimensional characteristics of the structure, basic movements and postures of the human body. Anthropometry establishes average values ​​for people of different sex, age, ethnicity and geographic region. Anthropometric data are used in the design to ensure the proportionality of objects to a person, and as a result - ease of use and comfort.

Entourage

Environment, environment. That which accompanies the visual center, the main element. To some extent, the entourage can be compared to the scenery in which the main action takes place.

A series of communicating rooms, the doorways of which are on the same axis. Characteristic of baroque and classicism.

Enfilade Application

A technique of arts and crafts that creates an ornament or any image by superimposing pieces of another material on the main background.

A planar or thin stucco ornament with a complex, usually symmetrical, pattern stylizing plant shoots (sometimes combined with geometric figures, inscriptions, images of people and animals). Borrowed by European art of the Middle Ages from the ornamental compositions of Islamic art.

Arabesque Arch

Type of architectural structure, arcuate overlap of the opening - the space between two supports - columns, pylons.

Arch Arcatura. Arched frieze.

A number of decorative arches on the facade of the building or on the walls inside.

Arcature. Arched frieze. flying buttresses

In Gothic basilicas - arched bridges that transfer the expansion forces of the arches of the central vault to the buttresses; form the outer skeleton of supporting structures.

Arlequin flying buttresses

Furniture with a secret, the appearance of which does not match the function.

Harlequin Reinforcing window profile

Steel reinforcing element inside the PVC profile.

1920-1940 Direction, geometric style in architecture and home furniture, popular in the 20s and 30s of the 20th century. Characteristic emphatically geometric, rounded, "flowing" facades, wooden furniture with chrome-plated handles and other details, glass table tops. Art Deco uses solid maple, ash, rosewood, madronya wood. The Deco style has a lot of sources: cubist drawings, Native American art, modern automotive and aviation design.

Art Deco Art Nouveau

A style that developed in France and Europe at the end of the 19th century, with decorative flowing lines. Nature is a source of inspiration, which is why the themes of flowers, leaves, birds and insects are so characteristic of the style. Nature motifs are often fabulous and asymmetrical. This style is also characterized by images of women with long straight hair and long dresses.

Art Nouveau Archaic

Ancient, peculiar to antiquity; in Greek art - the period up to the middle of the 5th century. BC e.

Archaic

Responding to antiquity, outdated.

Architectonics

Structural patterns inherent in the design of a building, sculpture.

architectural division

The general designation of columns, pilasters, cornices, profiles, arches, arcades, balusters, risalits, etc., adopted in architectural structures, which can be found in old furniture products.

Architectural

Characteristic for building art type of construction.

Carrying column in the form of a powerful male figure on furniture or buildings.

Atlant Atrius. Atrium.

The central part of the ancient Roman and ancient Italian dwelling (domus), which was an internal courtyard of light, from where there were exits to all other rooms. In modern architecture, the atrium is the central, usually multi-light, distribution space of a public building, insolated through a skylight or an opening in the ceiling.

Atrium. Atrium. Attic

A wall above the cornice crowning the structure. The attic is often decorated with reliefs or inscriptions.

Any professional who does his job long enough acquires a specific jargon that he uses easily and without thinking, and people unfamiliar with these terms are surprised and do not understand what is being said. Not understanding, they try not to show it and nod their heads, saying “yes, yes, we are aware.” Therefore, I want to explain through this article a few fairly widely used terms that are useful for people who are not related to interior design to learn.

Paint according to the color

This cryptic phrase means nothing more than the German industrial color standard RAL. Since the colors are standardized and have individual numbers, the same color will look the same for different manufacturers of furniture and finishing materials, adjusted for how the paint lays on different surfaces. Colors are selected according to special type-setting samples.

Capitone

I have been dealing with Italian furniture for about 10 years and I often use this word in conversation with clients. Sometimes this leads to a “freeze” of the client, just like a computer. Capitone is a familiar diamond-shaped furniture upholstery with buttons.

Previously, such upholstery was used in the manufacture of carriages, now headboards, sofas, armchairs, and ottomans are upholstered this way. By the way, some people, when they meet the description: “The head of the bed is capito”, they think that this is the type of headboard. In fact, this is a type of upholstery and a typical example of it is the Chester (Chesterfield) sofa.

eco-leather

One of the widely used deception words. Who wants to buy leatherette or leatherette furniture? It's just like a natural fragrance. And eco-leather - it sounds eco-friendly and modern!

Skinali

A word that some time ago led me to the state of a “frozen computer”. It turned out that everything is very simple: it's just a glass kitchen apron.

MDF (finely dispersed fraction)

Denotes fine wood flour that has been mixed with an adhesive base (usually naturally occurring lignin) and shaped into some form - a flat cabinet door or a figured baroque scroll on the facade of this cabinet.

MDF is often confused with chipboard (chipboard), which was widely used in furniture production in the USSR. The main difference between furniture made of MDF and furniture made of chipboard is that in MDF, the hinges on the doors do not fall off after a couple of years of operation.

solid wood

Many people think when they hear this term that they understand what it is about. In fact, everything is not so simple. When the seller of furniture or interior doors tells you: “this is from an array” or, alternatively, “this is a natural tree”, two different cases are meant. The first one (an array) suggests a piece of wood that has been sawn, cut, and painted.

And there is another option, similar to multilayer plywood. This is also called "array" and "natural wood" by sellers.

And, believe my furniture experience, the second option is preferable in operation. It does not crack and does not "lead". You don't have to worry about fluctuations in temperature and humidity.

Glued solid wood variant - blockboard

Filenka

A thin board or plywood inserted into a frame. Most interior doors are made from a frame and a variety of panels.

Murano glass

A term that many have heard and know that Murano glass is glass made on the island of Murano near Venice. It is also called "Venetian glass". You may ask: “Everyone knows this already. Why explain it?" Recently, while completing a design project, I looked through the catalog of a very well-known Chinese factory, I will not name it, which produces chandeliers and various lamps. In their catalog it was written: “Murano glass chandelier. China". This is the same as "Moscow cognac" or "Russian parmesan". Do you understand what I mean?

pattern

Some pattern, system, ornament. I will not paint in detail, since there is a whole separate article on this topic " ".

Finishing processes- processes for additional processing of printed products to improve their appearance, improve quality and strength, for example, lamination, varnishing, creasing, embossing, etc.

Varnishing - refining sheet printed products (paper, cardboard) by applying a printing (dispersion or UV-curable) varnish on it - to add shine, create more reliable protection from external influences.

Selective varnishing- Varnishing not the entire surface, but only selective areas, as a rule, with a UV-curable glossy varnish.

lamination- ennoblement of paper by pressing a special film to make it waterproof, rigid, reliable protection from external influences. It is widely used in the finishing of printed products. Lamination is hot and cold. It is produced on special devices - laminators.

Thermal rise- a type of printing that creates the effect of three-dimensional text on the material.

Folding- the process of folding (folding) paper. It is applied on papers with a density up to 170 g/sq.m inclusive. The fold line when folding is called a fold. On thicker papers, creasing is used.

scoring- formation of fold lines (big) on ​​thick papers. There are knife, roller and creasing with a stamp. It is carried out on special machines. It differs from folding by a more pronounced fold line, as well as the possibility of implementing this process on denser materials.

felling(punching, punching) - the operation of sheet stamping - obtaining flat figured parts by separating the material from the workpiece along a closed contour in a punching die. Carving is done with special stamps (punching-forms).

notch- unlike notching, when notching, the material is not cut through. It is used in the manufacture of, for example, stickers.

Perforation- drawing periodically repeating holes or lines. It is performed to facilitate a break or fold along a certain line. Perforation is created using special knives, discs, rulers.

foil stamping- attaching foil (there are many varieties that differ in color, gloss intensity, etc.) to paper (cardboard) using a heat press.

Relief stamping(embossing) - obtaining a multi-level relief image without paint and foil by compressing a section of the binding cover, a postcard between a heated stamp and a counter-stamp (respectively, a punch and a matrix). It is carried out in special printing presses or in crucible printing machines. This is a spectacular technique for designing a binding cover and advertising publications on thin cardboard or thick paper, sometimes using foil.

blint- flat (unlike embossing) colorless embossing.

Cliche- an embossed metal plate used for foil stamping, embossing or blind stamping.

Laminating- connection (gluing) of two different materials.

Numbering- printing, as a rule, with the help of special devices - numerators, changing numbers on prints (for example, on securities, forms, tickets, numbered editions, etc.)

Sheet picking- collecting separate scattered sheets or notebooks in the required sequence for stitching into a brochure or book.

collating machine- a machine consisting of a certain number of feeders and a conveyor, on which an edition block is completed from individual notebooks. Completing a block of notebooks can be carried out with a cape, tab or selection, depending on the requirements of the technology. Although the machine is called collating, it always picks up notebooks. It is called collating because it picks up printed sheets folded in a notebook. Not to be confused with a picker (collator).

picker(collator) - a machine of tower or horizontal linear construction, consisting of a certain number of trays, from which sheets are fed one at a time and a publishing block is selected. Sheet pickers, as a rule, are office machines and are not very profitable for mass production of printed products in terms of reliability.

WIRE-O- double wire helix. A method of binding multi-page publications, mainly calendars, notebooks. Binding is carried out on special devices.

Rigel- binding element of loose-leaf calendars. It is used for the convenience of placing the calendar on the wall. It is a piece of metal wire with a bend formed in the middle - an "eye".

Piccolo- an element of a wall calendar, usually quarterly. It is a metal ring with a diameter of 3-5 mm, framing a hole for mounting a calendar on the wall.

Bookbinding processes- Processes that complete the printing production, leading to the receipt of printed sheets of notebooks, publications, brochures, magazines or books in a cover or binding. They include folding, collating, sewing, or seamless binding of book and magazine notebooks, covering with a cover, etc.

Completing the block with a tab- compilation of a book block by inserting notebooks one into another in a certain sequence. They are used in the manufacture of magazines and brochures of small volume (up to 96 pages).

Packing the block with a cape- drawing up a book block by throwing notebooks one on top of the other in a certain sequence. Used in the manufacture of magazines and brochures of small volume (up to 96 pages).

Completing the block with a selection- compilation of the book block of the publication from sequentially arranged one into the other notebooks or separate sheets. Widely used in the manufacture of book publications.

Book block assembly- layout of a book block from notebooks (sheets) and other components with an inlay (cloak) or a selection.

KBS- Adhesive seamless bonding. One of the types of fastening multi-page publications (brochures, catalogs, magazines). Typically used in limited edition editions with a spine thickness of 4 to 10 mm.

Saddle stitch- fastening through the spine fold of notebooks, completed with an inlay or cape.

Sewing inside- fastening with wire along the spine field of notebooks, completed with a selection.

Wire stitching machine- a machine designed for binding notebooks and sheets of book blocks, brochures, notepads, calendars, etc. with wire staples. The machines differ in the degree of automation, the number of staples applied simultaneously, fastening notebooks or sheets.

Sewing machine(NSHA) - a sewing machine that binds notebooks into a book block with automatic piece-by-piece feeding of notebooks into it by a feeder without the direct participation of a person in each cycle of the machine.

Insertion-sewing-cutting machine(VSHRA) - a line designed for the production of brochures and magazines with a tab along with a cover, stitching them with wire along the fold with the bending of the legs of the staples inside the block and trimming from three sides.

Paper cutting- processing sheet paper or cardboard by cutting to create two mutually perpendicular "correct" sides and give printed sheets exact dimensions. Paper cutting is carried out on single-knife paper-cutting machines from four, and with good quality edges from two sides at a right angle. The cut corner is called the "correct" one and is marked on the printed paper racks.

cutting- one of the printing processes used in the production of printed products. There are several types: trimming - cutting sheet paper or cardboard to create two mutually perpendicular "correct" sides and give the sheets exact dimensions; cutting - division by cutting of prints, sheets of paper or cardboard into certain parts.