Russian traveler Peter Kuzmich Kozlov. Kozlov Peter Kuzmich - Russian Researcher Mongolia, China and Tibet, participant of a big game: biography, discoveries, awards

Peter Kuzmich Kozlov was born on October 15, 1863 in the town of the Promolensk province in the poor large family. His father - Kuzma Egorovich was engaged in distillation of livestock from Ukraine to the central provinces of the Russian Empire. Many years later, becoming a traveler, Peter Kuzmich, remembering joint campaigns with his father, will say that it was from this that everything began: they took the dream to visit distant countries. In his autobiography, Kozlov was noted: "How much I remember, with the adolescent years I owned one dream - about the free weird life in the wide expanses of the desert, the mountains of the Great Asian mainland."

Peter Kozlov. 1882-1883

After graduating from the city six-class school in 1878, the young man got working in the office of the local distiller plant in the village of Sloboda (now pos. Przhevalsky, Smolensk region), not far from the estate of Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky - the famous traveler.

N.M. Przhevalsky. 1883

Thanks to a happy occasion, Kozlov met Przhevalsky, who had just returned from his third central Asian expedition (1879-1880). He saw a relative soul in the young Peter of Kozlov and offered to participate in his new expedition on Central Asia with a visit for the Forbidden at that time for Europeans Lhasa - the capital of Tibet. In the autumn of 1882, Kozlov moved to Przhevalsky's house and began to prepare for the journey. Since Przhevalsky formed his expeditionary detachment exclusively from the military, Kozlov had to go to military service - to sign up in 1883 by a solid-defining in the 2nd Sophia Infantry Regiment in Moscow. At the age of 19th, he went to his first journey through Central Asia - along with Przhevalsky, which lasted from 1883 to 1885.

4th Central Asian Expedition N.M. Przhevalsky. In the foreground sitting: V.I. Roborovsky, N.M. Przhevalsky and PK Kozlov.

This first journey was a serious test for a novice researcher. The "winter expedition" was particularly difficult to Northern Tibetan Highlands, filled with high voltage of physical forces. "Cold, storms, discharged air gave themselves to feel even our strong organisms, recalled Peter Kozlov. Only geographical discoveries of great importance - the opening of new colossal ridges, lakes, which, according to the right of the first explorer, Przhevalsky gave his names; Successful replenishment of zoological collections by large forms of mammals, only the consciousness of the importance of the task facilitated all the difficulties and adversities and helped to examine a significant area, not visited by anyone from Europeans. " Kozlov also took part in this fighting battle for the first time, when the expedition camp was attacked by Tangutov's nomads. For the manifested courage, Przhevalsky awarded his assistant to the St. George Cross. Remembering this journey, Kozlov will later write in the autobiographical essay: "Since that time, the study of Central Asia has become the guide thread for me, which was determined by the whole course of my future life. Years of settled life in his homeland, I devoted to improvements in the natural sciences, ethnography and astronomy. "

Upon returning from the expedition, Kozlov graduated from the Infantry Junker School in St. Petersburg (1886-1887) and later was closely connected with St. Petersburg, where the Russian Geographical Society was located (hereinafter RGO) and the main headquarters, organizers of all scientific, geographical expeditions in Central and Central Asia.

Type of building of the Russian Geographical Society in St. Petersburg (Gryivtsova Lane House 10).

After the death of Przhevalsky in 1888, Kozlov participated in two travels under the leadership of Mikhail Vasilyevich Pevtsov (1889 - 1890) and Vsevolod Ivanovich Roborovsky (1893 - 1895).

Portraits M.V. Pevtsova and V.I. Roborovsky.

On the instructions of the RGO and the General Staff in 1905, Kozlov made another very important trip - in URGA (the modern name Ulan-Bator), where he met with the 13th Dalai Lama Tubate Gyzo, who fled from his subwayery capital in Mongolia after the invasion of Tibet English military expedition Janhazbenda (Sir Francis Edward Younghusband). Kozlov managed to start friendly relations with the Buddhist high priest, openly looking for the patronage of Tsarist Russia, and he, in particular, belonged to the idea of \u200b\u200bthe formation of the "Russian convoy" in the Dalai Lama for its maintenance back to Lhasa. In the case of the implementation of this project, Kozlov became the first Russian traveler who visited the "Forbidden Lhasa", however, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Empire unexpectedly rejected this project on political considerations. Four years later, Kozlov managed to meet again with Dalai Lama - this time in the Gumbum monastery during the Mongol-Sichuan expedition.

Later, Peter Kuzmich Kozlov was headed by three large independent expeditions - Mongol-Kama (1899-1901), Mongol-Sichuan (1907-1909) and Tibeto-Mongolian (1923-1926). These travels brought google fame and extensive international recognition. The traveler was elected an honorary member of the Geographical Societies of Holland (1896) and Hungary (1911), a large gold medal of the Italian geographical society was awarded, the medal of the founder of the British royal geographical society, one of the most prestigious in Europe (1911), and the PA Prize Chihacheva of the French Academy of Sciences (1913). For its part, the Russian Geographical Society awarded Kozlov Silver Medal N.M. Przhevalsky for the work on the study of the nature of Central Asia, according to the results of the expedition, M.V. Pevtsova in 1891 and then with his highest award - Konstantinovsky gold medal in 1902, handed over to him at the end of the Mongol-Kama Expedition.

Peter Kuzmich Kozlov was married twice. The first time - at the hope of Stepanovna Kamnina, from which he had two children - Vladimir and Olga. The second time Kozlov married in 1912 on Elizabeth Vladimirovna Pushkareva, daughter of St. Petersburg doctor Vladimir Josefovich Pushkarev.

Peter Kuzmich and Elizabeth Vladimirovna Kozlov. 1912

After marriage to Elizabeth, Vladimirovna Kozlov finally moved to Petersburg from Moscow. The young settled in the house number 6 on Smolny Avenue, near the Smolny Institute, in a small three-bedroom apartment (sq. №18), next to the apartment of Parents Elizabeth (sq. No. 32). Later, in 1916, both families united in a spacious semi-nominal apartment of Pushkarev, the very Museum of Apartment P.K. Kozlova.

After the revolution, Kozlov was actively engaged in environmental activities. In 1917 - 1919. He performed the position of the Government Commissioner for the Protection of the Zoo-Reserve of Askania-Nova in Kherson steppes in the south of Russia. The reserve was created at the end of the XIX century F.E. Falk Fane in its own estate to preserve the extinct species of rare animals. In 1899, here, thanks to the promotion of Kozlov, were delivered from the Dzhunga steppes a few individuals of the wild "Przhevalsky horse" ( Equus.Przrwalskii.) For their breeding in captivity. Currently, such horses can be seen, in addition to Ascania-Nova, in the Moscow and Berlin zoos and in the National Park of Hustine Nuru in Mongolia.

Askania-Nova. 1912-1914

The last expedition of Kozlov - Mongol-Tibetan took place in 1923-1926, for funds and in the active support of the state. It was the first Soviet expedition to Mongolia, which marked the beginning of Soviet-Mongolian scientific cooperation. The wife of the traveler, beginning ornithologist - E.V. accepted participation in it. Kozlova (Pushkareva).

In 1927, shortly after the end of the Mongo Tibetan expedition, despite the old age, P.K. Kozlov began to prepare for a new journey - again in Tibet, to the sources of the Blue Yangtze River to erase the "Last White Spot" on the Asia map. To go to this lost mountain world, he was assembled in an unusual way - on two airplanes. His ideas, however, were not destined to come true. At the beginning of the winter of 1935, Kozlov got sick, in the summer he was placed in a sanatorium in the old Peterhof, where he died from a heart attack a few months later - September 26, 1935 buried the famous traveler at the Smolensk Lutheran Cemetery, on the site allotted for the burial of outstanding figures Soviet science.

Monument on the grave PK Kozlova. Smolensk cemetery in St. Petersburg.

To his contemporaries Peter Kuzmich Kozlov was remembered as an unusually courageous and strong spirit man, purposeful and at the same time ambitious, deeply loved in nature, the patriot of his homeland. All his life, he remained a zealous follower of his teacher N.M. Przhevalsky, his principles of the organization of expeditions and method of field research - route reconnaissance. Military career Kozlova ended at the end of 1916, when he was awarded the title of Major General, and thus he had a closure with his famous geographic general teachers - Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky and Mikhail Vasilyevich Pevtsov.

The scientific merit of Peter Kuzmich Kozlova is great. Its main achievements in the field of geography are open mountain ranges, lakes and rivers of Tibetan Highlands, Ampo and Kama, Mongolia and East Turkestan (Xinjiang). His scientific and natural collections (zoological and botanical) are no less valuable. Only the zoological collection has more than 1,400 mammal copies, some of which are quite rare or unique, like a wild camel, wild yak, Tibetan fundamentale, Chinese mountain deer; And over 5,000 birds of birds. In addition, this collection includes hundreds of reptiles, fish, mollusks and tens of thousands of insects. According to Zoologov A.I. Ivanova and A.A. Shakelberg, "together with the collections of N.M. Przhevalsky, fees PK Kozlova constitutes a completely unique assembly on the fauna of Central Asia and thanks to them the Zoological Museum, now the Zoological Institute of the Academy of Sciences, received world glory. "

At the deaf corner of Smolensk region - Sloboda - the famous traveler Przhevalsky met Peter Kuzmich Kozlov, who was then served in the office of one merchant.

An inquisitive young man liked Przhevalsky. This random meeting has changed the life of a young railway. Kozlov settled in the Przhevalsky estate and under his leadership began to prepare for exams for the course of the real school.

After a few months, the exams were handed over. But Przhevalsky enrolled on the expedition only the military. And Peter Kuzmich had to enroll in military service. He served in the shelf only three months, and then he was enrolled in the Przhevalsky expedition.

It was the fourth expedition of the famous traveler to Central Asia.

In the fall of 1883, the caravan of expedition was released from the city of Kyakhta in the fall of 1883. The young participant of the expedition Peter Kuzmich on the first prival recorded in his diary:

"I bless you, the first day of my happiness, cloudless and bright, the only drawback of which was that he flew so quickly."

The young man knew that the cold of Mongolian steppes, the sandy winds of the Gobi and snow storms on the mountain thieves of Tibet, are waiting ahead of them, but it did not overshadow his joyful mood. Through the steppe, the desert and mountain passes have passed an expedition.

The caravan went down to the valley of the river. Tatung, the influx of Juanhe - the Great Yellow River.

"... Handsome Tatung, then Grozny and Majestic, then quiet and even, held for hours on his shores of Przhevalsky and revealed me to my teacher at the best mood, in the most sincere travel stories," wrote Kozlov.

In the upper reaches of the River Yellow on the expedition, robbers from the stray tribe of Tangutov were attacked. At dawn, there is a suddenly on the camp of travelers, an equestrian gang was raised to 300 people armed with firearms. This is where the military routine was useful on the expedition. Literally a minute later the camp turned into a small fortress. Travelers with rifles in the hands hid behind drawers. And the arrows soon scored the attack of the robbers.

Peter Kuzmich learned a lot in his first journey. He led an eye shooting, determined heights and was the first assistant to Przhevalsky when collecting zoological and botanical collections. Przhevalsky gave the young man sometimes difficult orders and at the same time always demanded a quick accurate execution.

Returning from the expedition to St. Petersburg, Kozlov on the advice of his friend and the teacher entered the Military School. After His graduation, Peter Kuzmich, already in the rank of a poderuk, was again credited to the composition of the new expedition of Przhevalsky.

During the preparation for the campaign in Karakol (which is now called Przhevalsk), Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky fell ill with a typhoid and on November 1, 1888 died.

Kozlov was seriously worried about this loss.

"Tears, bitter tears stood each of us. It seemed to me that such a mountain could not be survived ... Yes, it is not yet already survived, "Peter Kuzmich wrote after many years.

The expedition scheduled for Przhevalsky, headed M. V. Singers. Kozlov made several independent trips this time. The main one is on r. Konchdar (left tariff flow) and oz. Bagashkul. He mined interesting specimens for the zoological collection, described the terrain, vegetation, gathered materials about the life and life of the population. For fruitful work on the expedition, a geographical society was awarded Peter Kuzmich with a silver medal. Przhevalsky.

In 1893, the Russian expedition went to the departure of Central Asia. She was headed by pupils of Przhevalsky - V. I. Roborovsky and P. K. Kozlov.

Officially, Peter Kuzmich was listed by Assistant Roborovsky, but he performed 12 independent routes. In the rich zoological collection collected by them, there were three rare specimens of wild camel skins.

The plan of the work of the expedition has not yet been fulfilled when Roborovsky suddenly broke palsy. Peter Kuzmich had to take part of himself as an expedition.

Kozlov led a caravan through mountain passes. More than once, in the way, it was necessary to fight back from the robbery shakes, to experience any deprivation, but Kozlov safely completed the work of the expedition, without interrupting research.

In the spring of 1899, Peter Kuzmich went to a new journey to the Gobusy Altai and East Tibet. It was his first independent expedition.

Through the Mongolian Mountain Ridges, the Altai Expedition went down to the Gobi Desert. Forty five days caravan walked along the infinite sandy sea. But the most responsible part of the work was the study of Eastern Tibet - Country Country. In the summer of 1900, the caravan of the expedition, replacing camels by Yakov, more adapted to move in the mountains, got to the country.

Peter Kuzmich carefully examined the Worthy of the Great River Indochina - Mekong.

In the highland country Kam Kozlov struck the extraordinary wealth of vegetation and a variety of animal world. Travelers have met new, unknown bird science.

From these places, Kozlov assumed to go to the capital of Tibet Lhasa, but the head of Tibet Dalai Lama categorically opposed it. Expeditions had to change the route.

Between the basins of the Mekong and Yangtze rivers travelers opened a water-seated mountain range, which was called the name of the Russian geographical society.

During his trip, the expedition collected a valuable material. The geological collection contained 1200 samples of rocks, and the botanical - 25 thousand copies of plants. The richest was the zoological collection in which there were eight unknown science of birds.

In 1907, Kozlov again headed the expedition to the Gobi Desert. The traveler went in search of the ruins of the ancient city of Hara-Hoto, the stories about which reminded legends.

According to a familiar path from Kyakhta in Urga (Ulan-Bator) in the December days a caravan of an expedition was released. One local prince, having made friends with Kozlov, gave his conductor.

For a long time, riders rode in completely deserted places. Only occasionally on the hills there were bushes of Tamarisk and Saksaul. But once on the horizon showed pointed turrets. They stood two, three on the ancient cavalo road. These were somburgans - ancient Mongolian tombstones.

Hara-Hoto surrounded the city walls with a height of over 10 m. Slow sands almost completely fell asleep them. It was possible to enter the horse on the top of the wall and go down to the city. Only sandy hills stretched inside it, which were published on the ranks of yellow caps. Under each such cap, the structure was hidden.

Kozlov inflicted Hara Hoto on the map. The city was lying at 41 ° 45 's. sh. and 101 ° 05 'in. D. In ancient times, he was a major center of the Siya tangut state that existed in the XI-XII and early XIII century.

When excavations, travelers found money, carpets, fabrics, paintings, metal and pottery, gold jewelry made with great art.

The excavation was painfully difficult: there was no water nearby, and it had to carry it on donkes from the nearest Mongolian cores located in tens of kilometers from the site of excavations. Strong wind carried a cloud of dust and sand, difficult to breathe. Red stones of ancient buildings on excavations burned their hands. More than once despair covered Kozlov's satellites. But he possessed a special ability - to encourage everyone and passion.

The most wonderful find found in Hara-Hoto was a library of 2000 books, scrolls and manuscripts, seven centuries in the sand. There Yaga found up to three hundred picturesque images on paper, canvas and silk.

All shades of paints are wonderfully preserved in the pictures. Among the books, the Siberian Language Dictionary was discovered, which helped read books and parchment scrolls.

Thanks to these discoveries, the genuine history of the SI-XI state became known.

Objects found in the excavations of the dead city of Hara-hotr, make up the greatest value. They are stored in the Special Department of the Museum of the Academy of Sciences in Leningrad.

Hara-Hoto's excavations brought godly glorious glory. Russian geographical society elected him with his honorary member.

Kozlov dreamed of a new expedition, but in 1914 the world imperialist war began, and the journey had to postpone.

In 1923, the Soviet government instructed Kozlov to organize a Mongol-Tibetan expedition. Peter Kuzmich was already 60 years old, but he with young ferments and with great energy began to prepare for his journey.

None of the goats of Kozlov was so well equipped as this first expedition to Soviet power. A lot of specialists participated in it.

Kozlov managed to get, finally, from the Dalai Lama skipping - "saw" - half a silk card with cloths on the crop. The second half of the "saws" was at mountain guard on the approaches to the capital of Tibet. But the dream of Kozlov to visit Lhas did not realize. The British, who traveled to capture Tibet in their hands, accepted all measures to prevent Russians in Lhasa.

Kozlov had to change the route. For three years, the expedition studied the nature and history of Mongolia.

In the cities of Northern Mongolia, travelers excavated the ancient mounds, in which the warlords of the eastern Gunnov were buried. The things found during the excavations told about the culture of people who lived 2000 years ago.

During this expedition, Peter Kuzmich visited and "his brainchild", as he called Hara-Hoto to continue the excavation there.

Mongol expedition gave a lot of valuable for science. In the same only collected insect collection, there were up to 30 thousand copies. On r. Ulan was discovered an unknown waterfall.

The huge merit of this expedition is to strengthen cultural and scientific relations with the Mongolian People's Republic.

Returning from the journey, Kozlov lived most of the time in the village of Stretfully, near the city of Old Russ. Despite the old years, he often traveled in different cities, making reports on their travels. Kozlov was seventy-first, but he did not leave the thoughts about the journey to Tien Shan.

In 1935, Kozlov died. On the table in his office there was an unfinished letter, in which Peter Kuzmich promised the editor of one magazine "Write anything in connection, of course, with travels."

The traveler made a great contribution to science. His wonderful discovery was the dead city of Hara-Hoto in the Gobi desert.

(1863 - 1935)

The name of P. K. Kozlova stands in a number of the names of the largest figures of Russian geographic science, whose works contributed to the worldwide recognition of Russian research in Central Asia and recharge our traveler geographers. Kozlov, as well as its predecessors and contemporaries from Pleiads N. M. Przhevalsky, we are obliged by scientific knowledge of the most deaf, distant and hard-to-reach inland areas of the prices of the traaster part of the Asian mainland.

Expeditions P. K. Kozlov are of exceptional importance for the knowledge of Asia. They shed lights also on the history of the outskirts of the Chinese state XI- XIII. explosive And they delivered unique in their meaning of the collection of objects of cult and life of the peoples who inhabited Central Asia, as well as materials on geology, relief, composition of vegetation and animal world.

A distinctive feature of Kozlov is perseverance in achieving the target target. Its travels and their results, he is widely, with his peculiar skill, popularized in many numerical lectures and books.

Kozlov was born on October 3, 1863 in the city of the Schurphan of the Smolensk region. The case has reduced him with N. M. Przhevalsky, then the world famous traveler. This acquaintance determined the entire future life and activity of Kozlov. In order to get the opportunity to go with Przhevalsky, who have formed its expeditions in the form of a general rule from the military, Kozlov was to enter the army by solidifying. Departing the allowed service life, Kozlov took part in the fourth expedition of Przhevalsky to Central Asia. This is his first journey Kozlov in 1883 - 1885, when he went through the Gobi Desert, the ridges of Nanshany and the ridge of the River Juanhe (yellow). Travelers were the first Europeans who visited the origins of this great Chinese river. He then visited Tibet, Kunlun, in Kashgaria (Province of Oinjiang) (and crossed the extensive sandy desert Takla-Makan, returning to his homeland through the Tien Shan ridges in Kyrgyzstan.

Already during this expedition, which lasted for more than two years, Kozlov showed itself as an energetic traveler researcher, not stopping any difficulties and dangers.

After that, all the lives of Kozlov devoted to the study of Asia. One trip generated another. Years passed in a heavy path. The greatest desert of Asia - Gobi was replaced by the Ice Mountains of the East Tien Shan, Nanshany, the rocky plateales of Mongolia and the cold expanses of Tibet.

In 1888, Kozlov took part in the new Przhevalsky expedition. At the beginning of this expedition, Przhevalsky died.

Then Kozlov was only 25 years old. A year later, the expedition was headed by another famous researcher of China and Mongolia M. V. Singers, whose goats learned a lot especially in the part of geodesic work. In the works of this Tibetan expedition, Kozlov printed its first travel report in Western China and Northern Tibet.

In 1893, Kozlov again goes down. Unknown Dal implies a tireless researcher. Together with V. And Roborovsky, he left for a new expedition - to the districts of Nanshany and Northeast Tibet.

In 1899, Kozlov stands at the head of a large expedition, organized by the geographical society in the drier of the Huang Rivers, Yangtze and Mekong, which and the difficulty and their scientific results exceeded all previous ones. A huge material on geography, zoology, botanic ethnography was brought to Russia. On the map of Asia, new rivers, mountains, ridges appeared. This expedition is known as Kamsk (by the name of Kam. Areas of Eastern Tibet). The scientific results were published in St. Petersburg by many issues, of which two volumes were written by Kozlov.

In 1907, Kozlov travels to a new greater expedition, which glorified his name to the whole world. This time, the middle and southern part of Mongolia and other areas of Central Asia were investigated. But this is not the main merit of this expedition. G. N. Potanin heard from Mongols that there is a buried city, the dead city of Hara-Hoto. The sands of the Asian deserts fell asleep remnants of this once lively city,

we hid from the eyes of inquisitive scientists who kept wealth there. Upon learning of the existence of Hara-Hoto, Kozlov decides in order to find and dig it, resolve the mystery of the "Dead City" - the ancient capital of the cultural state of Sisya.

This task, despite all the difficulties, was brilliantly allowed Kozlov. The dead city was found east of the lower river Edzin-goal. The results of the excavation exceeded the most bold expectations. An outstanding archaeological material was collected, whose value for modern historical science cannot dispute by anyone. Buddhist cults, arts, coins, utensils, weapons, the only copies of the money signs of the Yuan (Mongolian) dynasty in the world were found. Of course, a rich library, consisting of two thousand books and manuscripts, was the greatest value, part of which was written on the language of the people of the people unknown until that time. The library was brought to St. Petersburg and handed over to the Russian and Asian museums. Hara Hoto's Dead City Excavations discovered, thus, a whole culture of the era XIII.- XIV. centuries.

Like all previous studies of Kozlov, this expedition was a complex geographic expedition, which gave large materials on zoology, nerd, geology, climate, etc. We note that the remnants of the rhinoceros skeletons, the giraffe, a three-pall of the horse and others were found in the northernmost animals.

In the history of the geographical study of Asia, this expedition entered the name of Mongol-Sichuan (by the name of China's province - Sichuan).

After the Mongol-Sichuan expedition, Kozlov could not achieve funds from the royal government for further research. Only the Soviet government provided him with this opportunity.

After the revolution of Kozlov, despite the old years - he was then 60 years old, it is sent in another one, the last Mongolian expedition, where in the Ulaan-Bathan region engaged in archaeological excavations that have given materials on the history of Mongolia and Central Asia.

He also explored the central part of the Mongolian People's Republic, the Hangai Ridge and the Gobi Desert within this country. Travel diaries were published in Moscow called "Journey to Mongolia 1923 - 1926". It was the last expedition of P. K. Kozlov.

Kozlov died on September 26, 1935 near Leningrad. He bequeathed his homeland - the Soviet Union is the richest unique collection of gold-plated bronze statuettes of the Buddhist cult. This peculiar collection has up to 200 figures from one centimeter to half a meter. The second collection - skillfully made from jade figures of people, animals, birds, decorations and other items - is an illustration of the skill of Mongolian and Chinese cutters. This meeting is also transferred to the state.

Kozlov was brave, who did not know the obstacles of the traveler, a beautiful community and an energetic organizer. He took an active part in the works of a geographical society, which chose him with his honorary member.

Its numerous reports and vividly written and fascinating articles of Kozlov managed to summon a great interest in Central Asia among the Soviet youth.

The value of the six expeditions of Kozlov for Russian science is very large. It seems there is no such natural historical discipline that would not take advantage of its materials. Some zoological collections were used in the works of over a hundred researchers. The expeditions of Kozlov enrich the herbarium of the Botanical Garden in Leningrad the most valuable collections.

Kozlov deserved the world name of the traveler's geographer and scientist. He was elected an honorary member of many foreign geographic societies. The Ukrainian Academy of Sciences chose him with his honorary member. From the Russian Geographic Society, he took the medal named after N. M. Przhevalsky at the end of last century. The name of Kozlov is a glacier in the mountains of Mongolian Altai and many species of animals and plants.

- A source-

Domestic physico geographers and travelers. [Essays]. Ed. N. N. Baransky [et al.] M., Stockedgiz, 1959.

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For me there is no better life than while traveling.

P. K. Kozlov

INthe traveler Peter Kuzmich Kozlov (1863-1935) belongs to the brilliant Pleiad of Travelers-Researchers of Central Asia The second half of the XIX - early XX century. The student and follower of N. M. Przhevalsky, he devoted his life to the scientific development of the extensive territories of Asian mainland, poorly studied or completely unknown geographical science of that time.

P. K. Kozlov was born in a poor little family in the city of Protoshdom in Smolensk region. After graduating from the city sixth class school, he was going to enter the Vilensky Teacher Institute, however, teachers (among whom was a famous educational activist V. P. Wahterov) could not exhaust the state scholarship. Peter Kozlov had to work at the office of the local distiller plant in the village of Sloboda (now the city of Przhevalsk, the Smolensk region). A random meeting with N. M. Przhevalsky in 1882 in Sloboda, where the estate of the famous traveler was, coolly changed the life of a rustic young man.

N. M. Przhevalsky saw a relative soul in the young Peter Kozlov and offered to participate in his IV Central Asian (II Tibetan) expedition. For this, Kozlov had to pass the exam for the course of the Smolensky real school and to do with a solid-definite in the army, since N. M. Przhevalsky has completed his expeditions exclusively from military personnel. "Przhevalsky appeared to my great father: he brought up, taught and led the common and private training for the journey," recalled the goats later. Under the direct guidance of N. M. Przhevalsky, the young man has acquired knowledge necessary for distant wanderings and practical skills, in particular he learned the art of the Preparator. In the future, working near N. M. Przhevalsky, P. K. Kozlov was formed as a professional traveler, mastered his extensively descriptive method of "route reconnaissance" and successfully used in his research activities.

"From this two-year-old, the first journey for me, I returned to another person - Central Asia has become a goal for me," the goats wrote in a brief biographical essay. "Such a conviction did not shake, on the contrary, even more strengthened after severe moral suffering related to the unexpected death of my unforgettable teacher [...]. The light image of N. M. Przhevalsky - Prashen - inspired Kozlov all his life.

Another teacher and patron of Kozlov for many years was the famous geographer traveler, Vice-Chairman of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society P. P. Semenov-Tian-Shansky, many promoted his expedition activities after the death of N. M. Przhevalsky.

From 1883 to 1926 P. K. Kozlov committed six large expeditions to Mongolia, West and North China and Eastern Tibet, three of whom headed personally. Especially brightly his talent as a naturalist traveler manifested itself during the first independent Mongol-Kama Expedition 1899-1901. Its scientific results surpassed all expectations - Kozlov brought a huge and unusually diverse natural-historical collection, interesting ethnographic information about the nomadic tribes of Tibet, the most valuable data on zoogeography of completely unexplored regions of Central Asia. As a result of this expedition, the largest ridges in the Eastern and Central Tibet (Ridge of the Russian Geographical Society, the watershed ridge (Juan-He and Yangjases), Roccules Roccules, etc. were applied on a map of the largest ridges in East and Central Tibet. Kozlov's research was highly appreciated by the global scientific community. The Equipment Expedition of the IRGO awarded a traveler for an outstanding contribution to the study of Central Asia with its highest award - Konstantinovsky gold medal.

The next expedition of Kozlov - Mongol-Sichuan (1907-1909) - glorified him with unique archaeological finds made in the excavations of the "dead" city of Hara-Hoto on r. Edzin-goal, in the sands of Southern Gobi. In one of the iconic buildings - Surgarian-reliquaries, called "famous", P. K. Kozlov was lucky enough to find a richest collection containing thousands of books and manuscripts on tangutsky, Chinese, Tibetan and Uigur, hundreds of sculptures and icons, shrines from Buddhist temples etc. Materials from the "famous" Subugan allowed scientists to restore the history of the forgotten tangut state of SI, which existed about 250 years (982-1227) in the territory of modern North China.

The opening and sensational excavations of Hara-Hoto received a great resonance in the scientific world, which brought Kozlov's top awards for the Italian and London geographical societies, the award. P. A. Chikhacheva of the French Academy of Sciences, and the Imperial Russian Geographical Society and the Hungarian Geographical Society elected it with an honorary member, respectively in 1910 and 1911.

Another important event in the life of the Kozlov of this period is to familiarize with the spiritual and secular ruler of Tibet Dalai Lama XIII. Their first meeting occurred in 1905 in the capital of External Mongolia Urge, where Dalai Lama was forced to escape because of the invasion of the British Tibet. Captain Kozlov welcomed the Tibetan high priest and raised him gifts on behalf of the Russian Geographical Society for the hospitality provided by the Mongol-Kama Expedition in 1899-1901, as well as on behalf of the Foreign Ministry and the General Staff discussed the possibility of providing Russia to Tibet. The meeting of Kozlov with Dalai Lama, which took place in such a dramatic moment for Tibet, laid the beginning of their warm friendly relations that lasted for many years.

In 1909, the traveler inflicted a new visit to the ruler of Tibet - this time in the Buddhist Monastery of Gumbum (in the province of AMDO, in East Tibet). The factory of close relationships with the Dalai Lama and his approximal had not only important political importance, from the point of view of strengthening Russian-Tibetan ties, but it was very useful and in personal plan, since he opened the door before an inquisitive explorer to the Forbidden Lhasa.

This circumstance tried to take advantage of the goats in 1914, starting preparation for a new big journey. The expedition was designed as Mongol-Tibetan. Her goal was to become an additional study of the ruins of Hara-Hoto and the study of Tibetan Highlands, mainly the basins of the top course of the three Great Asia Rivers: Yangtze, Mekong and Saluene. At the same time, Kozlov secretly hoped that he would finally be able to fulfill his teacher a cherished dream - to visit Lhasa. But his plans unexpectedly intervened by World War. As a result, Colonel of the General Staff P. K. Kozlov went to the South-West Front, where for some time he performed the position of commandant of the cities of Tarnov and Iasi. And then in 1915 he was sent to Mongolia at the head of a special government expedition (Mongoleks) engaged in the procurement of livestock for the needs of the army.

The October Revolution of Kozlov perceived ambiguously, but he did not refuse to cooperate with the Bolsheviks. Not the last role in this played his demand for the new power. Already in November 1917, the Russian Academy of Sciences appoints Kozlov Commissioner to the famous Crimean acclimatization zoo-reserve of Askania-Nova. This appointment was not random: well acquainted with the Zoo himself and its founder F. E. Falz Fane, Kozlov before the war energetically played a speedy nationalization of this unique corner of nature. And in the new political conditions, he continued the struggle for the preservation of the zoo from looting and destruction, the result of which the decree of the Government of Soviet Ukraine was becoming a "savings" of Askania-Nova in April 1919

Peter Kuzmich Kozlov (1863-1935)

Peter Kuzmich Kozlov is one of the greatest researchers in Central Asia. The associate and successor of the works of N. M. Przhevalsky, he, together with the latter, basically tried the elimination of the "White Spot" on the map of Central Asia. Research and discoveries of P. K. Kozlov in the field of nature and archeology discovered him the honorable name far beyond our homeland.

Petr Kuzmich Kozlov was born on October 16, 1863 in the city of the Spiritssoy School of Smolensk province. His father was a small prasol. It was a small man, a little bit, who did not pay attention to his children and did not take care of their education and upbringing. Mother was also absorbed by worries about the economy. Thus, P. K. Kozlov grew outside the influence of the family. However, thanks to an inquisitive and inquisitive nature, he became early to the books, especially geographical and travel books, which literally read.

Twelve years he was given to school. At that time, the Russian traveler in Central Asia Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky was in the Oleole of World Glory. Newspapers and magazines were full of reports of its geographic discoveries. His portraits were printed in almost all periodicals. The youth with delight read the fascinating descriptions of Przhevalsky's travels, and not one young man, reading the discoveries and exploits of this wonderful continuous traveler, lights up a dream about the same exploits. P. K. Kozlov eagerly caught everything that was printed about Przhevalsky. The articles and books of Przhevalsky himself lit in it of infinite love for the expanses of Asia, and the personality of the famous traveler in the imagination of the young man took the appearance of an almost fabulous hero.

Sixteen years P. K. Kozlov graduated from a four-class school and, since it was necessary to make a living, he entered the service at the office of the brewing plant 66 kilometers from his native defendian, in the town of Sloboda of the Porech district. Monotonous, uninteresting work in the office of the plant could not satisfy live nature P. K. Kozlov. He greedily stretched to teaching and began to prepare for admission to the teacher's institution. But in one of the summer nights of 1882, fate did another choice. As he wrote afterwards himself: "That day I will never, never forget, that day for me from a significant significant".

The young man was sitting on the porch. The first stars were frozen in the sky. His eyes opened endless expanses of the universe, and thoughts, as always, Vitaly in Central Asia. Immersed in his Duma, P. K. Kozlov unexpectedly heard:

What are you doing here, young man?

He looked around and froze from amazement and happiness: in front of him, N. M. Przhevalsky himself, the image of which he imagined so well according to his portrait. N. M. Przhevalsky arrived here from his estate of the Otradny of the same Smolensk province. He looked at himself a cozy corner here, in which he could have writes his books between journey.

What did you think so deeply? - Just asked N. M. Przhevalsky.

With hardly contained excitement, with difficulty finding the necessary words, I. K. Kozlov replied:

I think that in a distant Tibet these stars should seem even more glittering than here, and I will never have to admire them from those distant, deserted heights ...

Nikolai Mikhailovich paused, and then quietly said:

So what do you think, youth! .. Go to me. I want to tell you.

Feeling in a man's goat, sincerely loving the case, which he himself was selflessly devoted, Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky took a hot participation in the life of the young man. In the autumn of 1882, he settled P. K. Kozlov and began to lead his training activities.

The first days of life in the estate of Przhevalsky P. K. Kozlov seemed simply a "fabulous sleep". The young man was under the charm of the exciting stories of Przhevalsky on the delights of the weird life, about the greatness and beauty of the nature of Asia.

"After all, I also recently dreamed, I only dreamed," I wrote P. K. Kozlov, "as a sixteen-year-old boy can dream and dream and dream of reading newspapers and magazines about returning the Przhevalsky's glorious expedition to Petersburg ..., Dreamed and dreamil, Being terribly far from a real thought ever to meet face to face with Przhevalsky ... And suddenly my dreams and hurts were realized: suddenly, unexpectedly, the great Przhevalsky, to which everything was directed by my desire, appeared in Sloboda, fascinated by her wild delegation And settled in it ... "

P. K. Kozlov firmly decided to go in the near future satellite Przhevalsky. But it was not so simple. N. M. Przhevalsky was its expeditions exclusively from the military. Therefore, P. K. Kozlov Walre-Neils had to become a military.

But first of all, he found it necessary to finish secondary education. In January 1883, P. K. Kozlov successfully passed the exam for the full course of the real school. After that, he entered the military service with a solid determining and, she served for three months, was enrolled in the expedition of N. M. Przhevalsky.

My joy was not the end, "P. K. Kozlov writes. - Happy, endlessly happy, I worried the first spring of the real life.

P. K. Kozlov made six travels to Central Asia, where he explored Mongolia, Gobi and Kam Desert (the eastern part of Tibetan Highlands). The first three travels were held by him under the bosses - sequentially - N. M. Przhevalsky, M. V. Puttsova and V. I. Roborovsky.

The first journey P. K. Kozlov on the expedition N. M. Przhevalsky on the study of Northern Tibet and East Turkestan was a brilliant practical school for him. Under the guidance of an experienced and enlightened researcher, N. M. Przhevalsky, he received a good hardening, so necessary to overcome the serious conditions of the harsh nature of Central Asia, and combat baptism in the fight against the superior number of the armed forces of the population, repeatedly straightened to the handful of Russian travelers fanatics Lama and other enemy elements of Asian regions.

Returning from his first trip (1883-1885), P. K. Kozlov entered the military school, at the end of which was produced in officers.

In the autumn of 1888, P. K. Kozlov went along with N. M. Przhevalsky in his second journey. However, at the very beginning of this journey near the city of Karakol (on the shore of Issyk-Kul), the head of the expedition N. M. Przhevalsky fell ill and soon died. He was buried, as he asked, on the shore of Lake Issyk-Kul.

Interrupted by the death of N. M. Przhevalsky expedition resumed in the fall of 1889 under the authorities of the Colonel, and later Major General M. V. Pevtsov, the author of the famous book "Travel Sketch in Mongolia and the Northern Provinces of the Inner China" (Omsk, 1883). The expedition gathered a rich geographical and natural historical material, a considerable share of which belonged to P. K. Kozlov, who studied the regions of East Turkestan.

The third expedition (from 1893 to 1895), whose participant was P. K. Kozlov, was held under the authorities of the former senior assistant Przhevalsky - V. I. Roborovsky. She had its task to study the area of \u200b\u200bthe Nan-Shan mountain range and the northeast corner of Tibet.

In this journey, P. Kozlov's role was especially active. He alone, separately from Caravan, made surveys of the surroundings, passing through some routes up to 1000 km, in addition, he gave an overwhelming number of samples of the zoological collection. Halfway was seriously ill V. I. Roborovsky; P. K. Kozlov accepted the management of the expedition and brought it safely to the end. He presented a full report on the expedition, published under the title "Report of the Assistant Chief of the Expedition of P. K. Kozlov".

In 1899, P. K. Kozlov made his first independent journey as the head of the Mongol-Tibetan expedition. 18 people participated in the expedition, of these 14 convowy. The route started from the Altai postal station near the Mongol border; Further, he first went on the Mongolian Altai, then in Central Gobi and for Kama - an almost unknown scientist of the eastern part of Tibetan Highlands.

As a result of this journey, P. K. Kozlov gave detailed descriptions of numerous physico-geographical objects of the route - lakes (including Lake Cook-Nor lying at an altitude of 3.2 km and having a circle of 385 km), the origins of the Maybong rivers, Lun-Jiang (major tributary r. Jan-Tzu-Jiang), a number of the greatest mountains, including two powerful ridges in the Caen Luna system, unknown to science. One of them P. K. Kozlov called the Range of Ditreil de Ranz, named the famous French traveler in Central Asia, shortly before the victim in these places from the hands of Tibetans, and the other Ridge Woodvil-Rockhil, in honor of the English traveler.

In addition, P. K. Kozlov gave brilliant essays on the economy and the life of the population of Central Asia, among which a description of the curious customs of Taydam Mongols have been allocated with an exceptionally complex ritual celebration of the most important events of life - the birth of a child, weddings, funerals, etc. from this expedition P. K. Kozlov took out a rich collection of fauna and flora of the covered locality.

During the expedition, travelers have repeatedly had to pierce their way with bloody battles with large armed detachments, up to 250-300 people who were raised to the expedition to local fanatically tuned ladies. Almost a two-year-tonedness of the expedition from the outside world, due to the surroundings of it by a hostile ring, was the reason for the stubborn hearing, which was reached by St. Petersburg, about the full death of her.

The Mongol-Tibetan expedition is described by P. K. Kozlov in two large volumes: I Tom - "Mongolia and Kam" and the II Tom - "Cam and the Inverse Way". For this journey P. K. Kozlov was awarded to the Russian geographical society a gold medal. In 1907-1909 P. K. Kozlov made his fifth journey (Mongol-Sichuan expedition) on the route through Kyakhtu at URGA (Ulan-Bator) and further into the depths of Central Asia. It was marked by the discovery in the sands of the Dead city of Hara-Hoto, which gave an archaeological material of a huge historical and cultural value. An exceptional importance is the library in 2000 books detected during the excavations, mainly consisting of books on the "unknown" language of the SI-XI state, which turned out to be the tangut language. It was the opening of an exceptional value! None of foreign museums or libraries have any significant collection of tangutic books. Even in such largest repositories as the British Museum in London, tangutic books are found only by units. Other finds in Hara-Hoto also have an important historical and cultural significance, as many aspects of the culture and life of the ancient Tangutian state of CIA are clearly drawn.

Excavations "Hara-Hoto"

A wonderful collection detected in Hara-Hoto collection of xylography (cliche) for printing books and cult images, pointing to the acquaintance of the east with a typography for hundreds of years before the emergence of the latter in Europe. It refutes German "authorities", attributing the honor of the opening of the printing press Gutenberg.

Of great interest is the collection of printed paper money open in Hara-Hoto, which are the only collection of paper money in the world of the XIII-XIV centuries.

Excavations in Hara-Hoto also gave a rich set of statues, figurines and all kinds of religious values \u200b\u200band more than 300 Buddhist icons, written on a tree, folod, canvas and paper, many of whom have a great artistic value.

After the opening of the dead city of Hara-Hoto, the Expedition P. K. Kozlova subjected to a thorough study of the Lake Cuba-Nor with the island of Koisu, and then a huge little famous territory of AMDO in the omission of medium-sized river. Huang-He. From this expedition, as well as from the previous, P. K. Kozlov, in addition to a valuable geographic material, brought numerous collections of animals and plants, among which there were many new species and even childbirth.

The fifth journey P. K. Kozlova is described by him in the Big Tome under the title "Mongolia and Amdo and the Dead City of Hara-Hoto." During the sixth travel committed by him in 1923-1926, P. K. Kozlov explored a relatively small territory of Northern Mongolia. However, he received large scientific results: in the mountains of the Noin-Ul (130 km north-west of the capital of Mongolia Urga, now Ulan-Batar) P. K. Kozlov opened 212 burial grounds, which found themselves to research by archaeologists by Gunni burials 2000-year-old Prescription. It was the greatest archaeological discovery of the XX century. Numerous items were found in the burial grounds, on which it is possible to restore the economy and life of the Huns during at least II century BC. e. by the first century e. Among them was a large number of artistically performed tissues and carpets of the Greco-Bactrian kingdom, which lasted from the III century BC. e. up to II century n. e. And it was located approximately in the northern part of the modern territory of Iran, in Afghanistan and the northwestern part of India. The administrative and political center was the city of Bactra (now ball). According to the abundance of the Greek-Bactrian art samples, the Noinulinsky collection is not equal among the collections of this kind on the whole world.

The sixth journey P. K. Kozlov was the last. After that, he lived on the rest first in Leningrad, and then 50 km from the old Russa (Novgorod region), in the village of Streakly. In this place, he built a small log house in two rooms and settled in it with his wife. Soon P. K. Kozlov acquired great popularity among local youth. He organized a circle of young naturalists who began to teach the collection of collections, accurate scientific identification of animals and plants, the preparation of birds and animals. Now in the "corner of the memory of P. K. Kozlov", where these collections are stored along with part of his personal library.

P. K. Kozlov was an excellent storyteller and lecturer. In the breaks between the journeys, he often performed in various audiences with the attention of the listeners with stories about their travels. No less interesting and his performances in print. Peru P. K. Kozlov belongs over 60 works.

Petr Kuzmich Kozlov as a researcher of Central Asia enjoyed broad worldly world fame.

The Russian Geographical Society awarded P. K. Kozlova Medal named after N. M. Przhevalsky and elected him with an honorary member, and he was elected by the Ukrainian Academy of Science in 1928. He elected a real member.

Among the Central Asian researchers, Peter Kuzmich Kozlov occupies one of the most honored places. In the area of \u200b\u200barchaeological discoveries in Central Asia, it is a positive to the unicume among all researchers of the 20th century.

P. K. Kozlov Roads, we are not only like a talented researcher of nature, economics, life and archeology of Central Asia, but also as a Russian patriot, who had a sample of courage, courage and selfless devotion to the cause of his homeland, for the sake of the glory of which he did not even gem his life.

The main works of P. K. Kozlova: In Mongolia to Tibet's borders (Mongolia and us), St. Petersburg, 1905; Kam and the opposite way, St. Petersburg, 1906; Mongolia and AMDO and the dead city of Hara-Hoto, M.- GG., 1923; A brief report on the Mongol-Tibetan Expedition Rus. Geographical Society 1923-1926, L., 1928; Three-year journey in Mongolia and Tibet, St. Petersburg, 1913; Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky, the first investigator of the nature of Central Asia, St. Petersburg., 1913; In the heart of Asia (memory of N. M. Przhevalsky), St. Petersburg, 1914; Tibet and Dalai Lama, GG., 1920.

About P. K. Kozlov:Ivanov A. I.,From Nakhodka P. K. Kozlov in Hara-Hoto, St. Petersburg., 1909; Pavlov N. V.,Traveler and geographer Petr Kuzmich Kozlov (1863-1935), M., 1940.