Palaces, Peacocks and Golden Baths Dictator Ceausescu. "Card-blanche on any cruelty": how in Romania, the regime of Cheressku leader Romania was overthrown

Exactly twenty-five years ago, December 25, 1989, President of the Socialist Republic of Romania (CRP) Nikolae Ceushestka and his wife Elena Ceausescu were shot. Man, twenty-four years old, from 1965 to 1989, who managed one of the largest countries in Eastern Europe, fell victim, as they would now say, the classic "orange revolution". This, two decades, the practice of such "democratic revolutions" will be typical of all countries whose changes in whose policies are wishing to be US. At the same time, conducting military coups and rebellions masked under the "People's Reisings", only gained momentum. In the third world countries it was more convenient to act through classical military conspiracy, but in such major states as Romania, besides located in Europe and former in sight of the world community, a simple military coup could not make a proper impression. Therefore, the tactics of "velvet revolutions" were applied here, subsequently proved its effectiveness in the post-Soviet space. Before proceeding directly to the story of the events of December 25, 1989, it should be briefly reminded that he was Socialist Romania.

From the kingdom to the People's Republic

For most of its new and modern Romania, there was a distant periphery of Europe. After liberation from vassal dependence in relation to the Ottoman Empire, independent Romania turned into a country with a colossal social polarization, high corruption of power, an arbitrariness of officials. Romania Gogenzollern Dynasty and the Romanian aristocracy and the oligarchy surrounded by the Romanian aristocracy and the oligarchy occupied frankly anti-national positions and cared exclusively about their own mercenary interests, while not forgetting to demolish nationalist slogans and cultivate the myth of "Great Romania", "glorious Darks," passing hostility all surrounding countries.

After graduating from the First World War in Romania, the popularity of the right-hand ideas were popular, which resulted in the formation of a number of nationalist revolutionary organizations. The most famous among them was the "Iron Guard". The political situation in Romania in the late 1930s. He led to the fact that the actual power in the country as a result of a military coup was captured by General Ion Antonescu. This legally configured Romanian warlord proclaimed himself with "Conductor", that is, the "leader", "Führer". During World War II, Romania spoke on the side of Hitler's Germany, which was and not surprising, given the ideological relationship of the ruling regimes and the long-term political and economic relations of the two countries.

However, as the Hitler's rapid victory plans are collected over the Soviet Union and, moreover, the start-up of the Wehrmacht's retreat on the Eastern Front, dissatisfaction with the military-political course of Antonescu grew in the Romanian ruling circles. Moreover, the Romanian army, fought against the USSR, carried colossal human losses and gradually left their positions. August 23, 1944 King Mihai I, relying on the support of the Romanian Communist Party, made a military coup. Marshal Antonescu was arrested. Romania declared his exit from the war, after which the Romanian troops with the help of the Soviet troops entered into the territory of Romania were partly crushed and destroyed, and the Power of Wehrmacht's forces were taken part. So the story of post-war Romania began.

Leaving the war, the king of Mihai, obviously, was guided by the considerations of its own power. However, Romanian hit, after the end of World War II, in the orbit of Soviet influence violated all his plans. After the short-term reign of two cabinets under the leadership of General Konstantin Senatisku (rules from August 23, 1944 to October 16, 1944) and General Nicolae Radescu (the Board - from December 6, 1944 to March 6, 1945.) The Government of Romania headed the Soviet politician Peter Thunde. Although officially he did not in the Communist Party, but sympathized with the Communists and actually led them to power in the country.

In November 1946, the Communists won the parliamentary elections. Ultimately, the king was forced to renounce the throne, and on December 30, 1947, the Romanian People's Republic was proclaimed. Its actual leader was the first secretary of the Central Committee of the Romanian Communist Party George Georgiu-Dezh (1901-1965) - a veteran of the Romanian Communist Movement. In 1947, the Romanian Communist Party united with the Social Democratic Party, as a result of which the Romanian Workers Party was created. Communist reorganization of the Romanian state began, which included the establishment of one-party government, collectivization and industrialization. Since Georgiu-Dez was convinced Stalinist, he sought to adopt the experience of collectivization and industrialization in the Stalin's USSR, including applying enough rigid methods in relation to the opposition.

However, in 1948-1965, when the country was actually led by Georgiu-Dezh, Romania made a tremendous economic leap. The main part of the investment was aimed at the development of the Romanian industry, including the chemical and metallurgical industries. At the same time, Georgiu-Dezh after the death of I.V. Stalin and the defenption policy began in the Soviet Union managed to provide a relatively independent internal political and foreign policy rate of Romania. So, unlike most other Socialist countries in Eastern Europe, Soviet troops were not based on the territory of Romania. Romania traded freely with the countries of the West, while in ideologically adhering to more radical-communist (Stalinist) positions than the Soviet Union. An independent domestic and foreign policy conducted and replaced in 1965 by Georgiu-Dej in the post of head of the Romanian state and the Communist Party Nicolae Ceausescu.

Nikolae Chaushesku

Nicolae Ceausescu was born on January 26, 1918 in the village of rapported in a large peasant family. In addition to Nicolae, his father, Andruts, the local peasant, who worked as a tailoring craft, was still nine children. The family lived poorly, but the primary school education was to give a son. Then, at 11, Nicolae was sent to Bucharest, to the elder sister. There he began to master the shoe craft in the workshop of Alexander Sandonlescu. The master was a member of the underground Romanian communist party and attracted a young student to political activities. Since 1933, Ceausescu began to participate in the activities of the Communist Movement - originally as a member of the Communist Union of Youth. In 1936 he joined the ranks of the Romanian Communist Party. By this time, the shoulders of Young Causecu had several pasts in prisons, during which he had an acquaintance with influential figures like the same George Georgiu deja, who became the patron saint of a convinced young communist. In 1936-1939. and 1940-1944 Nicolae Ceausescu was imprisoned in the royal romania prisons. In the gap between the deadlines, he met Elena Petrescu (1919-1989) - also a young activist of the Communist Party, which later became his wife and faithful companion.

After the release of Romania from the war against the USSR, Nicolai Ceushestka made an escape from prison, and since the political situation in the country rapidly changed, soon legalized and quickly made his career in the Communist Party. He headed the Union of Communist Youth, and in 1945, at the age of 27, was appointed Head of the Higher Political Department of the Armed Forces of Romania with the assignment of the military rank of "Brigadier General" (although never served in the army and did not have a higher or even completed average Education). In 1947-1948 He headed the party communities in Dobrudzhe and Oltez, then, from 1948 to 1950. He was Minister of Agriculture PHR. It was Ceausescu who stood at the origins of the Government of Georgiu dej to collectivization policies to the Romanian village. Later, in 1950-1954 CHAUSHESKA held the position of Deputy Minister of Armed Forces RNR, receiving the title of Major General. Since 1954, Nicholas became the secretary of the Central Committee of the RRP, and since 1955, a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the PRP, enjoying the highest political elite of post-war Romania. The competence of Ceausescu included, including the guidance at the party level of the activities of the Romanian special services.

On March 19, 1965, George Georgiu-Dezh died, and on March 22, Nicolae Ceausec, who was at that time 47 years old, was elected first secretary of the Central Committee of the Romanian Workers Party. In July 1965, on his initiative, the party was returned to the previous name - the Romanian Communist Party. A month later, in August 1965, the Romanian People's Republic was renamed the Socialist Republic of Romania (CRR). In addition to party leadership, Ceausescu became chairman of the State Council - in 1967, and the Supreme Commander - Chairman of the Defense Council in 1969. Thus, the entire real fullness of power in Romania was concentrated in the hands of Ceausescu. It subsequently gave the basis of his critics to accuse Ceausescu in establishing a dictatorial regime and the creation of a "cult of personality". Of course, both and the other took place, however, the opponents of the Causecu regime constantly forget about the other side of the rule of the Romanian leader - the unprecedented development of the economy, culture, science in the country, always located on the periphery of the European world. It was the years of the Board of Ceausescu, perhaps, were the only period in the history of the country, when it could be ranked at really developed and independent countries.

"Golden Age" Romania

The independence of Romania in foreign policy was a huge achievement of Cheresski as a policy. Although its foundation began to be laid back during his predecessor as head of the Party of Georgiu-Dezha, during the reign of Ceausescu, the autonomous foreign policy line of the Romanian leadership reached its apogee. Romania was friends and traded with whom she wanted to be due to the adoption in 1964 a special document confirming the autonomy of each Communist Party in choosing the optimal path of political development for its country. Thus, the Romanian leadership escaped the need to make a choice in favor of the Soviet or Chinese course in the global communist movement, retaining good relations both from the USSR and from the PRC.

However, Romania's relationship with the Soviet Union was not so cloudless. Although it was open from the USSR, it never conflicted, but hidden contradictions existed and were associated, first of all, with the expansionist aspirations of the Romanian leadership. The fact is that nationalism has always been a "sore place" of the Romanian government. As for many other Eastern European countries, for a long time under foreign management, for Romania, issues of national identity and national revival have always been a patient place. This was accent and the royal authorities, and "Zhelenda Guard", and numerous nationalist parties and groupings. Socialist Romania did not avoid this problem. Although there were no complaints with the Soviet Union (and they could not be submitted - Cheresska adequately perceived his place in world and European politics), but, of course, in the direction of Moldova and Bessarabia, many Romanian politicians looked with poorly hidden irritation, considering them by the historical territories of Romanian states.

On the other hand, the mythology "Great Romania", combined with the Leninsky-Stalinist vision of communist construction, gave impetus to the development of national statehood and the economy - strengthening the political system, industrialization, "oculting" of the wide masses of the proletarian and peasant population. The cause of cool relations with the Soviet Union was Stalinism Ceausescu. Romanian Communist Party, although he condemned the abilityr of George Georgiu-Dej's politicians after his death and coming to the power of Ceausescu, in general, followed the Stalinist concept of industrialization.

Understanding the complexity of his position between the capitalist West and insist on the adoption of his ideological line with the Soviet Union, Ceausescu sought to make Romania a self-sufficient state, able to rely on his own strength. In many ways he managed. Moreover, practically without the use of Soviet care. Ceausescu had to seek loans to Western states, which, although they were at an absolutely opposite "barricade line" in ideological terms, but did not refuse Romania for considerations of opposition to its Soviet Union. Through the use of Western loans, Ceausescu managed to modernize the Romanian economy, creating its own and highly developed heavy and light industry. During his reign, Romania produced its own cars, tanks, airplanes, and this is not to mention large volumes of furniture, food, textile, shoe production. The Romanian army was significantly strengthened, turning into one of the strongest and well-armed in the region (not counting the Soviet, of course).

Among the obvious achievements, the creation of not only industrial enterprises of machine-building, chemical, metallurgical profile, but also the development of textile and food industries. Finished products prevailed in Romanian exports, which confirmed not raw material, but the industrial status of the country. A leisure infrastructure has developed. So, a network of resorts was built in the Carpathian mountains, where foreign tourists came - and not only from socialist, but also from capitalist countries. As for the Industrial Development Indicators of the country, in 1974 the volume of industrial production in the country a hundred times exceeded 1944. Rose of 15 times increased national income.

Thus, the money engaged in Western countries was spent by Ceausescu on the development of the national economy, the leadership of which was carried out on socialist principles. At the same time, in the 1980s. The Ceausescu government managed to repay the debt to Western countries. Meanwhile, in 1985, the Gorbachevsky "New Rotation" began in the political and economic life of the Soviet Union, which was ideally consistent with the US planning and subsequent disorganization and the destruction of the USSR and the Soviet bloc. In the Soviet Union and other Socialist countries of Eastern Europe, the "fifth column" of the West strenuously pushed the ideas about the unvisability of the socialist model in economics, about the extraordinary cruelty of socialist "totalitarian regimes", suppressing any dissent.

The collapse of the Soviet bloc was preparing and in this context of Romania under the leadership of Ceausescu turned out to be a very uncomfortable country. After all, Ceausescu was not going to refuse to refuse the socialist course of development - he was, unlike Mikhail Gorbachev, a communist "classical formation" - the old revolutionary, for whom the School of Life was not a career of the Komsomol and party worker, but underground and for many years of imprisonment.

The existence of a state similar to Romania is, that is, unemployed or the West, nor "rebuilt" on the Western Lad, and in the Western interests of the Soviet Union, and even in the center of Europe, was a serious problem. In fact, it violated US plans and their allies to rapidly destroy socialist ideology in Eastern Europe. Therefore, the experts of the Western special services began to actively develop a project to overthrow the objectionable tea and the establishment of control over Romania. Moreover, Romania always located near the borders of Russia / Soviet Union has always represented strategic interest to the West - first for England and France, then for Hitler's Germany, and then for the United States of America.

It should be said that Ceausescu even before the start of restructuring in the USSR perfectly aware that the Romanian state, choosing a really independent and political, and in economic relations, should be able to stand up for itself in the military, and in intelligence, and in counterintelligence. Therefore, significant forces and funds of the Socialist Republic of Romania spent on strengthening its military potential, as well as the maintenance and development of state security forces.

Back in August 1948, almost simultaneously with the statement of the New Communist Power, the Department of State Security was created in Romania (Departamentul Securităţii Statului) - a special service, which was widely known as part of his name - "Securities". "Security" included General Directorate of Technical Operations (Radio Guard and Decipheration), Directorate of Counterintelligence (Fighting Foreign Spies), Directorate for Prisoners (Penitentiary Institutions), Directorate of Internal Security (carried out control over the "Securities"), National Commission According to Visas and Passports (analogue of the Soviet Ovir), the Directorate of Public Security Troops (led 20,000 military units who carried out the protection of important state facilities), the Police Directorate (controlled the police) and the Directorate "V" (answered the organization of personal guidance of Romania) .

On "Securities", Ceausescu laughed great hopes, trusting the special services much more than the less reliable in political attitude of the army. Especially as in the political, and in the military leadership of Romania in the 1980s, pro-Western moods began to penetrate. Since Romania, striving to get rid of debt dependence and pay loans to it by Western countries, existed for some time in the regime of financial resources, many high-ranking functionaries began to show dissatisfaction with the worsening of their material situation. There is no doubt that a certain part of the Romanian elite in the end turned out to be "on the content" of the American special services. The latter have kept plans for holding a "national uprising" in Romania, which was to overthrow the Custice government. At the same time, in its solution to destroy the socialist regime in the US Romania, the unlawful support of the Soviet Union was launched, in the late 1980s. Already fully followed American interests in the fairway. American executives set up the Soviet Secretary General Mikhail Gorbachev against Cheressku, at the same time pushing him to the "independent decision of the Romanian problem." The Soviet leadership, which only ended with a ten-year war in Afghanistan, not wanted to get involved in the next armed conflict, so "throw" the US Ceausescu with the actual support of the USSR decided by inciting the so-called "The People's Revolution" - allegedly, the Romanian people, an unhappy dictatorial regime, will rise to the barricades and will overthrow the government of Ceausescu. For this, it was necessary to strengthen the information war against the internal political course of Ceausescu and the Romanian Communist Party.

"Orange Revolution" of the Sample 1989

In the Soviet press, critical materials began to appear against Cheresski, which was not called as Stalinist and the violator of Lenin principles in the construction of communism. Ceausescu, who in November 1989 re-elected the Secretary-General of the Central Committee of the Romanian Communist Party, exposed a sharp criticism by the Soviet leadership the policy of restructuring and prophetically argued that it would lead socialism to collapse. The West, the mouth of the Romanian opposition operators who fled in the United States, in turn, hoisted the Romanian society by massive propaganda. Ceausescu was declared the main culprit of the worsening economic situation of the country. The West pressed on Cheshesska and through Mikhail Gorbachev. The last meeting of the Romanian leader with the Soviet Gensen took place on December 6, 1989. On her, Mikhail Gorbachev once again began to convince Nikolae Chaushestka in the need for political and economic reforms in Romania. To which the President of the SRR gave his famous answer, "Rather, the Danube will blow back, which will happen in Romania." Mikhail Sergeevich, not at the joke, hurt, threatened with the consequences. Less than three weeks, as his words showed their fatal trigger.

The "Orange Revolution" in Romania was carried out on the classical scenario, which we now could observe in Arab countries, Georgia, and recently in Ukraine. At first, the "opposition" was created, at the head of which the officials and party functionaries of the same regime of Ceausescu were supplied by the West. This is the first refutation of the alleged "national" nature of the Romanian revolution. There were no revolutionary movements created by the "people", "folk leaders" - saving time and money, Western agents simply recruited a number of former and current political figures of CRP, including party functionaries and representatives of the army command.

A primary role in the "opposition", as it turned out later, played Ion Iliescu (P.1930). At that time, the fifty-year-old or his conscious life was the Komsomol and party functionar. He joined the Union of Communist Youth in 1944, in the party - in 1953, and in 1968 he became a member of the Central Committee of the Romanian Communist Party. Back in the mid-1970s. Ceausescu, obviously having any information, pushed out or essential posts in the party hierarchy and translated the chairman of the National Water Council. In 1984, Iliesca was removed from this position and were excluded from the Central Committee of the RCP. At the same time, the "terrible dictator" Caushestka did not deal with him and did not even put in prison. As it turned out - in vain: To the very Cauchesska, Ion I is not so favorable.

For provoking the "People's Revolution" throughout the country, the national minority used the national minority as a melayer of Western agents. On December 16, 1989, in Timisoara, the key city of the region, in which ethnic Hungarians prevailed, a rally was held in support of the Hungarian Oppositionist Lasla Tekusch, ejected by order of the authorities. Rally survey in unrest, and economic and social slogans were purposefully raised. Soon, the excitements spread to the whole country and in Bucharest, on Opera Square, "Maidan" appeared. On December 17, 1989, military units and servers "Singuritat" opened fire on protesters. The leading TV channels of the world demonstrated frames from Romania, seeking to show the world community "The Bloodthirsty Dictator Ceausescu."

On December 18, Cheressku went on a visit to Iran, but already on December 20, it was forced to interrupt a visit and return to Romania. Here he conducted an urgent meeting on state security and emergency in the country. On December 21, a state of emergency was introduced on the territory of the village Hungarians. Ceausescu himself came out with a speech to the people - about a hundred thousand people gathered on the rally in his support. However, suddenly the provocateurs in the crowd began the cries of "Down", blown up the Petard. As a result, the rally was disorganized, and Ceausescu left the tribune. The streets of Bucharest began mass riots, army units were introduced. There were shootouts between the rebels, the military units, the staff of the "Singuritate", criminal groups. On December 22, the Minister of Defense of the Countries, General Vasile Mile, was found to be found - allegedly he shot himself, not wanting to give the troops an order to suppress folk speeches. On the same day, in 12.06, Ceausescu, together with his wife Elena and several guards and comrades, ran on a helicopter, rising from the roof of the Central Committee of the Central Committee of the Romanian Communist Party, which the crowds of demonstrators were besieged by this time. The opposition seized the Bucharest television center and announced the overthrow of the Secretary General.

Pseudosud and murder

Spouses Ceausescu headed first to their cottage, from where they expected leaving for a backup command post, which was supposed to provide General Stankustch. However, the latter, as it turned out, was also among the rebels (then you mean, "oppositionists"). Then Ceausescu tried to break through into Pitesti, who retained the security secretary, but in the process of movement was captured by the rebels. Two days of the wife of Ceausescu were in Targovishte on the territory of the military unit, and some time of the elderly (and they were 71 and 70 years old) were kept inside the armored personnel carrier.

On December 25, the opposition and their American patrons were called the court - of course, without any preliminary investigation. The state prosecutor was appointed Deputy Chairman of the Military Tribunal in Bucharest General Major Major Gick Pop. Spouses Ceausescu accused of the following articles of the Romanian Criminal Code: the destruction of the national economy, armed performance against the people and the state, the destruction of state institutions, genocide. To recognize himself with the mentally ill spouses, Ceausescu refused, were found guilty of all charges and sentenced to the highest punishment - the death penalty through the execution. By decision of the Tribunal, ten days should have been allocated to appeal. But the oppositionists were so badly afraid of Ceausescu, they decided to kill him and his spouse immediately, fearing that they could be contacted armed supporters or employees "Secretat".

- General Victor Stankleschka

For the murder of Spouses, Ceausescu, General Stankustchka, the former defense minister of the rebel, allocated an officer and three soldiers. At 16.00 Nicolae and Elena Ceausescu were brought into the yard of the barracks of the military unit and were shot. Their bodies of the day were lariped on the football stadium, and then buried at the "Gencha" cemetery in Bucharest - under strangers (executioners hoped, thereby preventing "worship" the graves on the part of supporters of the communist ideology and regime of Ceausescu). Only subsequently the body was exhumated, reburied and a modest monument was installed on the grave.

In fact, the execution of spouses Ceausescu was the usual political murder masked under the court sentence. The politician, which turned out to be disagreeable and the United States, and the Gorbachevsky USSR, was accused of violations of human rights and political repression, but he himself, in fact, was the victim of political murder. The world community of "liberal" orientation murder Ceausescu more approved. The shooting was filmed on the video and was demonstrated by Romanian television. One of the first to respond positively to the killing of Spouses Ceausescu, Pro-American Soviet leaders. The then Foreign Minister Eduard Shevardnadze soon arrived in Romania - to congratulate the new leadership of the country. By the way, it consisted of the former party functionaries detached from power during the reign of Ceausescu and reoriented to cooperation with the West.

Already in the second half of the 2000s, many sinister details about the events of December 20-25, 1989 were found out. In particular, it was found that the order to shoot in the crowd did not give Nicolae Causecu (as reported by the World Media), and General Victor Stankleschka (by the way, this person who is directly responsible for the murder of Ceausescu, stayed by the Minister of Defense, He was resigned, and in 2008 he was arrested and condemned on charges of managing the mass murder of people in Timisoare). And as a result of a shootout on the streets of Bucharest and other Romanian cities, not 64 thousand people (which also stated the global media), and less than a thousand. There are information about participating in provocations during rallies in the Romanian capital of employees of Soviet special services. This is not surprising, since Mikhail Gorbachev himself supported the overthrow of Ceausescu and received on this bill-blanche card from the American leadership: Washington even allowed the Soviet Union if desired, to shift the Caushetti regime by armed. True, before that did not come.

After years in Romanian society, hysteria slept about the relationship to the personality of Cheressku. Materials of sociological surveys of Romanian citizens show that modern Romanians are mostly positively to Figure Nikolae Ceausescu and, at least, argue that he should not execute him. Thus, 49% of respondents believe that Nikolae Ceausescu was a positive head of the state, more than 50% regret his death, 84% believe that without investigation, the shooting of four Ceausescu was illegal.

"Romania today is a sales market for foreign goods, in fact, the economic colony of international capital. Over the past twenty years, the national industry has been liquidated, and strategic industries are sold to foreigners. Cut salary, unemployment grows, drugs and prostitution appeared. Although the spells of politicians about "freedom" and "democracy" sounds every year in December, people understand that this is a shameless lie of the most corrupt, incompetent and arrogant political class in the history of Romanians. Therefore, today Romanians believe that December 1989 turned out to be a mischief, an unsuccessful start, "says historian Florin Konstantiniu (Cyt. By: Morozov N. December 1989 events in Romania: Revolution or Pulling? // Inspected Stock 2009, No. 6 ( 68)). To the grave, in which in 2010 were reburied after exhumation Nicolae Ceushestka and Elena Ceausescu (Petresc), today we bring flowers. Realizing that they brought them the pro-American "People's Revolution", many Romanians regret the murder of Ceausescu and in general about the collapse of socialism.

In the days of the Cold War, Romania was one of the most challenged states of the socialist bloc. Bucharest always strived to balance between Moscow and the Western world, although it was formally a member of the Council of Economic Mutual Assistance (SEA) and the organization of the Warsaw Treaty (ATS).

Socialist Romania reached his heyday at the initial period of the reign Nicolae Ceausescu, who headed the Communist Party in March 1965. In December 1967, he was appointed Chairman of the State Council, and in March 1969 he became Chairman of the Defense Council.

Ceausescu concentrated in his hands all the fifth of the party and state power. In the first half of the 1970s, he finally got rid of competitors on the party line.

In March 1974, in Romania, as a result of the constitutional reform, the presidency was established, who was elected by Parliament for five years. Ceausescu became the first and only president of Socialist Romania.

Such a frank usurpation of power occurs with the full support of the people. The first decade of his rule was noted by explosive industrial growth. In 1974, the volume of production of industrial products increased 100 times compared with the figure of 1944. This allowed Ceausescu to raise salaries and pensions, to give Romanians a fusion, secured life.

Romania as superpower

Despite the reputation of an ardent communist, the Romanian leader openly demonstrated its sympathy of the West. The foreign policy course independent of Moscow has contributed to the growth of the popularity of Ceausescu. So, in 1968, he condemned the commissioning of the ATS grouping to Czechoslovakia, and in 1979 he did not support the Soviet campaign in Afghanistan.

The West impressed the anti-Soviet statements, which periodically allowed themselves to Chaustian. In the 1970s, Bucharest began to receive loans from Western funds. Most of the finance allocated the IMF. Loans were inserted into the development of the energy sector and the extractive industry. As a result, by 1981, the cumulative debts of Romania amounted to $ 10.2 billion.

The political course of Ceausescu was distinguished by an extraordinary varnish. Socialist orientation, assumed the supremacy of the principle of internationalism, did not interfere with the dictator to promote the idea of \u200b\u200bthe exclusivity of the Romanian people.

• Nikolae Ceausescu and his wife Elena in Bucharest

In particular, Ceausescu called Romanian heirs of ancient Romans. The authorities even initiated the process of finding scientific evidence of this continuity, and special groups of scientists were created in the structure of the Academy of Sciences.

Such behavior of Ceausescu was misunderstanding in a socialist camp and in the USSR. The thesis of imperial continuity reminded the communist leaders of the research, which were held in Nazi Germany to scientific justifying the racial theory and a special mission of the German people.

However, none of the socially influenced with Ceausescu in public controversy. Western politicians also preferred to ignore the face of the reasonable statement of the Romanian president.

Historians believe that Ceausescu sought to turn Romania into European superpower.

In addition to flirting with nationalism, he spent the militarization of the economy, increasing the costs of the army and the special services. In front of the Romanian defense complex was the task of establishing the production of the widest possible spectrum of weapons in order not to depend on supplies from the USSR.

At the same time, Bucharest led the development of nuclear weapons, cooperating with Germany and Pakistan. On April 14, 1989, the dictator announced that Romania had technology for the production of nuclear warheads, ballistic missiles and launchers.

Personal cult and hard savings

As historians believe, in the second half of the 1970s, Ceausescu created a platform for promoting a cult of personality. The result of such a policy was the establishment of a hard authoritarian regime.

Ceausescu turned into a hero of outdoor posters and many works of art. On all sorts of demonstrations, they thanked him for wisdom and care of the people.

Romania of the 1980s is often compared with North Korea. Both states united not only the extremely centralized vertical of power and the cult of personality, but also the participation of family members in the state management system. So, in March 1980, the spouse Chaushestka Elena was appointed the first deputy prime minister.

Romanian society painfully perceived the rigid economy regime, which in 1981 initiated Ceausescu. In particular, a product issuing card system was introduced in the republic. The gasoline was allowed to fill the car only on the coupons, and it was possible to use the electricity to use a limited number of hours.

Romanian economy worked on maximizing export revenues, and not to meet the needs of the population.

In a short time, citizens were devoid of material and social benefits obtained in the 1970s.

The paradox was that Ceausescu could not hurry from paying debts, but, fearing to get into dependence on the West, decided to repay loans in unscheduled order - taking into account interest Bucharest accumulated debts by $ 21 billion.

"If we talk rudely, Ceausescu tried to create a second DPRK. Brezhnevsky and especially the Gorbachevsky USSR against the background of Romania seemed to be freedom. But Romanians have recently recently been the right to private property. Such a position was unhappy, probably almost all, "Russian historian, author of the book" Pulls and Revolution ", noted in a conversation with RT, Dmitry Zykin.

Burst of discontent

On April 12, 1989, Ceausescu announced the early completion of the payment of external debt. However, instant positive changes in the country did not happen. Moreover, the foreign policy situation for Romania has deteriorated significantly: in the USSR and socialist countries, the liberalization of the regime began, which later turned into a change in power.

After the destruction of the Berlin Wall (November 1989), Ceausescu remained the only socialist leader who refused to conduct any reforms.

A negative impact on the situation for Ceausescu was provided by a common relationship with neighboring Hungary, which was rapid democratic. On December 16, 1989, the city of Timisoara (North-West countries) flashed excitements due to the attempts of the authorities to deport from Romania an ethnic Hungarian - Pastor Laszlo Techosha - on charges of incorporating an interethnic retail. "

Police and the army were forbidden to open fire. Using the passivity of the security forces, the demonstrators began to capture armored vehicles and military facilities. On December 17, the divisions of the Armed Forces received an order to open fire for defeat, and on December 18, the rebels managed to dispel.

• Romanian tankers who have passed on the side of the rebels
• Reuters
• Charles Platiau.

According to official data, about 60 people became victims of unrest. However, rumors were raised by Romania about the incredible number of dead, up to 60 thousand people, despite the city, the population of the city was 300 thousand people.

December 20, speaking on national television, Cheressku accused of inciting conflict in Timisoare foreign intelligence services. On December 21, he decided to turn to the people, going to the balcony of the residence in the center of Bucharest. However, the words of Cauchesska were drowned by the cries of unhappy citizens, and he was forced to be returned.

On this day, the capital of Romania has turned into anana of fierce clashes. Part of the army units switched to the side of the rebels. The rebels supported the former companion Ceausescu Ion Iliesca, who in 1990 became president of post-socialist Romania.

Speed \u200b\u200btribunal

On December 21, Chet Ceausescu fled from the capital by helicopter. On December 22, the fugitives detained near the town of Targovishte (about 100 km from Bucharest). On December 25, the Tribunal, launched no more than two hours, took place over Nicholas and Elena Ceausescu in the headquarters of the military garrison.

Former leaders of Romania were found guilty of the destruction of the national economy, state institutions, genocide and the "armed speech against the people and the state". The Tribunal determined the highest measure of punishment - execution. The sentence was immediately represented, although it was formally assigned ten days.

Fair Fairy Frames of Chausheck National Television demonstrated on December 28, 1989. Romania has become the only post-socialist state of Eastern Europe, where the change of power occurred violent, and the former leader of the state was executed. According to official data, more than a thousand people became victims of unrest in Timisoare and Bucharest.

The rapid development of events in Romania gave rise to many versions. In 2004, the German journalist Suzanna Brandstater accused CIA and European special services in overseas, including Hungarian exploration. According to eyewitnesses of the riots, in Bucharest circulated many rumors about sniper, which allegedly fired on both conflicting parties.

New Romanian authorities held several investigations of the tragic events of December 1989. 275 people were convicted of participating in the "repression against the revolution". However, the conclusions of the prosecutor's office changed every time after changing the leadership of the state. The accusations were made to both Cheshesska and his approximated and against the opposition.

Today in Romania there is no consensus about who provoked unrest. At the same time, as foreign media writes, with reference to the social skins, Nostalgia is growing in the country for the times of Ceausescu. Political scientists explain the metamorphosis by the fact that the democratic authorities did not turn Romania into a prosperous country.

• Grave Ceausescu in Bucharest
• Reuters

"Elite fatigue" and "West Hand"

The director of the Institute of Eastern Europe, Alexander Pogorelsky, believes that the main cause of the Romanian revolution was the inadequate policy of Ceausescu, which caused the aggressive reaction of the people and party bosses. According to Pogorelsky, in 1989, the power of the Romanian leader was deprived of any social support.

"Elite fatigue was a key factor in the change of power in Romania. Ceausescu finally lost the shores. The social value went into the past, and in Romania nothing changed. The elite has not yet satisfied the figure of Ceausescu and the existing economy model. Along with this, state and party functionaries sought to somehow monetize their power, "said Pogorelsky in conversation with RT.

The hasty court and shooting four Caushestka, as the political scientist believes, were dictated by quite pragmatic considerations. In the critical for Romania, the rebel periods sought to deprive their opponents of the symbol of struggle. Also, the death of the dictator allowed to write off all the internal problems of the country on the consequences of his policies.

"I do not believe in history about snipers and the intervention of the West. A large number of dead is explained by the fact that there were fights between the security forces who used a variety of weapons in Bucharest. Crews of tanks shot each other, and naturally, that from the gaps of shells of situations including unarmed people, "the interlocutor RT stated.

The historian Dmitry Zykin holds a somewhat different point of view. He agreed that the military-political tip of Romania was really configured against Cheresska. Opposition sentiments in the elite found a lively response from the people, which was irritated by a deterioration in the standard of living. At the same time, Zykin considers it wrong to discount the version of the intervention from the expense.

"The elite had their economic interests, and the Cheresski regime prevented their realization. Although I do not exclude the participation of external forces in Romanian events. At least for the apparent spontaneity in the actions of the rebels, the plan of overthrow the Cauchesska at any cost. In this logic, the rapid success of the rebels, a motor-trial court and russely over a couple are fully stacked, "Zykin suggested.

The expert notes that the dictator itself set up against himself future executioners. However, according to Zykina, misinformation was played too much in the Romanian revolution. Long before the coup went stubborn rumors that against the background of the universal poverty, Ceausescu leads a luxurious lifestyle and allegedly has accounts abroad. During the period of street battles, information about the colossal quantities of the number of victims was distributed.

"No doubt, the people were very annoyed, and there were reasons for it. But all the rumors were false. The scenario of the Romanian revolution is not much different from other state versions, including those that we observed quite recently. The violent change of power always happens by the will of the Elite and meets the interests of external forces. The moves are going to the manipulations that give a blank-blanche on any cruelty in relation to the current regime, "Sykin summarized.

. I think that this material will be interesting not only to Ukrainians, but also to our friends in Moscow, Minsk and many other cities. Therefore, I tried to transfer this article into Russian and lay out on my blog. - YES1111

In the presidential helicopter, the Great Leader, who commanded the millions of people, and two hours from him came out of the old lonely fugitive. He was shot by three paratroopers - they were allegedly chosen from hundreds of volunteers.

21 years ago, December 25, 1989, on the military base of Tirgovisht, by the sentence of the military tribunal, the dictator of Romania Nicolae Cheressku and his spouse Elena were executed.

Prosecutor Jick Pop accused Ceausescu in "Genocide, who led to 60 thousand human victims; undermining state power by organizing armed shares against his own people; destroying and damage to state property; Organization of explosions in cities; undermining the national economy; attempt to escape from the country using funds, Keeping in foreign banks, in the amount of 1 billion dollars. "

So ended the 24-year period of the stay of Causecu with power.

In 1960-70, the Romanian economy showed a stable increase - primarily due to the export of agrofroduction and oil. The head of the Romanian Communist Party since 1965, Nicolae Cheressku did not really look at Moscow and was friends with capitalist countries.

Ceausescu (standing with a glass on the left) celebrates the signing of a cooperation agreement between Romania and the United States. American President Jimmy Carter is enthusiastic looking at Nikolae. 1978.

He gained a certain popularity in the West after condemned the commissioning of Soviet troops in Czechoslovakia in 1968 and allowed Romanian Olympians to take part in the Olympiad-1984 ignored USSR in Los Angeles (more of all socialist countries, China and Yugoslavia went there).It was when Ceausescory Romania, the first of the countries of the Eastern Bloka, concluded contracts with the European Commonwealth (EU's prototype), recognized Western Germany and began to cooperate with the IMF.

Chet Ceausescu (in the middle) at the reception at the British queen Elizabeth second in the Buckingham Palace. 1978.

He also showed himself a clever international mediator - for example, in establishing US relations with China in 1969.

Thanks to these qualities, Romania became the only country in the world, which was able to maintain normal diplomatic relations with Israel and with Palestine.

In his homeland, Comrade Nicolae also became popular and expanded the powerful powers, becoming the first president of Romania in 1974.

Familiar to the Chronicles of TASS to each Soviet citizen Social leaders: Gusak (Czechoslovakia), Livkov (Bulgaria), Honecker (Eastern Germany), Gorbachev (USSR), Cauchesska, Yarazelsky (Poland) and Cadar (Hungary) at the meeting of the Warsaw Treaty (such name had a socialist analogue of NATO) in 1987.

West, appreciate the political independence of Bucharest, provided Ceausescu of considerable loans (the external debt of Romania reached $ 13 billion). In the 1980s, when the time came to give them, it turned out that they almost devastated the economy.

The price of oil is the main product of Romanian exports - in the meantime, it has fallen significantly (this oil crisis, by the way, completed the Brezhnev stagnant prosperity, breeding the restructuring and future collapse of the USSR).

Chronicle of the last hours of the USSR

To pay external debts, Cheressku launched radical steps, somewhat resembling Stalin's steps during the industrialization of the 1930s.

Most agrarian and other local products were exported, which caused a significant decrease in living standards during the 1980s.

Turn For sunflower oil in Bucharest. 1986.

The country has a shortage of products, electricity and heating were regularly disconnected, and television shrong to one channel worked only for several hours per day.

In 1984, Ion Mihai Pachel fled in the United States - Head of the Political Security Service Secretatate. It became the highest ranking of the entire social value. Relations with the West worsened, and Ceausescu began to lose control over the intelligence services.

Against the background of mass impoverishment and portion issuing products in stores, state television showed how the country's leader visits the shops stuffed goods, and talked about "further improved welfare."

The same 1986th. Party Agitprope on the streets of Bucharest: "65 years of creating a Communist Party of Romania." Other iconic slogans - "Era Cheressku" and "Party - Ceausescu - Romania". Photo of Scott Edelman.

It is not known whether Cheresska himself believed in these statements, but since 1974, when, after the president elected, the ideological communist took the Scepter in his hands, it became like he suffers something like the mania of greatness.

He (often, together with his wife Elena, who became his first deputy), was depicted by a god-like "Great Leader", and speeches were accompanied by staged ovations.

In the country, Cult Ceausescu, who contrasted with rumors about Elena's addiction, Nicolas himself and their children to luxury.

Nicholas and Elena Ceausescu. Abducted photo found in the presidential archive

In November 1987, power severely suppressed the strike of the auto plant in Brasov, showing that I ignore any negotiations on the topic of a critical economic situation.

In the meantime, Romania has become the poorest state of social camp, not counting Albania.

In the summer of 1989, Bucharest redeemed external debts, but the radical export of everything and everything continued until the death of the dictator. However, debt repayment has become an additional goat to extend party powers Ceausescu.

In November 1989, the XIV-th Congress of the Communist Party of Romania re-selects the 71-year-old Nikolae Ceausescu by the Secretary General of the Party for another five years.

A few weeks later, the military will be shot by solving the revolutionary tribunal.

Ceausescu welcomes the delegates of the XIV Congress of the Communist Party. Nearby - First Deputy Prime Minister of Romania Elena Ceausescu

The Romanian Revolution of 1989 began on December 15 from the events that occurred in the city of Timisoara. The ethnic protest of the Hungarian minority, who defended his priest, quickly converted the economic protest.

A powerful wave of protest rallies swept around the country. A self-confident dictator who listened only to himself, occasionally - his wife, on December 17, he ordered the armed forces to shoot on demonstrators. The uprising seems to be choked.

In fact, the uprising continued. The protesters captured the opera area in Timisoare, and they were joined by workers' neighboring factories. Their requirements have already grown to the resignation of Causes, to which the power could not go.

Opera Square in Timisoare, December 1989. Hitler's attributes are diagnosed to the portrait of the leader.

State propaganda on the progress of events in Timisoara sharply contrasted with reports of Western radio stations, which the population trusted more.

On December 20, the Conductor flew off on an official visit to Iran, leaving the struggle with his wife's unrest, but the alarming messages from their homeland forced him to interrupt his visit.

In the evening, he spoke on television and radio with the appeal to the nation, from which he had that on December 16-17, "groups of hooligans provoked a series of incidents in Timisoary, counteracting legal judicial decision."

Behind the back of these groups, as Ceausesci broadcast, "imperialist circles" operated, the purpose of which was "to undermine the independence, integrity and sovereign to Romania, return the country during foreign domination, eliminate socialist conquests."

Party Congress. As far as the editorial office of the "historical truth" understands Romanian, something like that: "Long live the Communist Party, headed by the Secretary General of the Commander Nikolae Ceausescu,"

In the evening, Ceausescu conducted a secret teleconference with the highest and local leadership of the powerful departments, ordered to bring the country's armed forces into a state of combat readiness, and "to shoot without warning."

In addition, he gave the party leadership to create squaders of self-defense and to bring at least 50 thousand "proven proletarians" to Bucharest to demonstrate support for the leadership of the country and the fight against "hooligans".

The task of the ceasescreen was performed.

About 50,000 residents of counties, where the power of Clan Chausheska was the most durable, were brought to Bucharest, placed in hotels, sanatoriums, recreation bases, factory dormitories. The warriors were divided into "dozens", for each group a regular employee of party bodies was fixed.

November 1989. The XIV Congress of the Communist Party, where Ceausescu was re-elected for another 5 years.

In the morning of the next day, residents of the capital and visitors began to flow to the building of the Central Committee of the Committee of Romania, and gradually the main square of the country was filled to the edges.

Written speakers from among party functionaries were familiar to the "counter-revolutionary instigators" responsible for all the unfortunate of Romania, and again confirmed the unrealistic faithfulness of the conjurector.

Then the Ceausescu himself came to the balcony of the Central Committee.

He was pleasantly surprised by the number of demonstrators gathered on the square, considering everyone with his adherents, and began to speech. It shouted the then bureaucratic "newazh" under the familiar accompaniment of the "spontaneous" excitement of mass-loyal slogans of regular "pokers" and obedient, exploded applause.

1989. Elena and Nicolae Cheresska.

These applause completed banal and boring Romanians to the ozoms of the phrase about the celebration of "scientific socialism" and the brilliant successes achieved by the country under the wise leadership of the leader at all expanses and in all sectors.

So went about eight minutes. And suddenly, in the depths of a 100 thousandth crowd, an excitement of a different variety arose: a blasphemous whistle and gibbing sounded, and then scanning began: "Ti-Mi-sho-A-Ra!".

Romanian television, due to the fixed cameras installed at several points, continued the broadcast of the rally.

All this cameras were transferred to the air, they recorded confusion on the balcony: confused by Ceausescu (he tried to be heard, repeating the protestering telephone "Hello! Helena!") And his wife Elena, who had a hearing in his ear: "Yes, we promise him they are something! "

Ceausescu stopped Rugan to "hooligans" and their "overseas guides" and popularly announced the increase in wages, pensions and monetary assistance to low-income families, as well as to increase student scholarships on 10 lei (which at the market currency rate was then 2-3 American cents).

The noise and whistle increased, and Ceausescu, absolutely not ready for such a crowd behavior, in general, silent. In the television cameras, it was displayed in a confused, seeded look. The TV viewers saw how a man in the form took him at hand and brought off the balcony.

76% of the country's population saw this transmission. The confused "Great Leader" became a symbol of change - and mass riots began in most cities.

The spontaneous manifestations in Bucharest continued all night, and then snipers from Securities began to shoot people, without disassembling targets.

Timisoara, December 1989. The brother of demonstrators and soldiers

On this night, 85 victims of firearms were entered into Bucharest hospitals, there were even more killed.

Despite shooting, human crowds were going near the party buildings, at the University Square and in front of the Romanian television center.

Shooting on demonstrators continued all night, but to determine who the culprit - killers from Securities or Army solessellers were absolutely impossible.

Panic rumors were walking that the Tea-sabotage detachment threw into battle, staffed by the Arabs, held under the guidance of the Security "military-terrorist" training.

The dictatorial couple promoted all night in the presidential palace, and on December 22, through the underground transmission, he moved to the building of the Central Committee and ran away by helicopter.

The circumstances of this flight are quite mysterious.

On the morning of December 22, the Minister of Defense Vasile Mil (rumors about the reasons for his death were lowered, there are many of them - from suicide to an unsuccessful attempt of membership). His successor Victor Stannellescu actually ensured the success of the revolution, ordering the army to stop shooting in demonstrators.

Demonstrators on Bucharest streets

"Having accepted the offer Ceausescu to become a minister, I actually became a target for two shot teams," then recalled the Stapless. - or presidential, or revolutionary. "

Despite the announced commendant hour and ban on groups of more than 5 people, on the morning of December 22, Bucharests reached the building of the Central Committee. This time they were no longer organized by the party, they came to continue yesterday's show.

From above, they threw leaflets with calls not to become "victims of coup attempts", and go home and enjoy the Christmas dinner - which sounded like a mockery for people who could not buy bread.

Ceausescu (Looks like he really did not understand what was going on in the country) went to the balcony for the performance, but this time he did not even listen. Issue the "Great Leader", the people rushed at the storming of the building - which the army was no longer guarded.

"When we took off at 12.08 from the terrace of the Central Committee of the Central Committee, they saw the protesters that had already buried on it," Vasile Malyutan, recalled the pilot of the presidential helicopter. "Our car was designed for four passengers, and was six."

Noon December 22, 1989. The dictator goes on the last flight, from the helicopter it will be released by a fugitive

In addition to the presidential couple, two Agent Securities and Vice Ceausec in the party and the government sat in the helicopter.

In the meantime, the leaders of resistance was formed by the front of national salvation as an organ of all the nation forces opposed to the dictatorship.

Professor Petre Roman proclaimed the Central Committee from the balcony, from which Chausescu was played on the eve: "Today, on December 22, the dictatorship of Ceausescian fell. From now on, all power in Romania belongs to the people."

Chet Ceausescu, after flight from Bucharest, made the first stop from Singy - near his summer residence 40 km from the capital.

Ceausescu called in Securities, in some military units and her son Nick. When it became clear that the flight from the country is impossible, the helicopter was thrown in the countryside near the Tyrgovist.

Pilot Vasile Malyutan recalls about it somewhat differently: "When we sat down, I called Causely and ordered to organize the arrival of two helicopters with armed guard. I called the boss, and he said:" We have a revolution ... decide myself. Good luck! "

Street fighting in Bucharest. Pay attention to the banner on the far tank - the communist coat of arms carved out of it, which was then part of the National Flag

Malyutan reported to Ceausescu, that you need to fly further, but the motor overheated and two passengers should be left in Singa. The deputies remained, and the dictator, taking the agents, ordered to fly towards Tirgovishte.

AT on the time of movement, Malyutan began to make sharp maneuvers, explaining that this way wants to "avoid possible anti-aircraft fire." Ceausescu ordered him to sit immediately. So they found themselves in the field at the road.

The former dictator and his spouse, accompanied by two guards, captured a private car with the driver and, threatening with his weapon, ordered to go ahead. This driver then said that Elena offered to hide in the forest and wait, and Nicolae believed that they should resort to the help of workers.

Romanian Wikipedia submits a slightly different picture of the dictatorial "highway": agents managed to stop two cars - Forester and doctor. After some time, the doctor who did not want to get banned into the further fate of Ceausescu, imitated the engine breakdown.

The driver of the next stopped car brought Cepe Ceausec and one of the agents to Tirgovishte and advised to hide until the morning on the outskirts of the city.

These soldiers from the caps are disrupted by cocardia (visible dents from them) - what should indicate the transition to the side of the rebels

For three hours, yesterday's "Great Leader", who commanded millions of people, turned into an old single fugitive. Standing attention is the moment - at what stage of this "transition of power" Chetu Ceausescu left the last agent Singuriat?

During the stop near the first enterprise, the workers screamed the car with stones, shouting: "Death to criminals!". It extremely annoyed Ceausescu. In Tirgov, they tried to find a shelter in the building of the local party committee of the RCP, but they were not allowed there.

Nicolae and Elena tried to hide in the forest, but with the onset of darkness returned to the city. On December 22 at 17:50, the police detained the police, which eventually delivered them in the barracks of the military garrison Tyrgovishte.

In the meantime, skiarste continued skirmishes between supporters and opponents of the revolution, which turned into full-fledged hostilities with the use of technology. Secretatate, the army of self-defense force - in this mash, when it was often unclear, who for whom and who gives orders, was a lot of victims.

Shootout in the center of Bucharest. Civic brought the soldiers a box of cakes

In total, during the revolution, 1104 people died (of which 162 during the protests against the power of Ceausescu on December 16-22 and 942 - in subsequent clashes).

The official number of wounded - 3352 (during the protests - 1107, during the skirmishes after the flight Ceausescu - 2245).

The Front of National Salvation, formed from the secondary leaders, headed by Yon Iliescu - a former associate who fell into opal in the 1970s. The army headed by Viktor Stalchuzca stood on the side of the FTS.

1970s. Ililya (left) plays with Ceausescu in rings

Later Ideisak will be glorified by the fact that it uses miners to fight against students who did not like that Cheressku went away, and communism remained.

Butherewe are not talking about the successors of Ceausescu, but about how the dictatorship of the "Grand Chief" ended.

On December 24, Ideiska signed a decree on creating an emergency military tribunal. It includes two military judges, two colonels and three "folk judges" the rank of smaller.

On December 25, this tribunal held a court session in the Tyrgovist, where he sentenced the dictator and his wife to death for the accusations that you read at the beginning of the article.

The sentence was performed on the spot, 10 minutes after his announcement. Walking on the penalty, the dictator exclaimed: "Long live the Socialist Republic of Romania, free and independent!".

Safety soldiers (allegedly faithful tea) after watching the plot about the shooting of the dictator

This ugow is not on the video of the Court and execution. The operator was delayed for a minute, and at this time the shot team had already opened fire - as soon as Chet Ceausescu got up at the wall.

Court recording and execution of four Cause

The shooting was performed by three paratroopers from the elite army division. They agreed voluntarily. They say that those who want to shoot their "great leader" were hundreds. Although this is probably not true - who announces such a shot?

The corpses of the Cauchesska in the evening were shown in Romanian television.

Nikolae Ceausescu, a few minutes after death

Such a brutal step heads of the front of the national salvation explained by the fact that they wanted to make the rest of the supporters of Ceausescu folded the weapons.

According to the leadership of the FTS, the death sentence dictator and demonstration of shooting on television saved the lives of tens of thousands of Romanians.

Demonstrators in Bucharest react to the news of the death of the dictator

After two weeks, the death penalty in Romania was canceled.

On December 25, 1989, spouses Nicola and Elena Ceushesska are shot at the territory of the military unit in Targovishte (Romania).

Nicolae Ceausecu (Room. Nicolae Ceauşescu; January 26, 1918, raspiens, Zhudz Olt - December 25, 1989, Targovishte) - Romanian state and politician, Secretary General of the Central Committee of the Romanian Communist Party (RCP) since 1965. President of the CRP in 1974-1989.

In the 1970s and first half of the 1980s, all countries of the West, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), other transnational financial structures in every way supported the leader of Romania and its policies. Romania received preferential loans and loans, its goods were opened access to the West markets, in trade with all the countries "Big Seven", she had the "greatest favored" regime. There were no country, which was a member of the Warsaw Agreement and Sav, did not have such privileges. Why?

Because N. Ceausescu in many cases condemned the foreign policy shares of the Soviet leadership, held an independent position in international issues.

Invented tensions in Romanian-Soviet relations contributed to the fact that the socio-economic programs of Romania were threatened. In addition, Brezhnev and Suslov forced other CEA countries to reduce trade and economic ties with Romania. Other methods of pressure were used.

In these conditions, Romania was forced to seek financial and economic help to Western countries and their structures. According to Romanian sources and the IMF, Romania's loss from complication of relations with CEA countries was over 1980-1985 over $ 3 billion.

As a result, the beginning of the treacherous "restructuring" in the USSR Romania became an important economic partner of the West. From 1975 to 1987 (inclusive) Romania was granted about 22 billion dollars of Western loans and loans, including $ 10 billion from the United States. The term of their repayment occurred in 1990-96. But, as noted in the press of the USA and Western Europe, financial magnates and official figures of Western countries offered the Bucharest to pay debts politically: hinted on the need to exit Romania from the Warsaw contract and Sav, i.e. On the "desirability" of the open confrontation of Romania from the USSR and its allies.

However, N. Ceausescu rejected similar "ideas" and stated that Romania would pay off their debts before the deadline.

Before the "Perestroika" in the USSR, the West did not call Cheshesska "dictator", "Stalinist", "the executioner of the peoples of Romania", but after 1985, these epithets were "stuck" to Causecu, first in the Western press, and then - performances of official figures of countries "Big Seven. " Moreover, until 1986, Romania even had a shares in the coal mining and petrochemical industry (!). And the visits of Ceausescu in the United States and other countries of the West before 1985 turned into grand rallies, glorifying the Romanian leader and Romania ...

In 1987, Romania was deprived of shares in the country's coal mining and petrochemical industry, and invitations of Ceausescu in the countries of the West ceased in the same year. At the same time, a ban on the provision of loans and loans from the West was introduced. And in 1987-88 she was deprived of the "greatest favored" regime in trade with the "Big Seven" and UES countries. In the word, Romania and personally, Ceausescu declared a blockade. Why?

Because Romanian leader refused to support the treacherous "restructuring" in the USSR and the CPSU, distributed to the Satellites of Moscow. Romania after 1985 has intensified communications with Cuba, DPRK, Albania and China, as well as with Iran and Iraq, Libya and Nicaragua, Vietnam and other "hated" West countries. Ceausescu emphasized that the "restructuring" leads to the collapse of socialism and the subsequent collapse of the socialist state and the collapse of the Communist Party.

In the North American and British press in 1988-89-89, it was emphasized that Ceausescu becomes a "problem for the West and Gorbachev" that Romania can rally all socialist countries opposing "restructuring". Therefore, they say, with "Cheressku need something to solve" ...

Romania had to strain their resources and forces in order to, firstly, quickly pay off the West for loans and loans and, secondly, to sharply weaken the dependence on trade with CEA countries. And these goals were achieved for 1987-89!

For the first time in the postwar years, the export of Romania by $ 5 billion exceeded its imports in 1988. This made it possible to overcome many economic difficulties caused by the Blood Policy of the West and the Gorbachevsky of the USSR against Romania in 1986-88.

According to the data of the Romanian and Hungarian emigrant press of 1989-91 and according to documents published in Romania in 1995, from 1987, specially trained agents from the USSR, Hungary, Israel, USA, Germany, Great Britain penetrated the territory of Romania, and their "work" envisaged mutual cooperation. According to some data, the number of these agents by the fall of 1989 exceeded 500.

In short, the CIA and the KGB became the "allies" against the "general enemy" ...

According to foreign sources, the "Romanian theme" of the autumn of 1988 became one of the main in the negotiations of Gorbachev, Shevarknadze, Gromyko and Yakovlev with official figures of the West countries, as well as with Brzezinsky and Kissinger.

To May 1989, Romania fully extinguished its debt in front of the West (22 billion dollars), and in June of the same year, Bucharest announced the refusal of external borrowing!

During the negotiations of the US President D. Bush with the leadership of Hungary (June 1989) and Gorbachev in Malta (beginning of December), according to American, Iranian, Libyan and Chinese sources, a final decision was made about a coup in Romania and the liquidation of Ceausescu.

On December 21, a bloody coup took place in Romania. Ceausescu and his wife were brutally killed by foreign mercenaries. In a few days, Bucharest visited Shevardnadze, congratulating the killer-killers with the "Radiation of Romania from Tiranda Ceausescu" ...

On December 22, 1989, the last leader of Socialist Romania was overthrown, a quarter of a century, "his way".

At the turn of the 1980s - 1990s, a series of so-called "velvet revolutions" rolled in Eastern Europe, during which the former socialist leaders of the countries transferred power in the hands of the opposition.

Events in Romania from this series fall out. Skipping mode Nikolae Chaushesku It turned out to be bloody and ended the execution of the former leader of the country.

Immediately after the incident in December 1989, such a interpretation of events was considered generally accepted: "The angry people dealt with a bloody dictator who gave the order to shoot hungry workers."

But the farther, the more researchers have questions. Have events in Romania spontaneous, or professionals stood for their organization? Are the main perpetrators of bloodshed were representatives of the Romanian special services, the faithful Ceausescu? Why did the revolutionaries so hastily executed the captured chapter of the state?

Found from Shady

In the post of leader of the Romanian working party, 47-year-old Nicolae Ceausescu came in 1965, after death George Geogiu-Dejwho occupied this position for 17 years. Like I. Leonid Brezhnev In the USSR, Nicolae Ceausescu was considered by more influential parties in the role of a temporary figure.

And, as in the case of Brezhnev, the colleagues in the party Chaushesska underestimated. He very quickly won popularity in the people, performing criticism and exposing the previous manual methods.

To improve the image and emphasize the difference between the policies of the new leadership, Ceausescu even achieved the renaming of the country - the Romanian People's Republic (RNR) was renamed the Socialist Republic of Romania.

Two years later, Nicolae Ceushestka took the post of Chairman of the State Council, focusing in his hands the highest state and party power.

With Ceausescu, Romania began to hold a fairly independent foreign policy, actively interacting with Western countries. CHAUSHESKU did not support the commissioning of countries of the Warsaw Treaty in Czechoslovakia in 1968, refused to support the commissioning of Soviet troops to Afghanistan in 1979. And in 1984, when the USSR boycotted the Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, Romanian athletes participated in the US games.

In 1974, making changes to the Constitution of Romania, Ceausescu became president of the country and this post occupied until his death.

Ceushestka receives a presidential scepter from the hands of the Chairman of the Great National Assembly of Stefan Voitek (1974). Photo: Fototeca Online A Comunismului Românesc

Liberal from sociallyland

The first years of the Board of Ceausescu were noted by liberal reforms, significantly mitigating the attitude towards dissent. Entry and departure from the country was relatively free, the Romanian leadership did not repair the obstacles to the emigration of citizens, a foreign press was free in the country.

Western countries have been actively cooperating with Ceushestka, Western countries were actively cooperating, he was allocated multimillion loans. When Ceausescu began to actively develop the country's industry, since the leader saw the future of the state in the departure of the prevalence of the agricultural sector.

Ceausescu actively collaborated with the IMF, with MBRD, receiving loans by more than $ 22 billion.

Due to this, the country's economy survived a rapid growth - the volume of industrial production in Romania in 1974 exceeded 1944 figures.

President against debt

Soon, however, problems began. Romania struck overproduction crisis - Romanian industrial goods did not find sufficient sales in the CEA countries, and in the Western markets they were completely uncompetitive.

Ceausescu, the first of the socialist leaders felt the charm of billions of Western loans, the first felt their suffocating effect. He did not want to put up with the prospect of debt bondage, and in 1983, with the help of the referendum, he achieved a ban on further foreign borrowing.

The West suggested the leader of Romania an elegant way out - writing off all debts and providing new in exchange for exit from the Warsaw Treaty and SEA and termination of cooperation with the USSR.

Ceausescu flatly refused. The point here was not only and not so much in loyalty of the communist ideology, but in the fact that, freight from a certain dependence on the USSR, Romania would inevitably affect the dependence on the West. Ceausescu was quite satisfied with a separate position in a socialist camp.

To ensure the payment of debts, in the country, measures were introduced with rigid economy - products on cards, gasoline on coupons, electricity by the hour. The standard of living Romanian began to fall, and with him and the popularity of Ceausescu.

At the same time, in political life from previous liberal freedoms, little remained. The country has a hard authoritarian system, the cult of the personality of Ceausescu was formed. Leading state posts occupied people close to the president, sometimes just members of his family. The manifestation of discontent in society was punished by the security police "Securities".

Ceushestka was shot, but by April 1989 he achieved his own - the country was calculated on the external debt. However, the situation in the economy by the time the hardest.

Nicolae Ceausescu at the funeral of Brezhnev. Photo: RIA Novosti / Alexander Makarov

Fighting two fronts

An even worse was that in foreign policy, Ceausescu had no one to rely on. The West, who did not obey CHAUSHESCU of the refusal of his proposals and principles on the issue of debt payment, translated the Romanian leader into the category of "bad guys."

And in the Soviet Union raged restructuring, and Mikhail Gorbachev He strongly advised the chapter of Romania to follow the same course. The course, however, did not inspire Cheshesska. Politician, who did not know the wrath of Brezhnev in 1968 and in 1979, was not frightened and discontent Gorbachev.

Moreover, in August 1989, when the Socialist regimes of Eastern Europe deprived of the Socialist regimes, Nikolae Ceushetki, at the celebration of the 45th anniversary of the liberation of Romania from Fascism, said: "Rather, the Danube will reverse the restructuring in Romania."

The last meeting of Gorbachev and Cheressku took place in Moscow on December 6, 1989, and, according to members of the Romanian delegation, the Soviet leader directly spoke that the refusal of reform would result in the "consequences".

Ceausescu became a bone in the throat and for the West, and for Gorbachev, and for the opposition in Romania itself. In the Soviet press, it was called "Stalinist", and in the West, forgetting the previous articles about the "good guy from Romania", wrote about the "monstrous crimes of the Romanian dictator."

Nicolae Ceausescu was in the position "One against all." At the same time, the situation in the country, he seemed to hold under control.

Mikhail Gorbachev and Nicolae Ceausec with spouses. Photo: RIA Novosti / Yuri Abramochkin

Riot in Timisoare

On December 16, 1989, unrest in Timisoare, caused by the displacement from their post and eviction from the house pastor's dissident Laszlo Techsha, Hungarian by nationality, anti-communist and one of the leaders of the separatist movement, who spent the "complete ethnic autonomy" of several districts with a significant proportion of the Hungarian population.

Separatist slogans were very quickly changed to anti-communist, the pogroms of local state bodies began.

It should be noted that ordinary citizens participated in the riots, displeased with a decrease in living standards. Hard stopping of the excitement caused outrage throughout the country.

On the night of December 16, December 17, the riots were suppressed. To this day, an exact number of victims in Timisoare is unknown. More or less objective data indicate several dozen people, but rumors crawled around the country, which were immediately picked up by foreign media that several hundred or even several thousand people were killed in the city. Gradually, the number of dead, figured in his rumors, reached 60 thousand people. Much later became known that the total number of victims of the Romanian revolution, not only in Timisoary, and throughout the country, for all the time the crisis on both sides was about 1,100 killed and 1400 wounded, so the story about "60 thousand killed" appeared exclusively for injection passions and creating more indignation in society.

Mass protests in Bucharest (1989). Photo: Commons.Wikimedia.org /

The last speech of the dictator

Fully soothe the situation in Timisoare was not able. December 20, Ceausescu performed on national television. The speech of the Romanian leader of the quarter of a century later looks surprisingly logical and reasonable. Ceausescu stated that the collisions in Timisoare were initiated by "groups of hooligans, which provoked a series of incidents in Timisoary, counteracting the legal court decision" that the riots are supported by the special services of other countries that the purpose of these actions is to "undermine independence, integrity and sovereignty and return the country in times Alien domination, eliminate socialist conquests. "

Is it not true, Ceausescu described the scenario, in the modern world known as the "Color Revolution"? This, of course, did not cancel the fact that not only extremists participated in the riots, but also the citizens just exhausted by the hard economic situation, as always in such cases.

Ceausescu also arrived quite traditionally from the current point of view. On December 21, 1989, a 100-thousand rally of president supporters was collected in Bucharest. That's just collected there people do not in the call of the heart, but by discharger. Therefore, the groups of oppositionists who penetrated into the crowd, chasing and explosions, Petard managed to make chaos and confusion and disrupt the speech by Causecu from the balcony of the Presidential Palace. The story about the group of oppositionists in the crowd is not torturing supporters of Ceausescu, but revelations Casimir ionescu, one of the leaders who came to power after the overthrow of the president of the front of national salvation.

Escape

Nicolae Ceausescu was confused. He is a dip from the speeches before the mass of the people who are not one hundred percent loyal. His departure from the balcony of the presidential palace was equivalent to the defeat.

A few hours later, chaos reigned in Bucharest. Sounds of shooting sounded, and who and whom she shoots, was incomprehensible. On the morning of December 22, it became known about death minister of Defense Romania Vasile Mile. Although there was no evidence, the oppositionists stated that the minister was killed for the refusal to shoot the people. After that, a massive transition began to the side of the oppositionists of military units. The rebels captured the television center and announced the fall of the regime of Ceausescu.

The city begin fighting between the military units and the divisions of "Singuritate". But by this time, Ceausescian in Bucharest is no longer - he flies on a helicopter from the roof of the building of the Communist Party of Romania. With him they flee wife Elenawhich was a prominent mode functioner, two colleagues - ex-Prime Minister Manya Manskand ex-Minister of Labor Emil Bob, as well as two employees "Singuritate".

The Manezka and Bob remained at the presidential dacha on the lake of Snagov, where the helicopter made an intermediate landing. Ceausescu is trying to contact the commander of military districts loyal to him. Finally, he receives such confirmation from the city of Pesti. But by this time is new defense Minister Victor Stankuleski give an order to knock down the helicopter with the president. A warned pilot on this puts the car in the field at the city of Targovishte and announces the transition to the side of the rebels.

Ceausescu with his wife and guard are trying to get to Peshti on cars, but in the tweeter itself they fall into the hands of the military.

Fights on the streets of Bucharest, December 1989. Photo: Commons.Wikimedia.org / DENOEL PARIS AND OTHER Photographers

Speed \u200b\u200btribunal

Two days of Nicholas and Elena Ceausescu kept in the Military Prison Garrison Targovishte. And then right there, in Targovisht, the military tribunal is organized for the court over the Chisoy Cause.

The seizure of the situation is that the main initiator of the Tribunal becomes the Minister of Defense Stankustchka - a person who commanded the suppression of speeches in Timisoare, from which the revolution in Romania began. In 2008, Stankuleschka will appear for this before the court.

And on December 25, 1989, the Minister was in a hurry to condemn the overthrown president. The state prosecutor in the process became major General Georgians, Deputy Chairman of the Military Tribunal on Bucharest, specially called in Targovishte and learned about who he would blame, only before the process.

Nikolai and Elena Ceausescu accused of destroying the national economy, an armed speech against the people and the state, the destruction of state institutions and genocide.

Two hours of the process were more like a pass. Ceushestka seems to understand what he ends up, and not so much answered the questions of the investigator, how much did the results of his own life. He said that she fed Romanians, provided them with housing and work, made the Socialist Republic of Romania the subject of envy of the world. It is unlikely that Ceausescu lied, rather, that's how he saw the results of his board.

What was the right, and what is to blame the tea, the process of two hours would not be able to establish purely physically. But he did not have such a goal. Having fulfilled the formal ritual, the Tribunal announced - Nicolae and Elena Ceausescu are convicted of charges and sentenced to the highest punishment - the death penalty through the shot with the confiscation of the property belonging to them.

Operation "Liquidation"

According to the sentence, the spouses of Ceausescu had 10 days on his appeal. However, it was announced that it would be carried out on the same day that the overthrown president would not beat off supporters.

At four in the afternoon on December 25, Nikolai and Elena Ceausescu brought the barracks into the courtyard, put a soldier's restroom to the wall and shot.

Three days later, the execution of an overthrown president and his spouses showed in Romanian television. The bodies of the executed were betrayed by the land at the Bucharest Cemetery of Gencha.

Politics, which at the end of life began to interfere with too many, did not. Over time, the event of December 1989 in Romania is increasingly called not a popular uprising, but a well-thought-out and organized operation on changing the regime and physical elimination of an incommary leader.

And last. Among the accusations that came to Nicolae and Elena Ceausescu, there was a discovery of secret accounts in foreign banks. Allegedly spouses Ceausescu intended to run abroad, where the money stolen from the Romanian people should have been able to provide a peaceful life. The amounts sounded different - from 400 million to more than 1 billion dollars. After 20 years of search Head of the Special Commission of the Parliament of Romania Sabin Kutas He stated: "Having heard numerous witnesses who have information on this account, among which the Chairman of the Board of the Central Bank, as well as other bankers and journalists, we came to the conclusion that Nicolae Ceausec did not have bank accounts abroad and never translated state finance abroad" .