Emotions Altruism. Book about good egoism and bad altruism

This article tells about effective altruism. It turns out that even in such a confusing and emotional thing, as helping others, you can make quite rational solutions.

What is altruism?

Why do you need to turn on the head, and think rationally? Only so you can be sure that your benefit has brought maximum benefits. Or generally brought at least some.

There are many potential candidates for your help. Here are just some of the possible alternatives - in random order:

• Foundation for assistance to people with oncological diseases
• NGOs on the organization of food centers in Africa
• Beggar in the transition
• Foundation for the spread of antimary grids in third world countries
• Collection of funds for operation (on social networks, author of the announcement to you unfamiliar)
• Farmers on coffee plantations in the third world countries (through an increased fee of coffee with the "Fair Trade" label)

You decided to sacrifice $ 100. Where would you send them?

Suppose you made a choice.

Next question: How would you follow the effectiveness of donation? That is, does it end up with some benefit?

This question is important, because in each of the above cases, these $ 100 is waiting for a completely different fate. According to research, somewhere this money will not bring any benefit at all. Somewhere similar benefit it was possible to generate ten times cheaper.

And on this list there is an obvious leader - every dollar donations will bring there ten times more benefits than in all other options taken together.

There is a chance that you have not guessed the name of this Fund, recking on your intuition. And it's not a fact that we defined the most useless alternative.

Nevertheless, in matters of assistance to other people often listen their heart - both in everyday situations, and in cases where they fundamentally decide to sacrifice part of their income to charity. An alternative approach of effective altruism offers to think head, and rely on donations to real numbers.

Effective altruism gives a set of principles that help rationally choose the best alternative to an infinitely huge list of all those who claim to have money allocated for charity - and also allows you to be sure that your money will really benefit.

Effective altruism

The idea of \u200b\u200beffective altruism is simple: There are a lot of ways to help others, but these ways are not equal to each other. They all differ in their utility.

At $ 48,000 in the US, you can buy a guide dog for one blind way, and you can carry out the treatment of trichiasis of 1200 people on the same money, and return the vision to each of them with a probability of 80%. The difference is huge, and at the same time, people, sincerely want to help others, sacrifice money to the Guide Dogs of America Foundation, and not in Helen Keller International.

And unfortunately, our resources are limited. This means that considering hundreds of ways to help others and even having a lot of enthusiasm on this topic, we still have to choose.

How to choose when there are so many problems in the world?

The concept of effective altruism offers another approach: ignore the feelings - think your head.

Emotions are only distracted, and they do not give a soberly weigh alternatives. The history of one blind person in local news can tighten us so much that we will immediately transfer to him $ 50 to buy a guide dog, paying about 0.1% of its cost. And they could save someone to the same money from blindness. Agree that it is slightly uneven event. But we do not know this person with the Fucky, and in general it sits somewhere far away in Bangladesh, so does not fall into the news report.

How to measure the effect of donations

To decide who to whom it is to help, better without emotion, and with the help of mathematics and with a support for scientific research. We can bring all possible alternatives to one unit of measure, and it is called Qaly..

QALY is decrypted as "Quality-Adjusted Life Year", or a "high-quality and adjusted year of life."

1 QALY is the year of life, lived with perfect health. Ideal - that is, such that there is no reason to complain about the doctor.

It is considered so: if you save a person from death, and he will live another 5 years of life with perfect health, then you have caused goodness at 5 QALY.

If all these five years, the person saved by you will live with small sores (80% of the perfect health), then his winnings are slightly smaller. You need to multiply 5 years by 80% - get 4 QALY.

And if you extended a person's life for 5 years, but his health is in poor condition (the conditional 20% of the ideal), then you gave him 1 QALY. What is also good, and better than nothing.

Effective altruism offers to compare all possible alternatives to other help with QALY. For example, you can run various charitable funds by how much QALY they generate by donating $ 1,000.

Say Charitable Foundation A transforms these $ 1000 in 1 QALY.

But the Foundation B turns $ 1000 only at 0.1 QALY.

Therefore, the first foundation is 10 times more efficient.

In other words, QALY is a certain currency on which you can exchange your money. Each purchase of a unit of this currency to someone prolongs life for one year, and it is possible to purchase it at a different exchange rate - depending on which kind of charity foundation you are "buying".

How can I calculate the effectiveness of various charitable programs? This can be done on the basis of historical data. Researchers collect data on how much money has been spent on different programs, as these money was specifically spent, and what results reached these funds.

Of course, I strongly simplify the logic of calculations, but the overall idea is as follows.

It is thanks to such studies that we can predict an approximate effect from our donations. And this is important: giving somewhere blindly blindly, without support for research, you are with a great perceptibility of them burn. How do you know how to spend money that beggar from the station? And what will the funds sent to VKontakte's shifting declaration? And even if they go to the purchase of medicines for a man with cancer, you do not know how it will affect the expected duration of his life and the state of health. And great is the chance that the effect will be meager. And it means that your donation was inefficient - and it could really help someone.

Therefore, adherents of an effective altrume, deciding to allocate some% of its income to help to other people, as a rule, choose the most proven ways. And these methods mainly include several major charitable funds, whose effectiveness confirmed in research.

With all the conventions QALY, without such research and settlements, we remain blind. All charitable funds look the same effectively for us, and the most money is attracted to those that cause us the greatest emotional response.

What are fraught with irrational donations

In the early 2000s there was a huge HIGE around the Playpump carousel. This is a kind of pump that allows you to pump water from under the ground, and all that is needed for this is to ride the carousels that are attached to the pumping system.

However, in practice, the idea was not so wonderful.

The attraction did not like the children, because Playpump did not spin enough long and freely, as ordinary carousels - had to constantly apply effort due to the resistance of the pump system. Enthusiasm for local children disappeared quickly enough, and the playpump was forced to turn old women, which was extremely hard for them. Or the carousel pushed the children themselves - they were paid for this for skipping school classes.

One PlayPump cost an average of $ 14,000, and the usual pump, more efficient and convenient to use - $ 3,000. At the same time, even with a task for the production of water PlayPump coped poorly - to ensure the daily needs of the village in the water, you need to twist the carousel 27 hours a day.

Such failed in charity happens completely and near, and at first glance everything always seems wonderful.

Another example is a promotion of funds in the West, combining charitability with parachute jumps. Often, it is often going to money on various medical charitable programs, but what's the problem: on average, each collected £ 1 by the National Health Service is to spend £ 13 to treat the same parachutes from the injuries acquired on the results of jumping.

And the last case - on television in the United States there is a popular program "Scared Straight!", Which is released since 1978. Its essence is that young adolescents who violated the law lead on a tour of a real prison - and there they are afraid of prisoners in every way. So they, according to the plan, must be chopped off every desire to get involved in illegal affairs.

So, studies have shown that in fact there is a reverse. Participation in the program increases for children the likelihood of crimes and imprisoned. Moreover, according to WSIPP calculations, each dollar spent on the program "Scared Straight!" Generates a loss of $ 203.51 in society as a whole. Although intuitively seems to us that such a show goes to everyone only for the benefit.

Of course, such cases of "harmful" charity is a bit. A significant part of charitable organizations gives a zero effect, or extremely lowered. In fact, giving them money, people do not bring any benefit to the world. And intuition in such solutions is more difficult. Therefore, it is important to rely on real facts, accumulated statistics and research.

What else to take into account in making decisions about donations

QALY is just one of the methods to compare the effectiveness of programs.

There are other conditional units of measurement - for example, Waly. (Wellbeing-Adjusted Life Year), which takes into account not only human health, but also its overall well-being, including psychological.

In the case of Waly, unfortunately, there is still no single calculation method. Estimate the psychological state with quantitative methods is much more complicated than health. Nevertheless, one of the possible ways is different questionnaires, such as Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale. It takes into account the subjective level of happiness and life satisfaction, as well as general psychological functioning, relations with other people and a sense of self-realization.

A good impact on the life of a child for one donation, equivalent to 1/3 of the cost of Latte from Starbax.

Qaly. and Waly. - This is not the only thing that can be taken into account in the adoption of rational donation decisions. It makes sense to also take into account how much donations are popular for solving a particular problem.

Vertical axis - Walys per $ 1,000 - how many years adjusted for the subjective quality of life will bring a thousand dollars spent on average; The horizontal axis - DEGREE OF NEGLECTFULNESS is how this problem is ignored, for which a donation is sent to

Let's just say that you will bring the greatest effect if the problem you choose is ignored by the rest, and at the same time donations do a high return. To do this, you can watch reports about how much money is sacrificed in certain funds, and how many money they are still able to "digest" with the same utility in terms of the dollar, as before. But as a rule, even such large and over-effective funds like Against Malaria Foundation are able to accommodate many more donations, continuing to successfully save human lives. Oddly enough, against the background of many other, more popular funds, AMF is strongly inconsistent - and does not even come in the top 100 largest charitable funds in the world.

Where to sacrifice

If you are fundamentally ready to spend some of the income on charity, or suddenly suddenly at a one-time impulse "I will translate, I will translate 5000 rubles a shelter for animals", do not follow emotions. This is not the best moral compass. The easiest and most effective solution: Open the site https://www.thelifeyoucansave.org/top-charities or http://www.givewell.org/charities/top-charities, and choose any fund from the top of the rating. Most likely, the effect of attachments to one of these funds will be thousands of times higher.

Ratings are updated at least once a year, and they also take into account how the funds are able to "digest" the money entering them - roughly speaking, if the donations are too much, then new funds will be released on the first positions.

An even simpler decision is to stay at Against Malaria Foundation. Every $ 2.5 donations go to the purchase of one antimary grid - and it is able to protect people from malaria for four years.

$ 2.5 is just 150 rubles, so many musicians throw in transitions. But for some family in Africa, this grid will play a considerable role, because malaria is an extremely unpleasant disease, and it also has a considerable risk of death, especially for young children.

As you can see, we are talking about relatively small amounts. They can bring a significant effect for the reason that they will be aimed at helping people in countries for which extreme poverty is characterized. Just think about what is happening on this schedule:

Of course, the most reliable data on efficiency has been accumulated by the funds that are engaged in different medical programs. Their effect is easier to track - and there are many researchers who are engaged.

But there are other ways to bring significant benefits. For example, to invest in funds aimed at combating existential risks. In other words, they work on the fact that we do not destroy themselves. This is important - after all, some virus or climatic collapse can cross all other efforts, and the reduction of their probability even at a small percentage is huge significance.

For example, the Machine Intelligence Research Institute will be a good option. This organization uses the funds translated to them on research in the field of friendly artificial intelligence (AI is considered one of the most serious threats to us in the near future).

Is it worth going to work in the charitable sector? Maybe this is exactly the best way to help mankind?

Unfortunately or happiness, no. One of the most counter-intuitive ideas of effective altruism is that it is better to go to work in JPMorgan or McKinsey. In investment banks and top consulting firms, you can earn big money. This money can be nice to live well, and painlessly allocate some of the income on highly efficient charitable funds. Therefore, it is not worth throwing everything, and move to volunteer in Africa - it will just give a very small exhaust.

Suppose you earn good money in some corporation, and imbued with the idea of \u200b\u200beffective altruism. You like that you can truly help people, spending on it relatively some money, and to be sure that donations really save someone's lives or retur with health.

Where to begin

To begin with, it makes sense to explore the concept of effective altruism. If you are comfortable reading in English, it will be useful to read this book:

Next, you must actually determine how much to allocate money for charity, and whether it is worth it at all. It directly depends on the sustainability of your financial situation, and a fundamental solution on Altruism.

Choose funds for donations stands with support for research data. Here, the biggest risk is to get under the influence of personal preferences, and allow them to push you to an inefficient choice. The one who died of an uncle cancer may experience particularly strong feelings on the theme of cancer and sacrifice money for the treatment of cancer patients.

But alone emotions will not make this choice correct.

Rather, the opposite.

The formation of an effective altruistne does not mean transformation in a rational head, which will not curl a homeless trifle for coffee, or does not bring his aunt in Domodedovo.

It is not necessary to abandon small, pleasant, let, possibly, and ineffective attempts to help others.

But it is not possible to effectively, and the main thing is to realize it.

If you have fundamentally decided for yourself what you want to bring real benefits to others in much larger volumes than now, without any award in return - it is better to find the best tool for this. And the method of effective altruism is the best that we now have. Only with it, you may be somehow confident that you save the lives of real people around the world, spending on this relatively small money.

Of course, the approach of effective altruism in its current form is not devoid of flaws.

That is, you do not get guarantees that exactly the data of $ 100, which you donated, extended someone's life for half a year. Not. You only get the highest possible probability of such a scenario. But still not 100%.

In addition, these metrics are also imperfect because they do not take into account the various weight of different human lives. Not in the sense that one person is more important than the other. Rather, there are different people in different ways to generate Waly for others - for example, the death of a major entrepreneur - Philanthrop can be a huge tragedy, because It will no longer earn millions of dollars and translate them to the accounts of charitable funds.

And there is a mass of other factors to which all these metrics should be adjusted, and perhaps it will happen over time. But here it is impossible to get into a typical intuition trap - "once it works at impaired, then it cannot be used."

You can use - albeit with partial losses. As - in no way, breathing the barrel is better than the barrel without the bottom.

In neurophysiology and psychology, there is the concept of "prosocial behavior", i.e., altruistic, aimed at the good of non-individual, but a whole group. It makes people easily share with others, help and protect - as opposed to much more known asocial behavior, which concentrates on obtaining maximum personal use or benefits.

According to one of theories, the difference between people who actively practice pro- and asocial behavior is that altruists have a greater mental ability to suppress their selfish urge. In this case, everything should occur in the prefortional crust, where the solution of the most difficult issues related to socially determined behavior, decision-making, etc.

However, it is possible that the mechanism is much more "automated" and emotional. At least, it is possible to come to this conclusion, looking at the results obtained by Japanese and British researchers led by Masahiko Haruno.

Scientists noticed that some people possess a much more pronounced sense of social injustice, inequalities rather than others. To explore this moment deeper, they scored 2 groups of volunteers - 25 altruists who often demonstrated a common behavior, and 14 egoists who simply do not care (the selection was carried out on the basis of standard behavior tests).

Participants of the experience were invited to share money with another (hypothetical) person - and for the activity of their brain during solving the problem, the researchers carefully followed using MRI. As expected, the Altruists tried to share finances equally, and the egoists left them mostly. Wherever we expect another result.

It turned out that the only difference in the brain activity pattern arising from the "dealer", between egoists and altruists, is found in the single brain area - almond-shaped body. With an unequal distribution of money, his activity in altruists increased noticeably - while the egoists did not have any changes. "The more dissatisfied people are, the greater activity is manifested in the almond-shaped body," the result commented on one of the authors of the work. Apparently, the almond body responds to the situation automatically, bypassing rational judgments. "

Recall that almond-shaped bodies in the brain 2 are two small glands located in the depths of temporal fractions. They play a key role in the formation and positive, and negative emotions (including the experience of fear - read more about it: "The worst place"). If the activity of the almond-shaped body, which the group of Masahiko Haruno observed, add a complete absence of any difference in the activity of prefortional bark, then the conclusion is obvious: the suppression of selfish urges from altruists here is completely nothing to do with it. The essence is in emotions.

To make sure the results obtained, scientists repeated the experiment, slightly complicating it. This time, in parallel with the problem of delegation, they were given an easy task for memory. Thus, they "distracted" the prefrontal bark and other areas of the brain on the solution of a different task - but the almond-shaped body reacted the same way. Scientists have received confirmation of the initial conclusions.

According to their Belgian Colleague Carolin Decler (Carolyn Declerck), these results are fully consistent with its own, not yet published. Regardless of the Haruno group and in other ways, she also came to the conclusion that prosocial behavior is mainly due to "automatic" reactions.

Now scientists have to find out where the difference arises, leading to the pro- and asocial behavior of the almond-shaped body. Most likely, it is caused by the decor of early childhood, when the brain is in the most active phases of growth and formation. Perhaps, in the future, there are already teachers based on this data on the basis of this data, which will create techniques for the formation of members of society, much more humane, than our today's kingdom of egocentrism.

Limonchenko Roman Andreevich, student of 3kurs (the direction of training "Psychology and pedagogy of deviant behavior", specialization "psychological support of children and adolescents of the risk group") Faculty of psychology of the FSBE VPO "Novosibirsk State Pedagogical University", Novosibirsk [Email Protected]

Scientist leader -Belobrykinolga Alfonsasovna, CandidateShological science, Professor of the Department of General Psychology and History of Psychology of the Faculty of Psychology Pedagogical University "Novosibirsk State Pedagogical University", Novosibirsk, Academician Academy of Polar Medicine and Extreme Ecology of Man

[Email Protected]

The ratio of Altruism and Aleksitimia in the structure of social emotions in adolescents with deviant behavior: theoretical excursion in the problem examination

Annotation. In the article presents the results of theoretical analysis of the problem of social emotions, a model of the traits of cultural similarity and differences in perception or evaluational emotions are considered. Preview Altruizmai Aleksithimia as alternative poles in the structure of social emotions. The role of social emotions to form a teenager's behavior is described, a probabilistic influence of alexitimical trends on the emergence of a tendency to behave behavioral violations in adolescence is shown. Keywords: social emotions, altruism, alexitimia, adolescent age, deviant behavior.

The problem of emotional personality development in recent years is given priority places of scientific research. In the categorical apparatus of modern domestic psychology, the concept of "emotion" is considered as "mental reflection in the form of a direct preissing experience of the vital meaning of phenomena and situations." Emotions are the fundamental basis of the psyche. In the process of ontogenesis, human emotions, as special functional systems, are evilved. According to L.S. Vigotsky, "Culture creates special forms of behavior, it modifies the activities of mental functions, it extends new floors in the developing system of human behavior." Considering the importance of higher mental functions in the development of man, he noted their source and cultural determination, stressing that "the highest mental functions are an ambitious social order relationship." The concept of "experiencing" was formulated, determined as the main unit of society for the development of the child. Calculating the analysis of the nature and content of individual social emotions (embarrassment, shame, etc.), L.S. Vigotsky denotes their key role in the cultural formation, organization of behavior and vital activity Subjectual whole. As far as the person will interact with the environment, to build relationships with them and self-realizes, depends, among other things, on the development of social emotions, whose mediators are moral norms of relations, rules and behaviors. In this regard, the study of the peculiarities of the manifestation of social emotions in adolescents who have violations in behavior is currently relevant. For social emotions, we will be understood by the psychic by the person of their attitude towards others, the structure of which is included in the range of emotions and feelings arising from the moment of the child's birth who are mastered by them in relations to the surrounding people sold throughout life in social reaches interpersonal non-interpersonisis elderly. A significant proportion of social emotions is an introduced forms of their expression and implementation, and those separate emotional equipment, which are revealed, become arbitrary in shape and social in keeping the process of human activity.

The list of social emotions includes a significant list of emotions (insult, embarrassment, shame, shyness, empathy, despair, envy, jealousy) and feelings (guilt, pride, debt, honor, dignity, justice, solidarity, responsibility, thanks, etc. ) A number of which are stored in domestic and foreign science. In the country, as noted by D. Matsumoto, there is an urgent need to expand the boundaries of emotion judgments. He believes that there is a crossroads of the cross-industrial intensity of the manifestation of social emotions, research of similarities and differences in their recognition, it is necessary to assess the intentions related to behavior in order to allocate the social or personal value of the expression of social emotions in the communication process. The scientist offers a model for the features of cultural similarity and differences in perceiving or evaluating social emotions. Within the framework of this model, it is assumed that the evaluation of emotions is carried out under the influence of the program of recognition of the Mimici (is universal and congenital) and with the cultural specifics of decoding standards, weakening or disguising the perception of social emotions. Perceiving the emotions of other people as a stimulus, at the subject, before making a final judgment on the stimulus, they were superimposed by them in the process of learning the norm relating to the perception of the expression of emotions of this kind in others, and these norms may vary depending on stable socio-cultural parameters (individualism exclusivity, differentiation depending From social status). We are notable that, in the overall structure of social emotions, scientists are discharged by altruism. So, D. Myrfeod Altruism understands the compassion of an unfamiliar person, willingness to help without waiting for gratitude. Altruism, it notes, diametrially opposed to selfishness, since all deeds of selfish people are explained by personal interests. Perhaps the explanation of the phenomenon of Altruism is contained in the theory of social exchange, which means the interaction of people as a "social economy", based on the fact that people are exchanged not only by material values and money, but also with social values \u200b\u200bas love, information and status. Having experienced compassion, a person does not think so much how much about who suffers, that is, the experiencing of empathy, primarily in relation to loved ones or those that identifies themselves. Altruism can manifest itself within the framework of social responsibility, according to which need to be assisted to help without waiting for compensation in the future (for example, assistance to disabled children, to those who are perceived by us as unable to participate in equivalent exchange). According to K.E. Isard, altruism as a substantial component of social responsibility is mediated by constant positive emotional experiences, which become the main driving force of the highest form of behavior (ethical or moral). Minor promotions and good luck encourage positive emotions in people who contribute to altruism. E.P. Ilyin emphasizes that when they talk about altruism, then we are talking about the promotion of not a common interest, namely the interest of another person, therefore altruism differs from collectivism - during a person orienting person for the benefit of the community or group. General results of a number of studies, the scientist determines the following signs Altruistic behavior: 1) voluntary and conscious actions as manifestations of the properties of the will, and not the result of external coercion; 2) the disinterested exclusion of the waiting for retaliation; 3) the desire to promote the good of other people from humane motives; 4) the presence of an emotional attitude towards people, sympathy to them, goodwill, sympathy, willingness to help; 5) social orientation of a deed; 6) self-denial (dedication).

The emotional basis of Altruism is a tendency to empathy, sympathy and understanding other people. The altruistic personality is characterized by a developed sense of duty, intelligence, conscientiousness, credulity, the desire for stability in relations with people. It is told that an enthusiastic form of altruism begins to manifest themselves in adolescents. In addition, it is in adolescent age that the manifestation of confined disorders, considered as a formamprotest of counter-socialization, is observed. , protective response of a teenager to the unfavorable social development situation. Therefore, the underdevelopment of social emotions is considered as a marker cloth behavior. E.V.MANOVSKA, Considering the Deviant Benefi, the multifactorominant determines the levels of the submeritaniments of its occurrence: a) an individual-infinite level, on which the factors of devianity are the deadapive properties of the personality-personification of regulatory consciousness, inefficient self-regulation, emotional violations, alienation from the cultural environment, etc.; b) behavioral level, where the factors of devianity are a resistant behavioral stereotype with long-term preservation of deviation, a positive personal attitude towards the deviation, bright (peak) experiences at the time of deviation, denial of negative consequences of deviation. For reasons for the occurrence of behavioral disorders in adolescence, D. Myers refers Prejudice (for example, prejudice towards adults or to representatives of subcultures, in which the teenager is not included), which are incubating emotional roots. For example, frustration supports hostility that manifests itself in the search for unreasonably accused of own mistakes, as well as in an explicit, direct hostility to competitors. Prejudice, based on the sense of social superiority, help, in the author's opinion, hide the insecurity of a person in their own power. One of the defects of the emotional development of the personality acts by Aleksitimia, the cause of which most often serve as violations in the system of microsococilities, primarily in the Dyad "Child Parent" . Investigative in the framework of the psychoanalytic concept, the crystal determines it as an affective disorder, the violation of the personality to the verbalization and empathic interaction. According to the number of authors, the "Aleksitimikov" emotions are often not differentiated: they are vague and nonspecific, express to more in distress reactions, than in full emotions. They are not capable of understanding and discriminating sensory states, to understanding their reactions to events in life. For them are typical: the inability to reflective self-awareness, which gives the opportunity to a person to determine the "feeling" experienced by him as an adequate response to its self-esteem; home depletion; Affective passivity, reducing the imagination function. From the point of view of V.V. Nikolaeva, Aleksithimia is directly related to the peculiarities of psychological self-regulation. The factory compensation is self-regulating, in its opinion, in the following levels:  inactive levels that contribute to maintaining optimal mental activity necessary for human activity; Ocheratic level, providing conscious organization and correction of a subject's actions;  Substitutionalization The level that provides awareness of the motives of own activities, self-government to the motivational consistency sphere. The last level of self-regulation provides a person with the possibility of self-actualization, is characterized by the motives to preserve internal harmony, self-identity. Based on this, the author assumes that the instability or narrowness of the motivational hierarchy, the non-formation of the need for self-regulation, non-peculiar to the ontogenesis of reflection, is the prerequisites for the occurrence of alexitimia, as a result of which intensifying the actual needs of man and unrealized emotions. In accordance with V.V. Nikolava In adolescence, a pronounced teenager to the alexitimical manifestations will be observed in more extent in adolescents with a non-well-developed level of self-regulation. This is evidenced by the results of individual research showing that the insufficient formation of the regulatory function in adolescence leads to the entropy of emotional experiences, a decrease in social demand for social Emotions, as a result, to consolidate behavioral disorders. Theoretical analysis allows formulation of a series of conclusions: 1) The perception of social emotions depends on the surrounding people in the process of learning the norms of their perception; 2) the emotional basis of altruism is empathy; 3) Altruism is aimed at another person, and not to collectivily group; 4) Emotional violations And the alienation of the cultural medium is the factors of the occurrence of behavioral disorders; 5) the psychological cause of the occurrence of alexithymic tendency is the non-formation of psychological self-regulation, which leads to fixation of the negative emotional state of personality; 6) with psychological positions, alexithimia can be determined as violations of expressing social emotions.

The results of theoretical analysis make it possible to express assumptions that: 1) Altruism and Alektimia in the structure of social emotions are an alternative compolyus; 2) the severity of the Alektyamic Poles-high-tired indicator of the inclination for behavioral violations; 3) in adolescents with deviant behavior, the degree of development of social emotional is the quality is lower compared to peers characterized by a promial behavioral orientation.

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Under altruistic, the behavior aimed at the benefit of others and is not designed for any external award. In many ways, altruism will spend due to the presence of empathy in humans, it can be viewed as one of the types of emotionally conditioned behavior.

A. F. Lazur (1922) narrated that altruism is the complex of emotional humanities: a sense of sympathy or the process of "educational", affective excitability, strength and duration of emotions, as well as a significant development of volitional activities aimed at helping suffering and needy, The absence of egoism and self-love, which is often reaching and self-sacrifice, a significant development of moral qualities, interest in internal, sincere experiences.

Considering the dependence on the identity of the individual, altruism can take various forms. As A. F. Lazur writes, "significantly developed volitional activities, aimed at the advantage of the fight against cruel and mercenary oppression

lyami, makes a gentle, fierce fighter for the truth and humans ... or deep faith in the benefit of the enlightenment and the possibility of ideological and moral rebirth of mankind makes the active altruist all the strength to send to the education of the younger generation (Pestalozzi), or we have deeply religious a man, a typical contemplator, who, however, is a hot love for people who penetrate all his religious views, makes it not to returned in the desert, and all his life I will devote to the case of preaching and salvation of lost mankind (Francis Assisky); or, on the contrary, a man of a completely different SCA Lada, a typical industrialist, carefully calculating and practical, all the state and the whole energy dedicates poor working people and creates new forms of organization for the working class (Robert Owen) "(personality psychology, 1982, with . 262-263)

It was revealed that the manifestation of altruism is associated with the motives of moral duty and moral sympathy (Staub, 1974) in the first case, altruistic deeds are committed for moral satisfaction, and even negatively to the assistance facility. Here the help is sacrificed in nature ("takes off from ourselves") in the second case, altruism will run due to the identification and empathic merger, identifying, empathy, but sometimes it does not end with action. Here, help does not have the nature of the sacrifice.

Teaching children altruistic behavior. J. Aronfrid and V. Pascal (ARONFREED, PASCAL, 1970) used the empathic interaction of the child and an adult as a way to learn the first altruistic behavior. The basis of the method they laid the idea that it is extremely important to visually perceive or realize the emotional value of the consequences of the effects of altruistic behavior. Empathy as the ability to experience the emotions of another person ensures that such behavior is evidence. In the experiment, the child was offered to choose between the action for themselves (click on the button and get candy) and the action for another (to light the red color and thereby cause a smile - the approval of the experimenter) the choice of action for another is associated in the child's presentation with the pleasure of the experimenter. A smile, touching the last-Simwalk of its emotional state, causing similar emotions in a child. These emotions and stimulate the child to altruistic behavior.

The same principle was used by these authors and with adult negative experiences. First, the adult, sitting in the headphones, shows facial expressions, as it is unpleasant to him feeling from noise in the ears. Then he teaches a child to turn off the noise, and then the child turns off the noise itself, if he sees that someone from the children participating in the experiment, he is unpleasant.

B. Moore, and others. (Moor et al., 1973) showed that children were called positive emotions (they were asked to recall the very pleasant case in life), showed significantly greater altruism, and children, kumi excited negative experiences - Smaller altruism than the children of the control group.

M. Barnett and J. Brian (Barnett, Brian, 1974) revealed that children of seven years lost in the competition did not affect the severity of Altruism (selfless desire to help the other), and in ten-year-old loss experience suppresses altruism.

"In defense of egoism" - this is the book of ideological student Ain Rend (the very one who wrote "Atlant to dealt shoulders"), where the collectivist and individual benefit from selfish behavior is disclosed in detail. In contrast, egoism is naturally altruism. The book will be interested in lovers of the philosophy of individualism (and what else to expect from the student Ain Rend?), As well as a wide range of people who are accustomed to invest in themselves, rather than give surplus their profits in need. But is it worth reading it to psychologists?

A few words about egoism from psychologists

In almost all trainings, master classes and training seminars for psychologists as professionals, the topic of the tendency of workers in this field to altruism is rising. And after all, if you interview university graduates, who just started their way in practice, the motive of desire to help the neighbor will prevail at the overwhelming part. This is due to a plurality of reasons, but one of the most relevant in this case is such: society allegedly encourages such inclinations from personality. Type I am so cool that I help people who suffer from family violence, a set of their phobias and cannot build relationships without a dependent component.

The desire to move to the camp "Egoistical specialists" with installations by type "I work for the sake of the thing" is considered something terrifying and unacceptable. For example, there is a conviction (in some) that if the psychologist "drags" from the dough, it will work with the request to the second coming. This is an extremely inadequate point of view, but, of course, such exist.

Nevertheless, we know perfectly well that the motives for helping others lead to burnout, and in general weakly contribute to the harmonious growth of man as a specialist. Accordingly, at least to prove this problem. I, for all the years of study and work, was neither a single training event, where teachers would suggest at least any alternative to the altruistic motivation of a specialist. However, self-education saved me.

The most obvious example of problems with altruism in private practice is currently remote counseling. Take a reception on Skype, pre-taking money - the norm for each second specialist. As a result, not all will receive payment of their work. It seems to me the manifestation of the obvious personal difficulties of the psychologist in organizing his own work.

Altruism and selfishness of customers

The second actual problem area in this case is the customers themselves. Almost every second request to work with a psychologist can be considered as "I give to customers everything, I get anything in return."

Work with such clients, in addition to the whole traditional part, can be built as achieving healthy or effective egoistic behavior. Naturally, many this issue of the issue will cause resistance (how can I think about myself when I have an alcoholic husband, 3 children and a sick mother), but here you can handle how experts and experts of your business. This book can give a customer to the house as a home job.

Instead of imprisonment

I specifically do not want in detail "caring" the content of the book "In defense of egoism" - read yourself. But here are the main ideas:

- Altruistic movements protrude for the equalization in sports and intellectual competitions, in which everyone wins, which, in turn, ruins the very concept of competition;

- Altruism is a voluntary phenomenon, but some promote it as an obligation;

- with altruism, the most relevant need is the one that cannot be implemented without self-sacrifice of others, and the real needs of individuals (which they can potentially carry out) go to the background;