As "garbage physics" from Russia received the Nobel Prize. Nobel Prize: Why Grafen Not From Russia Nobel Prize for Opening Agraphen

Novoselov Konstantin Sergeevich was born on August 23, 1974 in Nizhny Tagil (Sverdlovsk region). Father, Sergey Viktorovich, worked as an engineer at Uralvagonzavod, mother, Tatiana Glebovna, - Teacher of English. Currently, parents live in Moscow.

He studied in the Nizhta-Tagil School No. 39, the director of which was his grandfather Viktor Konstantinovich, a mother taught in the same school. In the sixth grade ranked first in the Sverdlovsk Regional Olympiad in Physics, in 1990 and 1991. He participated in the All-Union Olympiads in physics and mathematics (he entered the top ten). In parallel, in high school, the Moscow Physico-Technical Institute (IFTI) was studied in the senior physico-technical school.

In 1997, he graduated with honors from the Faculty of Physical and Quantum Electronics of MFTI on the specialization of "nanoelectronics".

Doctor of Philosophy (PHD). In 2004, the dissertation on the topic "Creation and use of mesoscopic microprods based on the Hall of Hall Quantum Effects was defended in Nimegene's University (University of Nijmegen.

From 1997 to 1999 - graduate student of the Institute of Problems of Microelectronics Technology and Specialist Materials of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IPTM RAS) in the Blackheads of the Moscow Region.

In 1999, he moved to the Netherlands and began working at the laboratory of the High Magnetic Field of the University of Nymegen, where his supervisor became Andrei Game (graduate of the IPTM, in the late 1980s - Employee IPTM RAS).

In 2001, together with Game, he moved to work in the UK. He was admitted to the University of Manchester (University of Manchester) to the position of a researcher.

Engaged in research in the field of mesoscopic physics and nanotechnology. In 2000, was one of the authors of the study of the properties of superconductors with dimensions of less than one micrometer. In 2003, together with the game, he created a sticky tape using the geccon paw adaptation mechanism.

The main scientific achievement of Konstantin Novoselov is the studies of graphene - a new allotropic (excellent in the properties and structure) of carbon modification, promising material for nanoelectronics. In 2004, Novoselov and Geim, for the first time in history, were able to obtain a graphene film with a thickness of one atom from graphite.

He is a professor at the School of Physics and Astronomy of the University of Manchester. As of 2014, he teaches the course "Advanced List of Solid Physics".

For "fundamental experiments with a two-dimensional material graphene" On October 5, 2010, Novoselov was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics (along with the game). Became the youngest Nobel laureate in physics over the past 37 years (since 1973) and the only laureate in all areas born late 1970 in 2010

Commander Order of the Netherlands Lion (2010; for an outstanding contribution to the Netherlands). For merit to science awarded the title of knightly bachelor (awarded on December 31, 2011. Decree of Queen Elizabeth II). Is dedicated to the Knights of the Order of the British Empire: a solemn ceremony in the Buckingham Palace held in May 2012. The daughter of Queen Great Britain Princess Anna.

Nicholas Kurti European Prize (Nicholas Kurti European Prize; 2007; For work in the field of study of low temperatures and magnetic fields). In 2008, for the opening of Graphene received the "Europhysics" prize (Europhysics Prize).

Since 2011, a member of the London Royal Scientific Society (Fellow), in 2013 he was awarded his Leverhulme Medal for work on graphene.

Since 2013 - Foreign member of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences.

Lives in Manchester, is a citizen of Russia and the subject of Great Britain.

Spouse - Irina, microbiologist. Gemini daughter - Victoria and Sophia (2009).

Loves to play piano.

Editors: By affecting the modernization of the economy of Russia and the development of high technologies in our country, we set the task not only to draw the attention of readers for disadvantages, but also to tell about positive examples. Especially since there are, and a lot. Last week, we talked about the development of fuel elements in Russia, and today we will talk about graphene, for the study of the properties of which "the former our people" recently received the Nobel Prize. It turns out that in Russia, or rather, in Novosibirsk, they work on this material very seriously.

Silicon as the basis of microelectronics firmly won positions in high-tech space, and it happened not by chance. First, silicon is relatively easy to give the desired properties. Secondly, it is known for science for a long time, and studied "along and across". The third reason is that the silicon technology is invested truly giant funds, and now rates on a new material, perhaps, few people will decide. After all, this will have to rebuild the huge industrial industry. Rather, build it almost from scratch.

Nevertheless, there are other applicants for leadership as a semiconductor material. For example, graphene, which, after presenting the Nobel Prize for the study of its properties, became very fashionable. To go to it with silicon, there really is a base, since graphene has a number of significant advantages. But we will find the "electronics on graphene" as a result - it is not yet clear, because there are shortcomings next to the dignity.

To talk about the prospects of graphene in microelectronics and about its unique properties, we met in Novosibirsk with the main researcher at the Institute of Inorganic Chemistry. A. V. Nikolaev SB RAS, Dr. Chemical Sciences, Professor Vladimir Fedorov.

Alla Ashinova: Vladimir Efimovich, what are the modern positions of silicon in microelectronics?

Vladimir Fedorov: Silicon is very long used in the industry as the main semiconductor material. The fact is that it is easily dumping, that is, it can add atoms of various elements that directly change the physical and chemical properties. Similar modification of high-purity silicon makes it possible to obtain semiconductor materials N-or P-type. Thus, directional doping of silicon is regulated by the functional properties of materials for microelectronics.

Silicon is really unique material, and this is the reason that so many forces, means and intellectual resources are invested. The fundamental properties of silicon are studied so in detail that there is a common opinion that he simply cannot be a replacement. However, the recent studies of graphene gave the green light of another point of view, which is that new materials can be communicated to such an extent that silicon can be replaced.

Crystal structure of silicon

Such discussions arise in science periodically, and they are usually allowed only after serious research. For example, a similar situation with high-temperature superconductors was a similar situation. In 1986, Bedztz and Müller opened superconductivity to Barium -Lantan -med oxide (for this discovery they were awarded the Nobel Prize already in 1987 - a year after discovery!), Which was found at a temperature significantly exceeding the values \u200b\u200bcharacteristic of those known to that Time of superconducting materials. At the same time, on the structure, dumping superconducting compounds differed significantly from low-temperature superconductors. The avalanche-like studies of related systems led to obtaining materials with a superconducting transition temperature 90 K and higher. This meant that as a refrigerant can not be used expensive and capricious liquid helium, but liquid nitrogen - in the gaseous form it is very much in nature, and besides, it is significantly cheaper than helium.

But, unfortunately, this euphoria soon passed after thorough research of new high-temperature superconductors. These polycrystalline materials, like other complex oxides, are similar to ceramics: they are fragile and non-textile. It turned out that inside each crystal, superconductivity has good parameters, but in compact samples, critical currents are quite low, which is caused by weak contacts between the grains of the material. Weak Josephson Transitions (Josephson Junction) Between superconducting grains do not allow making material (for example, to make a wire) with high superconducting characteristics.

Solar Polycrystalline Silicon Battery

With graphene, it may turn out the same situation. Currently, he has found very interesting properties, but there are still extensive research to be held for a final response to the question of the possibility of obtaining this material on an industrial scale and use it in nanoelectronics.

Alla Ashinova: Explain, please, what is graphene, and how does it differ from graphite?

Vladimir Fedorov: The graphene is a monoatomic layer formed from carbon atoms, which, as well as graphite, has a grate in the form of cells. And the graphite is, respectively, laid down on each other in a stack of graphene layers. The graphene layers in graphite are interconnected by very weak van der Waals connections, therefore, in the end, to tear them away from each other. When we write a pencil, this is an example of what we remove the layers of graphite. True, a pencil trail remaining on paper is not a graphene, but a graphene multilayer structure.

Now every child may begin to say that it does not simply translates paper, but creates a complex graphene multi-layer structure

But if it manages to split such a structure to one layer, then a true graphene is obtained. Similar splitting and conducted Nobel laureates in the physics of this year by the game and Novoselov. They managed to split graphite with the help of Scotch, and after studying the properties of this "graphite layer" it turned out that he had very good parameters for use in microelectronics. One of the wonderful properties of graphene is the high electron mobility. They say graphene will become an indispensable material for computers, phones and other techniques. Why? Because in this area there is a tendency to accelerate information processing procedures. These procedures are associated with clock frequency. The higher the operating frequency, the more you can handle operations per unit of time. Therefore, the speed of charge carriers is very important. It turned out that graphene charge carriers behave like relativistic particles with a zero effective mass. Such properties of graphene really allow you to hope that you can create devices that can work on terahertz frequencies that are not available to silicon. This is one of the most interesting properties of the material.

Nobel laureates in 2010 physics Andrei Game and Konstantin Novoselov

From graphene, you can get flexible and transparent films, which is also very interesting for a variety of applications. Another advantage is that it is a very simple and very lightweight material, lighter than silicon; In addition, in the nature of carbon abuse. Therefore, if you really find a way to use this material in high technologies, then, of course, it will have good prospects and may replace in the horse of ends of silicon.

But there is one fundamental problem associated with the thermodynamic stability of low-dimensional conductors. As is known, solid bodies are divided into various spatial systems; For example, 3D (Three-dimensional) includes volume crystals. Two-dimensional (2D) systems are represented by layered crystals. And the chain structures relate to a one-dimensional (1d) system. So low-dimensional - 1d chain and 2D layered structures with metal properties from a thermodynamic point of view are not stable, with a decrease in temperature, they tend to turn into a system that loses metal properties. These are the so-called Metal-dielectric transitions. How stable will be graphene materials in some devices, still to find out. Of course, graphene is interesting, both in terms of electrophysical properties and mechanical. It is believed that the monolithic layer of graphene is very durable.

Alla Ashinova: Strong diamond?

Vladimir Fedorov: Almaz has three-dimensional connections, mechanically it is very durable. The graphite in the plane interatomic ties are the same, maybe more stronger. The fact is that from a thermodynamic point of view, the diamond should turn into graphite, because graphite is more stable diamond. But in chemistry there are two important factors that control the transformation process: it is the thermodynamic stability of the phases and the kinetics of the process, that is, the transformation rate of one phase to another. So, diamonds in the museums of the world are already under the centuries and they do not want to turn into graphite, although they must. Maybe after millions of years they will still turn into graphite, although it would be very sorry. The process of transitioning diamond to graphite at room temperature flows at a very slow speed, but if you heat the diamond to a high temperature, then the kinetic barrier will overcome it easier, and this will accurately happen.

Priority graphite

Alla Ashinova: The fact that graphite can be split into very thin scales, known for a long time. What was the achievement of Nobel laureates in 2010 physics?

Vladimir Fedorov: You probably know such a character like Petrik. After serving the Nobel Prize, Andrei Game and Konstantin Novoselov, he stated that he was stolen by Nobel. In response, Game said that, indeed, such materials were known for a very long time, but they were given a premium for the study of the properties of graphene, and not for the opening of the method of obtaining it as such. In fact, their merit is that they were able to patch from highly oriented graphite very good graphene layers and examine their properties in detail. The quality of graphene is very important as in silicon technology. When they learned to get silicon a very high degree of purity, only the electronics were possible on its basis. The same situation with graphene. Gamy and Novoselov took very clean graphite with perfect layers, managed to press one layer and studied its properties. They first proved that this material has a set of unique properties.

Alla Ashinova: In connection with the presentation of the Nobel Prize, scientists with Russian roots working abroad, our compatriots, far from science, are wondering if it was possible to come to the same results here in Russia?

Vladimir Fedorov: Probably it was possible. Just they left at one time. Their first article published in Nature is written in collaboration with several scientists from the Blackheads. Apparently, our Russian researchers also behaved in this direction. But it did not work convincingly. Sorry. Perhaps one of the reasons are more favorable conditions for work in foreign scientific laboratories. I recently arrived from Korea and I can compare the working conditions that I were provided there, with the work of the house. So there I was not concerned about anything, and at home - full of routine duties that take a lot of time and constantly distract from the main thing. I was provided to all that was necessary, and it was fulfilled with the striking speed. For example, if I need some reagent, I write a note - and the next day it is brought to me. I suspect that Nobel laureates also have very good conditions for work. Well, they had enough perseverance: they repeatedly tried to get a good material and finally achieved success. They really spent a large amount of time and effort on it, and the premium in this sense was preserved.

Alla Ashinova: And which advantages give graphene compared to silicon?

Vladimir Fedorov: First, we have already said that it has a high mobility of carriers, as physicists say, charge carriers do not possess the mass. The mass always slows down. And in graphene electrons move in such a way that they can be considered not possessing them. This property is unique: if there are other materials and particles with similar properties, they are extremely rare. This graphene was good, it is also distinguished by silicon.

Secondly, graphene has a high thermal conductivity, and this is very important for electronic devices. It is very light, and the graphene sheet is transparent and flexible, it can be collapsed. Grafen can be very cheap if you develop optimal methods of obtaining it. After all, the "scotch-method", which was demonstrated by the game and natives, is not industrial. This method receive samples of really high quality, but in very small quantities, only for research.

And now chemists are developing other methods for producing graphene. After all, you need to get large sheets to put the production of graphene to flow. We are engaged in these issues here, at the Institute of Inorganic Chemistry. If the graphene is learned to synthesize with such methods that would allow to receive high quality material on an industrial scale, then there is hope that it will revolution in microelectronics.

Alla Ashinova: As probably, everyone already knows from the media, the graphene multilayer structure can be obtained using a pencil and sticky tape. And what is the technology of obtaining graphene used in scientific laboratories?

Vladimir Fedorov: There are several methods. One of them is known for a very long time, it is based on the use of graphite oxide. His principle is pretty simple. Graphite is placed in a solution of high oxidizing substances (for example, sulfuric, nitric acid, etc.), and when heated, it begins to interact with oxidizing agents. At the same time, graphite is split into several leaves or even on monoatar layers. But the obtained monolayers are not graphene, but are oxidized graphene, in which there is an attached oxygen, hydroxyl and carboxyl groups. Now the main task is to restore these layers to graphene. Since the oxidation is obtained by small particles, then it is necessary to glue them to somehow to get a monolith. Chemists's efforts are aimed at understanding how it is possible from graphite oxide whose technology is known to make a graphene sheet.

There is another method, also quite traditional and known for a long time is a chemical precipitation from the gas phase with the participation of gaseous compounds. Its essence is as follows. First, the reaction substances are poured into the gas phase, then they are passed through the substrate heated to high temperatures, on which the necessary layers are deposited. When the original reagent is selected, for example, methane, it can be decomposed in such a way that hydrogen is stupid, and carbon remains on the substrate. But these processes are difficult controlled, and the perfect layer is difficult to get.

Graphene is one of the allotropic carbon modifications

There is also another method that is now starting to actively apply - the method of using intercalated compounds. In graphite, as in other layered compounds, one can be placed between the layers of the molecule of various substances, which are called "guest molecules". Graphite is the master's matrix, where we supply "guests". When guest intercases in the host grille, naturally, the layers are disconnected. This is exactly what is required: the intercalation process splits graphite. Intercalated compounds are very good precursors to obtain graphene - you only need to remove "guests" from there and do not give the layers to collapse into graphite. In this technology, an important stage is the process of obtaining colloid dispersions that can be converted into graphene materials. We at our institute support this approach. In our opinion, this is the most advanced direction from which very good results are expected, because from various kinds of intercalated compounds you can easily and effectively obtain isolated layers.

According to the structure of graphene, it looks like honeycombs. And from recently, he became very "sweet" theme

Another method is distinguished, which is called total chemical synthesis. It lies in the fact that from simple organic molecules they collect the necessary "honeycombs". Organic chemistry has a very developed synthetic apparatus, which allows to obtain a huge variety of molecules. Therefore, the method of chemical synthesis is trying to obtain graphene structures. So far, it was possible to create a graphene sheet consisting of about two hundred carbon atoms.

Other approaches to graphene synthesis are being developed. Despite numerous problems, science in this direction is successfully moving forward. There is a large proportion that existing obstacles will be overcome, and graphene will bring a new milestone in the development of high technologies.

In Stockholm, the names of the laureates of the Nobel Prize in Physics for 2010 are announced. They became Professor Andrei Game and Professor Konstantin Novoselov. Both laureate, working in the British University of Manchester, are immigrants from Russia. The 52-year-old Andrei Game is subject to the Netherlands, and the 36-year-old Konstantin Novoselov has Russian and British citizenship.

The most prestigious scientific premium in the world, the size of which is about $ 1.5 million this year, scientists are awarded for the discovery of graphene - ultrathine and extremely durable material, which is a carbon film with a thickness of one atom.

What difficulties have occurred at the opening of graphene and what is the practical application of this material, tells the freedom of the scientific editor of the magazine "Around the World" by Alexander Sergeev on the air)

The fact of obtaining graphene by scientists is remarkable. Theoretically, graphene was predicted in half a century to its synthesis. In school, everyone passed the structure of graphite - this is an ordinary pencil. The carbon atom forms thin layers, which repeatedly lay down on each other. Each layer consists of hexagonal cells, which, like bee honeycombs, docile with each other.

The problem was to get one layer separated from above and below the underlying. For a single layer of this two-dimensional crystal, called so because it does not have a third dimension, a bunch of different interesting physical properties predicted. Many experiments were put. But it was not possible to achieve separation of one layer from everyone else with a sustainable result.

Andrei Game and Konstantin Novoselov invented the way they could allocate this layer and be convinced that he was truly alone. Then scientists were able to measure its physical properties and verify that theoretical predictions are more or less correct. This experiment is very simple: scientists took an ordinary pencil, a piece of graphite. A sticky ribbon was removed with a layer of graphite, and then began to depart it. When 1-2 layers remained, graphite was transferred to a silicon substrate.

Why didn't all previous experiments succeed? Because (and this predicted theoretically) graphene film, a two-dimensional carbon crystal, unstable to twisting. Slightly only it will be in a free state, it will immediately begin to roll. It was even such an opinion that graphene is impossible to allocate. The work of scientists was made in 2004, and in 2009 a piece of graphene was already obtained. That is, graphene sheet in size is almost centimeter. And now it is said about dozens of centimeters.

- Why do you need this graphene?

All electronics are now moving towards reducing the size of elements - transistors, electrodes, etc. The smaller the elements inside the processor, the more items can be placed in it and the more powerful can be collected processor. Therefore, more complex logical operations will be performed in it. What could be thinner than one atomic layer? Grafen has a property of subtleties.

In addition, he conducts electricity. And - practically transparent. At the same time, it is strong enough: it is one of the most durable materials per one atomic layer. He practically does not miss any other substances. Even helium gaseous can not leak through graphene, so it is quite reliable coating. It can be used, for example, in touch screens, because the transparent electrode will not excel the image. It can be used in electronics. Now they are trying to develop transistors based on graphene. True, there are difficulties here. The graphene has anomalous properties that make it some difficult use in transistors. But after they learned how to receive atomic layers, it is probably already overcome obstacles. This is a fundamentally new material. There is still nothing like this. The thinnest monolayer conductor, which can be used in the technique, in electronics.

New Nobel laureates have a rather complicated biography. One of them is the subject of the Netherlands, in the other - two passports: British and Russian. They worked as far as known in the scientific center in Manchester, England. Science becomes international, or is it sad fate of Russian scientists - to make great discoveries, only if they go abroad?

In order to deal with serious scientific papers, not only the material and technical base is needed, but also the calm of the Spirit. The scientist should not be tried by some questions. Andrei Gaym 10 years ago he received a Schnobel Prize for experiments on magnetic levitation of frogs. The Schnobel Prize is a comic antipremia for meaningless work. A scientist needs a certain liberty in its activities. Then ideas are born. Today, frogs levitized, and tomorrow I get graphene.

If a person has such conditions, it works more efficiently. After all, both of the current Nobel laureate in physics studied at MFTI (Moscow Physico-Technical Institute - RS). And very soon went to Holland, to the UK, because there is a more favorable atmosphere to find the scientific funds necessary to conduct research. Cars of carbon films they left Scotch, but they needed to measure them was an atomic-power microscope. So, this microscope should have been. In Russia, they, of course, are, but it is much more difficult to access them.

If I say that in Russia there is a good basic education, which allows you to grow the laureates of Nobel Prizes, but at the same time there is no serious scientific high-tech base for experiments, it will be true?

As in any generalization, there is some stretch. With education, we are no longer so good and smooth, because in many places scientific schools are destroyed. The big break in the work of the 90s affected. In Russia, there are isolated schools, where everything is still very good, but there are problems with equipment and maintaining serious expensive research. Something this equipment falls: from time to time there are quite serious purchases, for example, in the Kurchatov Institute. But how efficiently it is applied there - a big question. Therefore, in some places there is a strong scientific school, and in others - funds for equipment. It is quite difficult for them to exchange between the prestigious and bureaucracy considerations. In Russia, high-class studies are also possible, but they are much more difficult to lead - here is a heavier work.

Scientific studies are multifaceted. But is there any directions that the Nobel Committee are defined as breakthrough? For which it is easier to get the Nobel Prize? Or there are no such directions?

I looked at the list of Nobel Prizes in Physics over the past 20 years. There is no unambiguous trend. Perhaps a lot of premiums in the field of physics of elementary particles, fundamental physical interactions. This is understandable - there are quite interesting works. But here you have to consider an important point. It is often said that to get the Nobel Prize, not enough for breakthrough work. We still need to live until it is assessed. Therefore, the Nobel Prize, as a rule, is awarded to people in a very migrated age. From this point of view, the Nobel Prize in this year's physics is an exception to the rules. Novoselova is now 36 years old. Over the past 20 years, there were no such cases among premiums in physics and, in my opinion, was not at all! Over the past 8 years, none of the scientists under 50 have not received the Nobel Prize, and many received it at the age of 70, and even for 80 years of work made decades of years ago.

The current Nobel Prize was presented in violation of the rules. Maybe the Nobel Committee felt that the premium became gerontological and it was necessary to reduce the age of its receipt. The last time in the "young" age of a premium in physics was awarded in 2001. Laureates were from 40 to 50 years.

Now, apparently, the installation on topical experimental work. So, although the Nobel Prize does not include astronomy, over the past 10 years there were two very important astrophysics awards. There were awards in the physics of high energies and physics of elementary particles, in solid physics, in the physics of the condensed state - that is, solid, liquid and other states in which atoms are close to each other. Almost all of these works, one way or another, are tied to quantum physics.

- Why exactly quantum theory? Is this due to some personal preferences of the members of the Nobel Committee? Or is it really the nearest scientific future?

The reason is very simple. In fact, all physics, in addition to the theory of gravity, today quantum. Almost all new things that are being done in the field of physics, with the exception of individual side directions, improvements and breakthroughs that were in the past, based on quantum physics. Only gravity has not yet succumbed to this "quantization". And everything else, as for the foundation of physics is a quantum theory and quantum theory of matter.

The Nobel Prize 2010 in physics is awarded to condantine from Russia, working in the UK - Konstantin Novoselov and Andrei Game - for the creation of graphene, the Swedish Academy announced. The award of the scientist was awarded "for innovative experiments on the study of two-dimensional graphene material," said in a message on the premium website.

The graphene is a single layer of carbon atoms interconnected by the structure of chemical bonds resembling the structure of bee cells in its geometry.

Andrei Gameborn in Sochi in 1958, now has Dutch citizenship.

In 1982 he graduated from MFTI, the Faculty of General and Applied Physics, received a degree of a candidate of physico-mathematical sciences at the Institute of Solid State Physics of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

He worked as a researcher at the Institute of Problems of Microelectronics Technology and Especially Clean Materials of the Russian Academy of Sciences in the University of Netting, the University of Bat (United Kingdom), at Nymegen University (Netherlands), from 2001 - in Manchester University.

Currently, Andrei Game is the head of the Manchester Center for Mesonouke and Nanotechnology, as well as the head of the physics department of a condensed state.

Konstantin Novoselov Born in Nizhny Tagil in 1974, now has British and Russian citizenship.

In 1997 he graduated from the MFTI, the Faculty of Physical and Quantum Electronics.

Currently is a professor at the University of Manchester.

Joint work of immigrants from the Institute of Problems of Microelectronics Technology and Especially Pure Materials of the Russian Academy of Sciences in the Black Chernogolovka near Moscow at the University of Manchester began in 2001, when Game was invited to the position of Director of the Mesonaudi Center and Nanotechnology of the University of Manchester University. Konstantin Novoselov, Foundation Fellow of Levarulma, joined the new research of his compatriot.

Game and Novoselov - Winners of the European Physical Society Prize Europhysics Prize 2008. This high European award is awarded annually since 1975. Official formulation of award award of a premium of 10 thousand euros: "For the discovery and isolating the free one-cattle carbon layer, and the explanation of its outstanding electronic properties."

On October 5, 2010 it became known that Konstantin Novoselov and Andrei Game was awarded the Nobel Prize of 2010 in physics.

The award of the scientist was awarded "for innovative experiments on the study of two-dimensional graphene material," said in a message on the premium website.

Material prepared on the basis of RIA news and open sources