Radioelectronic industry. Electronic industry of Russia

Priority attention to the development of the radio-electronic industry (REP) as a “growth point” of the economy is due to the fact that it is the foundation of the technological order of the early 21st century, characterized by the advanced development of computer technology, software, telecommunications and robotics.

The radio-electronic industry is the third sector of the world economy in terms of market turnover (after healthcare and banking) and the first in terms of its development dynamics: the REP growth rate over the past 30 years has been about 8% per year. Its share in the cost of products of other sectors of the national economy is significant: today, for example, in the automotive industry it reaches 20%, in scientific instrumentation - up to 40%, in the aviation industry - up to 55%. The share of radio electronics in the cost of high-tech household, industrial and defense products and systems in highly developed countries is 50-80%. According to forecasts, the share of electronic component base and radio-electronic products will soon reach the level of 20% of the total world industrial production. In value terms, the volume of world production of REP products in 2012 amounted to 1.8 trillion US dollars, in 2015 this value can grow to 2.3 trillion, and by 2025 it is expected to reach 3.8-4 trillion dollars. The added value of radio electronics has already surpassed the automotive, aviation and other high-tech industries.

The state of REP today determines the level of technological independence, economic, food, information and military security of the state, health and safety of the population. The defense significance of the industry is evidenced by the fact that REP enterprises account for 40% in the consolidated register of organizations of the military-industrial complex. They account for about 16% of industrial output and 30% of all scientific developments in the defense industry.

The radio-electronic industry of Russia today is represented by more than 1800 organizations involved in the development and production of . The number of REP employees in 2014 amounted to 273,600 people and increased by 3% compared to 2013, including the number of people employed in industry - 192,500, in science - 81,200 people.

Unfortunately, despite the increased attention to radio electronics, the most impressive indicator characterizing its current state is the share of imported components, reaching up to 82% in some industries. The task of import substitution should be solved by the state program of the Russian Federation "Development of the electronic and radio-electronic industry for 2013-2025". To organize work on the formation of sectoral action plans for import substitution in the civil industries of the Russian Federation in order to implement the "Plan for the promotion of import substitution in industry", approved by the order of the Government of the Russian Federation of September 30, 2014 No. 1936-r, the Ministry of Industry and Trade of Russia approved the "Action Plan for Import Substitution in radio-electronic industry of the Russian Federation.

Within the framework of the adopted programs and plans, the priority task is the import substitution of the electronic component base in industries that are traditionally the leading ones in the Russian industry and largely determine its safety. And, if in the market of radiation-resistant components for the space and nuclear industry, stable and small in capacity, Russian technologies can make it possible to remove dependence on imports by 90% by 2020, then there are many problems in other segments of the military-industrial complex and industrial sectors of civilian production.

At the same time, there are examples of a comprehensive solution to the problems of the development of Russian radio electronics.

In the space industry, in order to increase the efficiency of the work of Russian police officers, JSC Russian Space Systems (RSS) has integrated advanced digital technologies and the capabilities of GLONASS satellite navigation into the new development. The standard monitoring centers developed by the RCC will be able to receive, process and transmit information with increased positioning accuracy of patrol groups. A pilot project has already been implemented at automation facilities of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs in the Kaluga and Yaroslavl regions.

The second example is that the Russian army began to receive the latest . The manufacturer is NPO Kvant, a member of KRET JSC, Veliky Novgorod. The complex is a "think tank" for air defense systems and electronic warfare systems. It can simultaneously set tasks for nine Krasukha-type guided electronic warfare systems and air defense systems. The principles of operation of Moskva-1 are based on one of the breakthrough technologies - radio photonics, and 98% of its components are Russian-made. The remaining 2% - microwave diodes, transistors, individual integrated circuits - are not critical for the functioning of the complex and are still purchased in Belarus - this is cheaper than organizing production in Russia. Of course, if necessary, the task for the near future will be to exclude these parts from the number of components.

A lot of work on the introduction of Russian radio-electronic technologies is being carried out by the Russian Helicopters holding as part of the creation of modern rotorcraft that meet the requirements of the most demanding customers from Europe, Asia, and South America. Separately, we can single out the integrated flight and navigation complex KBO-17 of the Mi-171A2 helicopter from the Mi-8 / Mi ~ 17 family. It is completely created according to the concept of "glass cockpit" and is an example of a new generation of "situational awareness" system. Possessing equal capabilities in comparison with foreign counterparts in the field of implementation of control, navigation, radio communications, information display, the Russian complex has a number of significant advantages over them due to the implementation of additional functions.

It should be noted that the task of creating an innovative complex was solved with the broad cooperation of more than ten leading enterprises and research organizations in the field of aviation instrumentation in Russia. Of course, in this project it was not possible to ensure 100% import substitution, but such a task was not set - it was important to ensure maximum integration in a single complex of the most advanced developments of Russian aviation and radio-electronic enterprises and to implement the Russian concept of the "glass cockpit" in practice.

Of the foreign innovations, the following are integrated into the KBO-17: LCR-100 heading vertical (Northrop Grumman); automatic radio compass NAV-4000 and radio range finder DME-4000 (Rokwell Collins); RN-7 map generator (Litef). And here I repeat once again - reasonable mutually beneficial cooperation with foreign partners, the exchange of new ideas and technologies should not be rejected in any case. Not self-isolation, but the expansion and intensification of cooperative ties underlies the solution of our strategic tasks, including in the field of creating competitive radio electronics.

In this regard, it should be noted that the most important in this area is the cooperation of the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union - Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus, Armenia, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan (EAEU). This direction should be considered as a sector of the economy that can provide an increase in the competitiveness of other industries, and radio-electronic components are used today in almost all.

The Eurasian Economic Commission (EEC), as a supranational regulatory body of the Union, has developed an important strategic document - "The main directions of industrial cooperation within the framework of the EAEU". This is the first document on industrial policy of this level in the post-Soviet space, the first in the association of participating countries.

In the field of radio electronics within the EAEU, promising areas for cooperation are the joint development and production of communication and telecommunications equipment, integrated circuits for telecommunications equipment, heavy-duty LEDs, image sensors, lighting engineering, as well as transport automation, etc.

Among the projects planned for joint implementation:

• innovative supercomputer with a fundamentally new cooling system;
• crystallographic accelerators;
• equipment for hardening surfaces using laser-plasma non-vacuum modifying processing and obtaining superhard coatings;
• compact emitter for onboard laser space communication system;
• superconducting materials for electric power industry, electrical engineering, transport and medicine.

Work continues on the preparation of projects for new scientific and technical programs of the EAEU: Autoelectronics, Ballistics, Monolith, Electronmash-65, Luch, Photonics, LEDs.

The projects are ambitious in scope. They are aimed at providing high-tech products to the member countries of the Union and their successful participation in competition in international markets.

I would like to note that the industrial and scientific-technical cooperation between organizations of the microelectronic industry of the Republic of Belarus and Russia is already being activated. It should involve all the capabilities of such structures as the Belarusian production associations "Integral" and "Monolit", the holding "Horizont", the concern "Planar", the Minsk Research Instrument-Making Institute (MNIPI), the Minsk Research Institute of Radiomaterials (MNIIRM ), and from the Russian side - the enterprises of the state corporation "Rostec" and others involved in the development and production of radio electronics.

Of course, there are certain problems in the development of this industry in the EAEU countries. The first of these is the high share of imports of the element base of radio electronics and, accordingly, the need for import substitution. The absence of Russian analogues for imported parts leads to almost complete import dependence in the assembly of telecommunications equipment, including in the space industry.

The development of cooperation is also hampered by the lack of own financial resources and difficulties in obtaining commercial loans to finance joint projects. Barriers to the development of cooperation in the industry in general and in radio electronics in particular are the difficulties in obtaining the information necessary to establish partnerships, the remaining differences in technical standards and legislation. The different level of the state of radio-electronic science and industry, which was established in our countries back in Soviet times, also has an impact.

When looking for new strategic partners for cooperation, special attention should be paid to the fact that the largest volume of investments in the radio-electronic industry in recent years has been noted in China, India and Brazil. The total volume of production of radio electronics in these countries exceeds 30% of the world volume, and in terms of its growth rates they are several times ahead of the highly developed industry of the United States, Western Europe, and Japan. Therefore, cooperation within the BRICS group in this direction has very good prospects.

There are many ways to circumvent sanctions by buying small and medium-sized innovative enterprises in the West, creating joint ventures, attracting scientists and highly qualified specialists, including compatriots, from abroad to Russia. But still, the main thing, in my opinion, remains the implementation of our own scientific, technical, production and human potential, together with the expansion and deepening of cooperation and the implementation of joint projects for the production of competitive high-tech products in the radio-electronic field. There is no doubt that effective action in these areas will give a powerful impetus to the development of all sectors of Russian industry.

Vladimir Gutenev, First Deputy Chairman of the State Duma Committee on Industry, First Vice President of the Union of Machine Builders of Russia, President of the League for Assistance to Defense Enterprises

The reduction in the volume of scientific research, both in research institutes and institutes of the Academy of Sciences and higher education, disrupted the established links between science and production and made it impossible to introduce new technological processes.

W and over the past fifteen years, as a result of a fundamental change in the structure of state administration, state influence and control over the activities of the leading organizations of the domestic electronics industry have significantly weakened.

TO The main microelectronics enterprises in Russia can be attributed to molecular electronics with the Mikron plant. The Russian group of enterprises "Angstrem" is one of the largest manufacturers of integrated circuits in Eastern Europe.

FROM Now the state corporation Rosnano, which participates in a number of joint projects with microelectronics enterprises, has begun to have a huge influence on the microelectronics market.

IN The structure of products manufactured by the industry is dominated by products for telecommunication systems (54%) and digital television (32%), which is caused by the demand for new technologies in the field of communications and the dynamic development of this segment.

IN In the context of falling demand for microelectronics products from the military-industrial complex and the actual collapse in the domestic market, Russian manufacturers were forced to look for ways to the world market. The reorientation to export was carried out with a significant limitation: technological equipment allowed Russian companies to produce microcircuits with transistor topological dimensions of only more than 0.5 microns. This is not enough for the manufacture of modern personal computer processors (the leaders in this segment - Intel and AMD actively use technologies of 0.13 and 0.09 microns, and advanced developments reach the level of 0.045 microns and less), but it is quite enough to meet the needs of companies producing household appliances.

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Rice. 2. The structure of the microelectronics market by sectors of the economy in Russia in 2010.

D To support the industry, plans are being developed for the participation of domestic microelectronics in major projects. GLONASS occupies a special place here. First of all the system of response to automobile accidents will work . The equipment, which will signal all emergency situations on the roads, will be installed first on state transport, then on municipal transport. In fact, this is the formation of a serious segment for the market.

G global navigation satellite system (GLONASS) - Soviet and Russian satellite navigation system, developed by order of the USSR Ministry of Defense. The basis of the system should be 24 satellites moving above the Earth's surface in three orbital planes with an inclination of the orbital planes of 64.8 and a height of km. The measurement principle is similar to the American NAVSTAR GPS navigation system. Currently, the Federal Space Agency (Roskosmos) and the Russian Space Systems are developing the GLONASS project.

IN In Russia, R&D and science in general are still supported mainly by the state budget. While in most states the situation is exactly the opposite: there the non-state sector plays the first place in research funding. And this is despite the fact that in terms of investment Russia is one of the leading places in the world.

M The world production of high-tech products is largely based on the development and production using specialized technological equipment and electronic materials. The main problem of the industry is the weak domestic market and the lack of conditions for Russian producers to gain advantages over Western companies. The microelectronics market in Russia is less than 1 billion dollars against almost 250 billion globally. It is necessary to create conditions for the formation of a market within Russia, and much in this matter depends on the actions of the state. Different tools can work here, in each country support for microelectronics occurs in its own way, depending on economic and geopolitical features.

ABOUT The absence of significant domestic consumers and their orientation largely to the imported element base makes the task of developing Russian electronics very specific, since in this situation it is necessary to focus on consumers who do not have large-scale and national tasks.

H Despite the fact that the situation in Russian microelectronics has been improving over the past few years, the main question remains - is there a market where industry enterprises can sell their products.

FROM Now the main niches for microelectronics enterprises are electronic passports, social cards, SIM cards, RFID tags, digital set-top boxes, WEB cameras, as well as equipment for GLONASS. The state segment of the market for GLONASS receivers is estimated at 730,000 units, taking into account the civilian market, this figure should be an order of magnitude higher, and the capacity of production facilities that are already really ready to work is estimated at about 400,000-500,000 receivers per year.

H But these figures do not cause optimism among Western partners. In their opinion, there is practically no market for microelectronics in Russia, it is very small.

Table 1

Potential need for microelectronic devices in the Russian market

Name	order cost,$
Passports
Social cards
SIM cards
Driving licenses
Digital television

IN In Russia, there is a situation where the country's population consumes $20 billion worth of electronics a year, and the market for electronic components that make up this electronics is less than 1 billion. To solve this problem, first of all, a coordinated strategy of the state and business in the field of market formation and development is required. Conditions must be created that will lead to the localization of electronics production, the gradual import-substitution of the component base with elements of Russian production.

table 2

Key steps to take

for the restoration of the microelectronic industry in Russia, 2008

	Answer options	Interest
	Increase government funding for new factories
	Provide tax incentives for Russian companies and establish protective duties for foreign chip suppliers
	Provide state funding for Russian companies to participate in alliances of developers of new microelectronic technical processes
	Create a national school of specialists in the field of microelectronics
	Doing microelectronics in Russia is useless, it's a waste of time and money

P In the opinion of more than 40% of IT directors, heads of IT companies and experts during direct electronic voting at CNews FORUM 2008, the key problems in this area were the lack of state support and the low level of training of new specialists (41% of respondents). An example of a market segment formed by the state and focused on a Russian manufacturer is the system GLONASS. But, despite the popularity of the GLONASS development program in the government environment and the official media, this project will not bring significant changes to Russian microelectronics. The domestic GLONASS market is still 1-2% of the world market. Today, GLONASS is hampered by many factors - non-competitive chipsets, low profitability of their production, lack of personnel. In addition, its direct competitor - GPS - is still much cheaper. Although both GPS and GLONASS show a downward trend in the cost of receivers, for GLONASS it is still an order of magnitude higher.

ABOUT The main project of the federal grid operator will be the creation of a sales market. The most promising market is considered to be tens of millions of cars that drive across the expanses of Russia. And it is quite likely that motorists will be forced to install the GLONASS system on them in an administrative manner.

2. Enterprises of the radio-electronic complex of the Nizhny Novgorod region

H Izhegorodsk region has a unique scientific and technical potential of the military-industrial complex, combined with a powerful educational base. According to the results of the "Rating of Innovative Activity of Regions 2009" conducted by the National Association for Innovation and Development of Information Technologies (NAIRIT), the Nizhny Novgorod region took the fourth place.

M Many achievements of Nizhny Novgorod are world famous. The world's first industrial fast-neutron reactor and fifth-generation radar stations have been created here. The region occupies a leading position in the design of hydrofoils and ekranoplanes, etc.

FROM Today, a number of enterprises operate in the field of research and development in the region.

Table 3

The main enterprises of the radio-electronic complex of the Nizhny Novgorod region

	Business name	Location	"Gorky plant of communication equipment named after"	http://www. *****/ City of Nizhny Novgorod, International street, 100. Phone: (83	name "is the country's largest developer and manufacturer of aviation radio communications and ground equipment. It manufactures components for automobiles, produces medical equipment and products for a wide consumer market.
	"Plant "Electromash"	City of Nizhny Novgorod, Fedoseenko street, 64.	Production of an automated complex for collecting, processing and providing radar meteorological information based on the MRL-5 radar. Cerebral hypothermogenerator for cranio-cerebral hypothermia; Manufacture of current-collecting devices for radar stations and railway cranes. Production of gas injection infrared radiation burners GIK 5 with a thermal power of 5.8 kW. Production of mixing air heaters VGS-20 with power from 80 to 200 kW. Production of infrared heaters IGB - 240 with thermal power from 80 to 240 kW.
	"Pravdinsky plant of radio relay equipment"	www. pzra. ***** Nizhny Novgorod region, the city of Balakhna, Gorky street, 34. E - mail: *****@***ru	The enterprise is divided into Pravdinsky Radio Plant and a design bureau. In the field of radio communications, it produces radio relay equipment, parabolic antennas, communication towers.
	"Plant named after	http://www. petrovski. *****/ City of Nizhny Novgorod, Turgenev street, 30.	For more than half a century, the enterprise named after " has been developing and manufacturing special-purpose radio equipment. The Petrovsky plant is the leading enterprise for the manufacture and maintenance of airborne and ground-based special tape recorders for aviation (“black boxes”). The production and technological specialization of the enterprise is the manufacture of electronic equipment, including the development of special software, on the modern element base of microelectronics and computer equipment: PLM, MEMS and MOEMS microcircuits, programmable microcontrollers, microconverters and industrial computers. The enterprise has a modern experimental and instrumental production for the manufacture of prototypes and technological preparation for the serial production of new products. The production facilities of the plant include: Machining production (turning, milling, grinding, automatic lathes and machine tools with numerical control); Cold stamping production; Production of galvanic and paint coatings; Production of plastic and rubber parts; Production of radio electronic products; Production of seismoacoustic (ultrasonic) and magnetometric smart sensors (sensors); Production of underwater acoustic beacons (SAM) with appropriate means of control (PPR SAM) and search.
	"Nizhny Novgorod plant named after"	www. frunze. ***** City of Nizhny Novgorod, Gagarin Avenue 174.	The Nizhny Novgorod Plant named after (NZiF) is one of the oldest and, at the same time, one of the most modern enterprises in Russia in the field of development and production of radio electronic devices. NZiF produces high-frequency signal generators, modulation and power meters, equipment for metrological verification of communications equipment and other radio measuring equipment. The enterprise is engaged in the development, production and implementation of ASKUE based on the Mikron hardware complex, single-phase and three-phase electricity meters, single-tariff, multi-tariff and multifunctional, automated installations for checking electricity meters (UAPS), radio modems, GSM - communicators, interface converters, PLC - modems, signal repeaters, etc.; automated control systems for outdoor lighting (ACS NO). NZiF offers comprehensive solutions for automation of control and management systems for energy resources based on advanced information technologies with access to global information networks. A special design bureau of the enterprise is engaged in the creation and introduction into production of wireless data transmission equipment, digital broadband radio access systems using WiMax, CDMA, DECT, Bluetooth, ZigBee technologies. Modern means and systems of wireless transmission of information produced by our plant are designed to organize the main information highways and deliver communication services to the end user. Today, the enterprise develops and manufactures equipment for organizing digital television systems - set-top boxes for receiving digital television signals of terrestrial, satellite and cable broadcasting of MPEG-2 / MPEG-4, HD / SD compression standards, with various conditional access systems. A special design bureau of the enterprise is engaged in the creation and introduction into production of set-top boxes using IP-TV technology. One of the main areas of work of the plant is the production of components for radar stations 59N6, E801, 1L122 and others. One of the tasks of the enterprise for the coming years was the entry into the market of systems and equipment for satellite navigation. NZiF develops, manufactures and implements software and hardware systems for automated navigation and dispatching systems using GPS, GPS - GLONASS satellite navigation technologies, as well as the GSM / GPRS cellular communication standard as an information transmission channel. Technological base of the Nizhny Novgorod plant. enables the production of world-class electronic devices.
	"Nizhny Novgorod Television Plant named after"	http://www. *****/about. shtml City of Nizhny Novgorod, Gagarin Avenue, 37.	television plant named after "- - one of the oldest enterprises in the Nizhny Novgorod region, the founder of the radio-electronic industry of the city. Opened in 1917 as a telephone plant, over time, the plant switched to the production of communication radio stations, and later to the production of radar equipment. Currently, it produces radar equipment, using the latest achievements in the radio-electronic industry, many years of experience in the production and operation of several generations of radars. All radars produced by the enterprise use the meter range of radio waves, due to which they have a number of advantages over radars of other ranges: a relatively low cost of production and operation, a unique ability to detect aircraft manufactured using the STELS technology. These products are in demand both in domestic and foreign markets. Temperature sensors, electric pedals for diesel engines, a heater control system (OVU) for Sobol, Gazelle, Valdai cars and other products (30 items in total); Production of electronic and electrical products for use in various industries and as consumer goods; Production of non-standard equipment.
	Design department "Quasar"	www. kvazar. ***** City of Nizhny Novgorod, Oksky congress, 2 A. Phone: 8 (83 E - mail: *****@.	The Kvazar design bureau developed the first domestic microprocessor-based radio measuring instruments and systems that used the latest technologies for their time: hybrid integrated circuits, ribbon cables, multilayer printed circuit boards, surface mounting, and more. All developed equipment has been successfully introduced into serial production at four factories in Russia.
	"Nizhny Novgorod Institute of Technology and Organization of Production"	City of Nizhny Novgorod, Nartova street, 2. E - mail: *****@***ru.	The Nizhny Novgorod Institute of Technology and Organization of Production (NIITOP) was founded in 1954. During the work of the institute, its employees have developed about 600 progressive technological processes, manufactured and introduced at 360 enterprises about 30 thousand pieces of equipment of 690 types. 1162 copyright certificates and patents were received for inventions. The contribution of the institute employees to the development of domestic microelectronics was awarded orders, medals and honorary titles. Main activities: Development and production of electroplating equipment, including electroplating lines, chemical milling plants, water treatment plants; Development and production of cutting installations, including precision cutting installations for silicon wafers, installations for cutting dielectric materials (ceramics, ceramic glass, sapphire, glass, bismuth telluride, titanium nitride, silicon carbide, etc.); Development and production of equipment for surface mounting of printed circuit boards; Development and production of automated equipment for micro-welding of p / p devices, including welding of aluminum wire with a diameter of 27 - 350 microns, welding with gold wire with a diameter of 15 - 60 microns; Development and production of a wide range of equipment for mounting chips; Development and production of equipment for the manufacture of printed circuit boards.
	"Scientific and production enterprise	www. polyot. nnov. ***** City of Nizhny Novgorod, Komsomolskaya square, building 1. E - mail: *****@***ru.	The Federal State Unitary Enterprise “Scientific and Production Enterprise “Polyot” (formerly the Gorky Research Institute of Radio Communications, NPO “Polyot”) was established in 1964 and is the industry leader in aviation radio communications technology for military and civil purposes. It is administered by the Federal Agency for Industry of the Ministry of Industry and Energy of the Russian Federation. Designs and manufactures:15.	"Experimental - design bureau of mechanical engineering named"	www. okbm. ***** City of Nizhny Novgorod, Burnakovsky proezd, 15. E - mail: *****@.	The enterprise was founded by the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR dated 01.01.01 on the basis of the Design Bureau of the Gorky Machine-Building Plant as a Special Design Bureau (OKB) for the creation of equipment for the nuclear industry. In 1998, OKBM was given the name of Chief Designer and Head of OKBM. In 2004, by a decree of the Government of the Russian Federation, OKBM was given the status of the Federal Scientific and Production Center. Over the years of its activity, OKBM has made a great contribution to the development of the nuclear industry, energy and fleet of Russia. Among the developments of OKBM: serial equipment for gas diffusion plants for the production of enriched uranium; a number of uranium-graphite and heavy-water industrial reactors for the production of weapons-grade plutonium, other nuclear materials and isotopes for the needs of defense and the national economy; several generations of nuclear steam generating plants for Navy ships, icebreakers and other civil fleet ships; power reactors on fast neutrons. In total, according to OKBM projects, about 500 nuclear reactors and steam generating plants were built and operated. Their total operating time has exceeded 8000 reactor years, which is comparable to the experience of all power reactors in the world.
	"Special Design Bureau of Radio Measuring Equipment"	City of Nizhny Novgorod, Gagarin Avenue, GSP - 1535. Phone: 8 (83 E - mail: *****@***ru.	» since its inception in 1963 to the present day, it has been developing and implementing radio measuring equipment necessary for measuring the characteristics of electromagnetic fields.
	– research instrument-making institute "Quartz"	City of Nizhny Novgorod, Gagarin Avenue, 176. Phone: (8 E - mail: *****@***ru.	The largest scientific and technical center in Russia for the development and production of electronic measuring equipment.
	Scientific and production enterprise "Salyut"	http://www. salut. *****/ City of Nizhny Novgorod, Larina street, 7 E - mail: *****@.	The Salyut Scientific and Production Enterprise was founded in 1961 with the aim of developing and manufacturing microwave equipment for special and national economic purposes. At the beginning of its activity, the enterprise specialized in the development and production of microwave vacuum devices: magnetrons, traveling wave lamps and atomic ray tubes. In the 1970s, the enterprise began work on solid-state microelectronics. Today, the enterprise owns a unique combination of electrovacuum, hybrid and semiconductor technologies, which allows solving the problems of development and production of products of any complexity. Over the years of operation, the company has developed more than 200 electronic products, mastered 128 products in mass production. Scientific and production enterprise "Salyut" is based on four defining production technologies: Electrovacuum microwave devices that allow you to create miniature low-voltage amplifying and generator devices for a wavelength range of up to 2 millimeters; Hybrid-integrated microwave devices that allow you to create functional units and complex multifunctional receiving and transmitting devices containing highly stable low-noise frequency synthesizers and an interface for working with on-board computers, in the wavelength range up to two millimeters. Semiconductor microwave electronic component base, including those with increased radiation resistance based on gallium arsenide (discrete diodes and transistors, monolithic integrated circuits and integrated microwave modules based on them), operating in the wavelength range up to two millimeters. High-purity gases (arsine, phosphine, monosilane, ammonia) for the production of materials for semiconductor microelectronics and optoelectronics. The company's products are used to complete more than 40 weapons systems, communication and control systems, electronic warfare, high-precision weapons. The main customers and consumers of our products are the leading enterprises and organizations of the defense industry.
	"Surovatikha communication equipment plant"	Nizhny Novgorod region, Dalnekonstantinovsky district, Surovatikha station, Centralnaya street, 20. Phone: 8 (831	Radio electronic equipment
	JSC "Federal Research and Production Center "Nizhny Novgorod Research Institute of Radio Engineering"	City of Nizhny Novgorod, Shaposhnikova street, 5. E - mail: *****@***ru.	One of the developers of radar facilities in Russia. Development and supply to domestic and foreign consumers: radar equipment, in various wave bands for air defense and missile defense of the Air Force, SV and Navy; service centers for diagnostics and repair of radio-electronic equipment.

F federal state unitary enterprise NNIPI "Quartz", established in 1949, is the largest scientific and technical center in Russia for the development and production of radio-electronic measuring equipment. The company is located in the city of Nizhny Novgorod.

Introduction

1) The place of the radio-electronic industry of its products in the economy of the country, region.

2) Production volumes (million rubles) nomenclature - natural indicators, number of employees.

3) Enterprise structure:

a) - Large (%)

b) - Average (%)

c) - Small (%)

4) Monopolization, prices, costs, competition, competitiveness, sales volumes.

5) The main subjects of the radio-electronic industry and their prospects

6) Life cycle regrown

7) Staffing, development for the future.

8) Marketing, logistics, branding of the radio-electronic industry

9) Investment options in the industry, in its raw materials, science

10) State regulation and stimulation.

3)3 conclusion

4) List of used literature and sources

1. Introduction.

The electronic industry is one of the most important for any state, since it provides the electronic component base (ECB) for almost all other sectors of the economy. In 2002, the President of the Russian Federation by his Decree approved the "Fundamentals of the Policy of the Russian Federation in the field of development of the electronic component base in the period up to 2010 and beyond." This document formulates the main goal of the RF policy in the field of development of the electronic industry for the medium term - the achievement of technological independence from foreign states in the development, production and use of electronic components used in radio-electronic systems of strategic importance. This document laid down the ideology of development and reform of the industry. Note that the critical situation in the field of electronics was formed in the days of the USSR. But if in the 80-90s of the last century the technological lag in microelectronics was one generation (on average - five years), then in the first half of the 90s we lagged behind by several generations (up to 15 years). As a result, the total introduction of foreign electronic components into all areas of industry, both military and civilian, began.

Back in 1990, weapons, military and special equipment (VVST), as well as civilian products, were 100% equipped with domestic ECB. The volume of serial deliveries of the entire range of electronic components (over 20 thousand items) amounted to about 104 billion rubles. in comparable prices. The largest volumes of electronic components in the military field were required by avionics, air defense and communications equipment, in the civilian field - televisions and radios. Today, 65% of imported electronic components are used in the production of military and special products. The situation is even worse with microelectronic products for military equipment and military equipment - imported microcircuits account for 90%. The element base of domestic production is significantly outdated and technically behind the world level. Only 3% of the electronic components used in the military and military equipment were developed after 1990. Basically, in special equipment, electronic components of the 80s and even 70s are used. The overall level of ECB purchases in 2005 fell to 35.1 billion rubles. moreover, the production of domestic microelectronics products is estimated at only 1.2 billion rubles.

2.1 Place electronic industry its products in the economy of the country, region.

The main microelectronic productions (more than 80% of output) are concentrated in Zelenograd, and the production of microwave equipment is in Fryazino and Moscow. Therefore, investments should be directed to the key enterprises of the industry.

The country has retained two powerful state centers for the production of microwave components, including solid-state ones: FSUE Istok and FSUE Pulsar. Moreover, there are no other sources of these most important devices for defense - no one sells modern microwave components. These enterprises are potentially able to meet the basic needs (more than 80%) of customers in this segment of the ECB market. Therefore, it is they who plan to direct state investments for the modernization of production. No less important for the country is the direction of radiation-resistant ECB. It is possible to develop it only with state assistance. In this area, it is important to coordinate the work of three federal agencies: Rosatom, Roskosmos and Rosprom, in order to prevent duplication of work and their cross-subsidization. This will make it possible to consolidate funds for the creation by 2011 of a completely domestic component base of the required level of radiation resistance.

2.2Volumes of production (million rubles) nomenclature - natural indicators, number of employees

The production of microelectronics requires very large initial investments - the cost of a modern microelectronic factory exceeds $ 2 billion, the payback period is about three years. However, in 2007-2011, it is planned to allocate about 23 billion rubles from the state budget for the implementation of the Strategy. Of these, R&D in priority areas -15.9 billion rubles. Under the article "capital construction" 7.3 billion rubles are allocated: 4.3 billion rubles. - for the reconstruction and technical re-equipment of the main industries and 3 billion rubles. - to create a network of new design centers at leading defense industry enterprises. The latter will qualitatively change the situation in the design of radio electronics and really simplify the problem of import substitution.

It is obvious that the amount of expected government funding for the electronics industry is minimal. For comparison, in the projects for the creation of two semiconductor industries in Germany and Singapore, the share of state participation is 62% and 30%, respectively. To reduce the burden on the federal budget, it is advisable to modernize the existing clean rooms of microelectronic production, without new construction. It is also necessary to use the principle of public-private partnership more effectively. Indirect instruments to stimulate enterprises, primarily the private sector, should work here. The strategy provides for investments of extra-budgetary funds in the amount of 15.26 billion rubles, mainly attracted by organizations in the electronics industry. In addition to this, over 20 billion rubles. will be private capital investments in the modernization of microelectronic production at the Mikron and Angstrem plants (the Angstrem-T project). Joint-stock companies without a state controlling stake (for example, microelectronic enterprises in Zelenograd) need to create the necessary conditions for achieving business goals. These are credit guarantees from the state, the formation of a state order for domestic electronic components, and the improvement of the regulatory framework. Such steps increase the investment attractiveness of the industry, ensure capital inflow and reduce the burden on the budget. The world practice of creating radio-electronic equipment shows that 1 dollar invested in electronic materials and equipment turns into 6 dollars when creating electronic components and 20 dollars in the market of final products (Fig. 8). In advanced countries, electronics ranks first in terms of added value, profit and profitability, ahead of industries such as the automotive industry, medicine, alcohol, tobacco, etc.

Russia already has some experience confirming the effectiveness of a combination of direct and indirect state influence on the electronics industry. Thus, the decision to provide state guarantees (3.4 billion rubles) for the Angstrem-T project allows us to count on the commissioning in 2008 of modern mass-produced microelectronic production with a total cost of over 20 billion rubles. Relatively small budget support - 274 million rubles. - in 2006 was the catalyst for the project of modernization of the microelectronic production of OAO "NIIME and plant "Mikron" with a total cost of over 4 billion rubles. It is planned to be put into operation in the middle of 2007. Successful completion of these projects will reduce the technological gap in microelectronics and create competitive conditions for Russian enterprises in the domestic and foreign markets.In addition, the Strategy focuses on those market sectors where the state is able to influence supply and demand, i.e. where it is possible to form a solid state order that will ensure guaranteed and long-term loading of electronic production. These are areas such as military and special electronics, the Electronic Passport project, the GLONASS global navigation system and digital television.The military and special electronics sector is able to ensure a stable load of modern microelectronic production (approximately 30%).

Wide nomenclature (over 25 thousand types);

Increased operational requirements (temperature, humidity, resistance to mechanical stress, radiation resistance, increased reliability, etc.);

Relatively small series, but a long life cycle of products (it is necessary to reproduce within 10-15 years). The volume of manufactured products compared to last year amounted to 117%, the volume of research and development - 116.2%, which is higher than the national average. The growth in industrial production, the intensification of scientific and technical activities have made it possible to significantly improve the socio-economic situation of workers: for example, the average salary increased by 25.8%. Meanwhile, the current crisis has not bypassed the REC. For example, the scale of public investment in the framework of the program for the introduction of digital television and radio broadcasting in the country has been significantly reduced. In the fifth edition of the concept of the federal target program (FTP) "Development of television and radio broadcasting in the Russian Federation" for 2009-2015. dated August 22, 2008, budget financing for these purposes was provided in the amount of 243.919 billion rubles, including for the purchase of digital set-top boxes for the population. The volume of output amounted to 121.0% compared to the corresponding period of the last year, while the volume of output of special-purpose products increased by 25.7%, and the volume of output of civilian products increased by 14.4%. Among civilian products, there was an increase in the production of equipment for trade and public catering (by 1.3 times), equipment for the fuel and energy complex (by 1.4 times), computer equipment (by 1.3 times), consumer goods (by 1.3 times). 7.9%. Civilian developments include cluster computing systems, software, digital television equipment, communications and telecommunications equipment, medical equipment, facilities and complexes of the Unified Air Traffic Management System, systems and facilities for ensuring security, safety and combating terrorism, equipment for fuel and energy and agro-industrial complexes, housing and communal services, etc.

Many enterprises of the radio engineering industry went through the process of conversion, that is, they were forced to reorient production: from products intended for defense needs to the production of products for civilian sectors of the economy and consumer goods. In recent years, industry enterprises have managed to significantly improve the quality and reliability of their products, thanks to the introduction of new technologies, the use of modern materials and components from the best world manufacturers.

The largest enterprises in the industry - OAO "Gorizont" and RUPP "Vityaz", currently produce color TVs with world-class quality, design and consumer functions.

The radio engineering industry includes over 70 research and production associations, factories, research and design and technology institutes. The industry produces over a third of the volume of similar products in the CIS countries. Among the main types of products are universal software and hardware systems, professional and household personal computers and workstations of various profiles, electronic automatic telephone exchanges, printed circuit boards, television equipment, cellular telephone equipment, radio transceivers, tape recorders, car radios, cable television systems. , household electrical appliances, microwave ovens, washing machines, medical equipment.

Minsk Production Association "Horizon" produces color and black-and-white televisions, radios, and furniture. The Vitebsk production association "Vityaz" produces color and black-and-white televisions, satellite reception systems, and furniture.

Minsk Production Association of Computer Technology produces personal computers, middle-class computers, workstations/servers, electronic automatic telephone exchanges and switching facilities, ultrasonic flow meters, electronic cash registers, printed circuit boards, a wide range of lighting products.

Minsk Instrument-Making Plant produces power tools, household appliances, measuring instruments, medical equipment.

Today, the Minsk Instrument-Making Plant, which is the firstborn of the radio industry in Belarus, specializes in the production of radio measuring instruments and household electrical equipment, dosimetric and medical devices.

Grodno production association "Radio wave" produces car radios, radios, televisions, cable television systems, electric generators for mini-tractors.

Molodechno Radio Plant "Satellite" produces fixed and mobile radiotelephone communication systems, telephone line radio extensions, radio stations, car radios and receivers.

Minsk Scientific and Production Association "Agate" produces automated control systems for power engineering, transport, data acquisition and processing equipment, automated exploration complexes, network and switching equipment, special vehicles for the transportation of valuable cargo.

For more than forty years, the company has grown into the largest research and production center, known throughout the world as one of the leaders in the production of automated control systems for various purposes. In the course of its growth, the enterprise has gone through all the stages of development and application of radio-electronic means - from relays and lamps to modern microelectronics. With the direct participation of NIISA specialists, four generations of control tools and systems have been created.

During this time, many control systems and complexes were created and delivered to the troops.

The enterprise has extensive experience in international cooperation in the development and production of military equipment and for many years was the main enterprise for coordinating and implementing the INTERASU program with the Warsaw Pact member countries. As part of this program, a unified field automated command and control system (EPASUV) was created.

Brest Electromechanical Plant produces medical equipment, devices for commercial accounting of energy resources, household appliances, pneumatic seeders, uninterrupted power supply systems.

Electrical industry operates at the intersection of many industries. It has enough opportunities to develop new markets. For example, the Brest Electric Lamp Plant, faced with the low profitability of the production of conventional incandescent lamps, has mastered the production of halogen automotive lamps. The elevators of the Mogilevliftmash plant operate in 12 countries of the world, including the Baikonur rocket and space complex.

The electrical industry includes 16 enterprises producing a wide variety of products:

cable and wire products;

asynchronous electric motors;

Power and low power transformers;

· low-voltage equipment;

lighting products;

elevators and lift equipment;

electronic control gear; igniters for gas-discharge lamps;

contactless switches;

Power semiconductor devices and rectifier blocks based on them;

motor control systems.

Molodechno enterprise "Electromodule" produces power semiconductor devices, rectifier units for cars and tractors.

Minsk Electrotechnical Plant. V. I. Kozlova produces power and low power transformers, equipment for power plants.

Factory "Mogilevliftmash" produces passenger elevators for residential and office buildings, freight elevators, agricultural machinery.

The products include passenger and freight elevators with a lifting capacity of 100 to 6300 kg, as well as various non-standard elevators.

The elevators of the enterprise operate in all CIS countries, including the Baikonur rocket and space complex, the Bolshoi Theater, the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow, the Admiralty shipyards in St. Petersburg, the administration of the President of the Republic of Belarus in Minsk, etc.

Mozyr enterprise "Belaruscable" produces cable and wire products.

Gomel enterprise "Gomelkabel" produces winding and non-insulated wires.

Products manufactured by Gomelkabel SOJSC are included in the State Import Substitution Program. Also deliveries of cable production of our enterprise in far and near abroad are carried out.

The enterprise was repeatedly noted for the results achieved in terms of the quality of its products.

In the coming years SOAO "Gomelkabel" plans to complete the modernization of its enameled wire workshop by installing several enamel units to increase production capacity, while expanding the range of copper and aluminum enameled wires and mastering the production of copper and aluminum rectangular wires.

These steps to further modernize, increase production capacity, expand the range of products, will make SOJSC Gomelkabel the largest enterprise in its industry and make it one of the leaders in the production of enameled wires in the CIS.

Gomel plant "Electrical equipment" produces low-voltage equipment, consumer goods.

Today OJSC "Elektroapparatura" is a powerful modern enterprise, the only one in the Republic of Belarus and one of the leading in the CIS, specializing in the production of special equipment, low-voltage, switching and protective equipment used in all areas of the national economy. The technical re-equipment of production at its own expense allowed the enterprise to master a wide range of consumer goods in the shortest possible time: gas, gas-electric and electric floor stoves, electric stoves, electric stoves, electric ovens, electric irons, extension cords, sockets, switches and other products.

Lida plant of electrical products produces lighting products.

This is the largest industrial enterprise of the Republic of Belarus, producing a wide range of lighting products.

The company produces luminaires with fluorescent lamps for lighting domestic, public and industrial premises, street lighting luminaires with high-pressure gas discharge lamps, as well as electromagnetic ballasts and proximity switches.

Shchuchinsky plant "Autopipe" produces wires and harnesses for the tractor and automotive industries.

For 50 years, Shchuchinsky Plant Avtoprovod has been a leader in the cable products market. During this time, the enterprise has mastered the production of more than 100 types of cable products with copper and aluminum conductors. Products subject to mandatory certification are certified for compliance with safety and fire safety requirements. The enterprise operates a wire harness kit workshop, where wire harnesses are assembled for automotive equipment: MAZ, BelAZ, Gomselmash, Lidselmash, etc.

The high quality of products determines the demand, which is constantly growing. The enterprise is still one of the leading suppliers of connecting wires and cords, mounting wires, household wires, flexible uninsulated wires, automotive and tractor wires.

Brest Electric Lamp Plant produces incandescent lamps for general and special purposes for industry, road, rail, air and water transport. The plant is the only one in the Republic of Belarus and one of the largest manufacturers of incandescent lamps for special and general purposes. Its products are used in various industries, road, rail, air and water transport, as well as for lighting residential, public and industrial buildings.

Mogilev plant "Electric Motor" produces asynchronous electric motors, electric motor control systems.

Wholesale, small wholesale and retail trade in electrical products remains the main line of business. During our existence, we have gained serious experience, a stable reputation, strong business ties in Russia and neighboring countries

The company's immediate plans are related to improving the quality of services provided, increasing their volume, expanding the scope of manufacturing and engineering services. One of the most important tasks is to maintain a competitive advantage.

The domestic electronics industry has passed its 50th anniversary. It originates in the USSR, when the formation of leading research centers and high-tech enterprises took place. There were ups and downs along the way. At the moment, a strategy for the development of the electronics industry until 2025 has been defined, and the joint program of the Union State "Osnova" is also being implemented.

Industry locomotive

Electronics can be compared to the "gray cardinal" of the economy - achievements in this area rarely grace the headlines of the media, but the global state of many industrial enterprises and the military industry depends on its development. For security reasons, it is not always possible to use components from foreign partners, and the economic benefits of using domestic products are obvious. It is no coincidence that in the days of the USSR the Ministry of Electronic Industry operated with such giants of microelectronics as Mikron, Integral, Angstrem, Zenit, LOMO, Dalnaya Svyaz and others.

Past and future

Afterword

It must be understood that Western companies are in no hurry to sell the latest high-quality microelectronics for military and space equipment to domestic enterprises. Therefore, the priority task for the near future in the course of implementing strategic industry programs is the implementation of a technological breakthrough into the future.