The features of the Ural urbanization. How to explain the fact that the Ural region is urbanized? Growth rates of urban and rural population

The urbanization level in the Urals is higher than in the whole of the Russian Federation. But the share of urban population in the WEW districts is not the same, so in Bashkortostan it is 64.7%; in Udmurtia 69.7%; in Kurgan region54.8%; in the Orenburg obl. 63.9%; in the Perm region 76.6%; In Komi-Permyatsky Avt. OKR.30.6%; in Sverdlovsk region 87.6%; In Chelyabinsk region 81.3%.

Table 4. Dynamics of the number of urban population of WEUR,%


as of January 1, 1961
by January 1, 1981
as of January 1, 1996
by 1.01.2000
for January 1, 2003
for January 1, 2004
for January 1, 2005
for January 1, 2006

About 2/5 of the Ural cities are located at mineral deposits, and their entire life is associated with the mining industry. They usually consist of several villages whose population rarely exceeds 50 thousand people. More than 1/10 urban settlements are required by its development of black and non-ferrous metallurgy. The number of metallurgical centers compared with the beginning of the century decreased due to the development of local deposits, many of them are transformed into the centers of mechanical engineering and metalworking. As a rule, it is also small towns and villages. Small and rare medium urban settlements arose with forestry and paper industry enterprises. But the chemical industry causes larger settlements, which is associated with a high concentration of production.

Centers of regions and republics are multifunctional. They represent large industrialized education and the most important transport hubs. They are concentrated by political administrative, organizational and economic, supply activities. About 40% of UR urban population lives in these centers.

Almost 2/3 of urban settlements are located in the Gornozavodskaya Strip, mainly along the Eastern and Western slopes of the ridge, forming places in areas of settlements. Directly in the axial zone of the mountains of their few. Noticeably less than them and outside the mining strip, here they are placed mainly along the communication paths.

As in other areas, the process of forming urban agglomerations around large cities is underway in the Urals. There is also a process of pendulum migration - movement of the population into the zone of large cities from the locations of the housing to work and refer to the workshop.

With the growth of the absolute number of rural population in the Urals, its share in the total population is gradually falling. There are significant differences in the rural settlement of different parts of the WEUR. In the north of the district and in mountainous areas, small settlements are dominated, usually located along the rivers, where the non-agricultural population prevails. When moving to the south, the magnitude of rural settlements increases, and their network becomes more rare; Agricultural population dominates.

Urbanization is the process of raising the role of cities in the development of society, the growth of cities, an increase in the specific gravity of the urban population.

Urbanization prerequisites are:

concentration in the cities of industry;

development of cultural and political functions of cities;

deepening the territorial division of labor.

For urbanization is characteristic:

the influx in the city of the rural population;

concentration of population in major cities;

increasing pendulum migration of the population;

the emergence of urban agglomerations and megalopolis.

The formation of urbanization takes place the following basic stages:

I. Development and growth of cities (growing as it were separately). This is a "point" concentration. The city accumulates the potential, complicates its functional and planning structures. Problems of it are becoming more larger and gaining increasing sharpness, but their decision in the framework of the city itself becomes more difficult due to the limited territorial resources.

II. Formation of agglomerations. Post-region stage of development of settlement. The emergence of the Pleiads of urban settlements on the basis of a major city introduces indigenous changes in the pattern of settlement. The agglomeration is becoming a key form of a territorial organization of productive forces and resettlement. Agglomerization is selective, but at the same time very common. Agglomerations play a leading role in all developed and in a number of developing countries. A large city finds in them its addition and at the same time gains new opportunities to solve their problems, including environmental. The outstanding potential of a major city is fully implemented.

Socially urban agglomeration - an area in which a weekly cycle of the life of the modern citizen is closed. In agglomerations, two fundamental properties: the prominency of the formulations of their settlements and complementarity (complementarity) of the latter. A significant economic effect is associated with agglomerations, due to the possibility of closing within the territorial limited agglomerating ranges a significant part of production and other relations. This is especially important for countries with a large territory. In conditions of centralized economic management, the agglomeration effect was not used enough: the departments preferred to organize relations in their framework, not paying attention to their economic inexpediency.

The positive properties of agglomerations are combined with their disadvantages. This is explained by the fact that agglomerations as it were accumulated in themselves fragmented, poorly agreed private solutions. Their development was not regulated in accordance with the pre-developed general plan. The formation of agglomerations can be considered as one of the manifestations of self-development of the settlement.

III. The formation of the support frame of the settlement. Dispersed concentration. The reference frame is a generalized urban portrait of a country or region. It is formed by a set of nodal (cities, agglomeration) and linear (highways, polymagistal) elements. Where they are quite brinded and the territory turns out to be covered with zones of their immediate influence, urbanized areas are formed.

The formation of the support frame indicates the manifestation of two main trends in the development of resettlement - centripetal and linear-spectrum. An example of a distinctly manifested linear rapid trend was the formation of a Urbanized band Moscow - Nizhny Novgorod.

Within the Ural Economic Region (UR), a powerful regional settlement system has developed, the demographic situation has a significant impact on the functioning of which the demographic situation has a significant impact. The state and structure of the regional settlement system largely depends on the dynamics of the population in time and space. Under the influence of the current demographic situation, certain rates of the socio-economic development of the Urals are largely emerging. The demographic situation is increasingly determining the development of network of populated areas, the growth rate of urban and rural settlements of various sizes.

The WAER in the population ranks second (20461 thousand people) in the Russian Federation, yielding only to the Central Economic District. In the area there is an increase in the absolute size of the population, including urban and rural, with a negative balance of natural growth, since 1996 (Table 2).

The proportion of regions and republics in the total population of WEUR Nonodynakov. So in 3 of them (Bashkortostan, Chelyabinsk and Sverdlovsk region) resides 60% of the WEUR population, and in the area they constitute 50% of the UER territory (Table 3).

Table 2. The dynamics of the population of the WEUR

Year	Thousand person.
1863	4000
1913	8750
As of January 1, 1961	18067
By January 1, 1981	19556
As of January 1, 1996	19981
by 1.01.2000	20239
for January 1, 2003	20461
for January 1, 2004	20421
for January 1, 2005	20488
for January 1, 2006	20461

Table 3. Dynamics of the share of regions and republics in the population of WEUR,%

	As of January 1, 1980	As of January 1, 1990	for January 1, 2006
Bashkortostan	19,8	19,5	20,4
Udmurtia	7,8	7,9	8,1
Kurgan region	5,6	5,45	5,5
Orenburg region	10,7	10,7	11,1
Perm region including Komi-Permytsky Auth. OK.	15,5	15,3	15,7
Sverdlovsk region.	22,9	23,25	23,25
Chelyabinsk region	17,7	17,9	15,8

Table 4. Dynamics of the number of urban population of WEUR,%

Year	%
As of January 1, 1961	60
By January 1, 1981	72
As of January 1, 1996	74
by 1.01.2000	74,7
for January 1, 2003	74,5
for January 1, 2004	74,4
for January 1, 2005	74,48
for January 1, 2006	74,5

Centers of regions and republics are multifunctional. They represent large industrialized education and the most important transport hubs. Political and administrative, organizational and economic, supply activities are concentrated in them. About 40% of UR urban population lives in these centers.

The average population density in the area is about 25 people. / km. Moreover, in the Chelyabinsk region, this indicator is 42 people. / CCM, and in Komi-Permyatsky Auth. ok. - 4.8 people. / CCM, which speaks of significant skews in the density of settling various WEW regions.

Since 1993, in the area there is a disadvantageous situation with the natural movement of the population: the number of dead begins to exceed the number of born, and therefore, a natural decline in the population occurs in the WEW.

Again, in various parts of the UER, the situation with the natural movement of the population is different. So in Bashkortostan in 1996 the natural increase of decline) of the population per 1000 inhabitants was 1.2; in Udmurtia - 3.8; in the Kurgan region - 5.5; in the Orenburg region - 3.4; in the Perm region - 5.5; In Komi-Permyatsky Avt. ok. - 4.9; in the Sverdlovsk region - 6.5; In the Chelyabinsk region - 5.1. Thus, for WEW is currently characterized by a narrowed type of reproduction.

Table 5. Indicators of the mechanical movement of the population of regions and republics of the WEER in 2005 (person per 1000 inhabitants)

	Entry	Departure	Balance
Bashkortostan	29,6	23,8	5,8
Udmurtia	24,9	21,6	3,2
Kurgan region	33,7	32,2	1,5
Orenburg region	31,6	25,4	6,2
Perm region	25,1	23,4	1,8
Sverdlovsk region.	28,5	25,0	3,5
Chelyabinsk region	26,9	24,1	2,8

If generally characterize the situation with the mechanical movement of the WEER population in 2005, it should be noted that the number of people who came to the area and the Republic of the district exceeded the number of from them. A positive migration balance made it possible not only to overlap the negative balance of the natural movement in the UER, but also at the expense of it in 2005, the population increased by 70 thousand.

Thus, the Ural region has all the signs of urbanization: there is a tributary of the population from the village to the city; concentration of population in major cities; pendulum migration; The emergence of agglomerations. This allows us to conclude that the Ural region is urbanized.

6. The features of the Ural urbanization

Ural urbanization is characterized by at least three features:

· It develops on the basis of a mining and folded belt, formed in Paleozoic as a result of the full Wilson cycle (Riftogenesis → Spreading → Subduction → Collision). The mesozoic young mountains were destroyed, their ancient roots are opened by erosion-deduction surfaces of alignment, and the destruction products are accumulated on the outskirts of the Russian platform and West Siberian Plates. Urbanization, which began in the Urals of about four centuries ago, is now the most powerful modern process that converts Paleozoic mining belt.

· Ural urbanization of ethnically typomorphic: in time and essentially it coincides with the Russian colonization of the Urals, which began in the XV century.

· The late industrial stage of the Ural urbanization is characterized by a paradoxical combination of modern mighty energy and technological potential and rudimentary orientation to extract the mineral substance, which predetermines the steady geomorphism of the Ural urbanization process.

The geological structure of the Urals is asymmetrically. The main Urals deep-rode serves as a peculiar surface of asymmetry, separating the Urals on Paleokontinental (Western) and Paleoocyanic (Eastern) sectors (Fig. 4).

In general, the city of Urals, according to the genetic nature of a lithogenic basis, can be divided into such groups:

The cities were pre-examined and the Zauralye: they develop within the platforms, the structure of which is determined by two structural floors. In the case of the Russian platform, the first structural floor is a properozoic, crystalline (metamorphic and magmatic) foundation, and the second - plywood (PZ + MZ + KZ) cover of horizontally occurring sedimentary rocks. The first structural floor of the West Siberian Plate is composed of deployed Paleozoic complexes, and the case is sedimentary breeds of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic.

The cities of the Paleokontinental Sector of the Mountain Urals, convert the mineral substance an ancient foundation of the eastern outskirts of the Russian platform involved in the Ural deformations.

The city of Paleoochenic sector of the Mountain Urals, transform magmatic and sedimentary complexes - the legacy of the Ural Paleozoic Ocean. In fact, this is, in the geological sense, the Ural cities.

The difference in the processes of urbanization of these geostructural zones of the Urals manifests itself to the degree in the nature of the relationship between surface and groundwater.

Cities of the Mountain Urals develop under open hydrogeological systems. Here, the connections of surface and groundwater are simple and effective, therefore, the transformation of surface water during urbanization is directly reflected in the underground hydrosphere. The city of Pre-Urals and Zauralye develop in conditions of closed hydrogeological systems and groundwater resources here are better protected from technogenic effects (Fig. 5).

Russian colonization, the urbanization is connected with the fundamental asymmetry of the Geological structure of the Urals. Starting in the Northern Predict, urbanization spread first in the Urals, and then already covered the mountain average and southern Urals. Ancient and vintage mining centers, known from the era of copper and iron, determined the geography of Petrovsky factories and cities. Ural urbanization, initially hydromorphic, due to the powerful pulses of Petrovskaya and Stalin's industrialization acquired geomorphic features: the location of the Ural cities is subject to the symmetry of the geological space, the structure of the Urals mining belt, its mineragenic zonality.

Fig.5. Hydrogeological aspects of urbanization

A - Open Hydrogeological Systems (Mountain Urals)

B - closed hydrogeological systems (Western outskirts of the West Siberian Plate).

Aqual horizons:

B1-modern alluvium;

B2 - buried alluvius;

B3 - aquifer horizons with a power area in zone A;

B4 - freshwater protected from degradation;

B5 - mineralized and salty water.

Sequence of water transformation due to urbanization:

A.® A1® B1.® B2.® B3.® B4.® B5.

Introduction

"Cities - the great creation of the mind and the hands of human. They own a decisive role in the territorial organization of the Company. They serve as a mirror of their countries and districts. City-leaders are called spiritual workshops of humanity and engines of progress. " - Georgy Mikhailovich Lappo in his book "Geography of Cities" gave such admiring characteristics.

You can not disagree with him. Indeed, urbanization and settlement play an important role in the life of each country.

When writing his work, I would like to consider the following questions in more detail (many of which are already indicated in the table of contents):

what types of urban population are divided into the republics of the republic. Zar. (near abroad) and E.R. (Economic regions) of Russia, and with what countries of the world are comparable to this indicator.

what are the causes of regional differences in the level of urbanization;

at what stage of urbanization in Jibbs were the Bl. zag. By the time the collapse of the USSR (91g.);

what E.R. Russia has the smallest growth rates of urban population and why;

as the crisis of the 90s in the process of urbanization affected, and with which the reduction in the share of the urban population in new independent states is due;

where the city-millionaires are located, and with which their concentration in the Volga region and in the Urals are connected;

what are the types of republic and e.R. By density of the population, which is the cause of differences in population density.

The ratio of urban and rural population

The development of public division of labor has led to the formation of two main types of settlements: urban and rural. Accordingly, the urban population is distinguished (residents of cities and township villages) and rural (residents of settlements employed in less than 85% in production). The quantitative predominance of the rural population over the urban is observed in five countries of the near abroad: Moldova (46%), Turkmenistan (45%), Uzbekistan (39%), Kyrgyzstan (36%), Tajikistan (28%). These countries refer to the category of rural type. The rest of the neighboring countries have more than 50% of the urban population.

A more interesting situation is with economic areas of Russia. In this country there are no economic areas of rural type. The minimum figure of the urban population has the North Caucasus: 56%. But despite this, several subjects include several subjects, the rural population in which prevails. Moreover, this list includes not only the subjects of little urbanized areas, for example, the North Caucasus: Dagestan (43% of the urban population), Karachay-Cherkessia (37%), Chechnya and Ingushetia (43%), but also subjects of districts with a fairly high level of urbanization . For example, Eastern Siberia (71% of the urban population) and located on its territory: Ust-Ordi AO (0% of the urban population), Altai (26%), Evenki AO (27%), Agin Buryat AO (32%), Tuva ( 48%). Low indicators are compensated significantly higher in other parts of these areas. For example, in the North Caucasus Economic Area, the most urbanized subject is North Ossetia (70%), and in Eastern Siberia - Khakassia (72%).

The limit of changes in the share of the urban population to the districts of Russia 56-83% and 28-73% for the countries of the neighboring countries, although often the indicator increases in a step of 1%.

Compare the economic regions of Russia and neighboring countries with the countries of the world in the share of the urban population

Urbanizac	e.R. Russia	Country neighbor. Bubble	The country of the world having a compaable percentage of urbanization.
87%	Sev.-Zap.	United Kingdom, Qatar, Argentina, Australia
83%	Ts.E.R.	Sweden, Bahrain, Venezuela
76%	North D.-Vost.	Japan, Canada
75%	Ural	Czechoslovakia, Iran, Brazil
73%	Volga.	Russia	France, CA, USA
72%	Estonia	Italy, Republic of Korea, Puerto Rico
71%	Zap.-Sib. Vost.-Sib	Latvia	Norway, Taiwan, Mexico
70%	Volg.-Vyat.	Jordan, Libya
69%	Lithuania	Peru
68%	Belarus Armenia	Colombia
67%	Ukraine	Bulgaria
61%	Ts.ch.R.	Switzerland, Cyprus, Equatorial Guinea
57%	Kazakh	Greece, Mongolia, Nicaragua
56%	Sev.-Kav,	Ireland
55%	Georgia	Austria, Iraq, Ecuador, Tunisia
53%	Azerba.	Romania, Panama
46%	Moldova	Yugoslavia, Lebanon, Saint Lispsy, Morocco
45%	Turkmen.	Slovenia, Philippines, Costa Rica, Egypt
39%	Uzbekist.	Guatemala, Côte d Ivoire
36%	Kyrgyz.	Albania, Malaysia, Guyana, Somalia
28%	Tajik.	Portugal, India, Haiti, Namibia

As can be seen from this table, the economic regions of Russia and the countries of the neighboring countries are compared at the share of the urban population with the most diverse countries: from Namibia to the UK. Where does this difference come from? What are the reasons for regional differences in the level of urbanization in the republics of neighboring countries and the districts of Russia?

To answer these questions, you will need the definition of the term "urbanization". Urbanization is the process of spreading a city lifestyle; This is the process of concentration, integration and intensification of activities, the global socio-economic process.

There are several reasons for regional differences in the urbanization level by e. R. Middle abroad and e. R. Russia. First, this is an economic and geographical position. Northern Republic of Middle Abroad (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, to them and Belarus), as well as Northeast E.R. Russia (North, North-West, West Siberian, East Siberian, Far Eastern) is highly divided, because Natural conditions do not allow to develop with / x. In these regions there is a structure of the economy based on industry. Accordingly, cities are developing - labor centers. The same picture is typical for mountainous areas (Urals, Armenia).

On the other hand, such E.R., as Ts.ch.E.R. And the North Caucasus are in the most beneficial to the development of agricultural conditions. This is the residents of our country. Most of the population of these E.R. Busy in the village. This is the reason for the prevalence of the rural population in Central Asian republics, except Kazakhstan, and in Moldova.

The group of secondary urbanized countries will take Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Georgia and Azerbaijan. The combination of favorable natural conditions and high resource resources has generated simultaneous development and agricultural and industry in these countries. In Ukraine and Kazakhstan, with the development of coal and iron ore deposits, the cities were also formed and grew. Some agglomerations were concentrated here: Karaganda, Donetsk and others. A similar situation has developed in Russia in the Urals and in Western Siberia. Georgia and Azerbaijan are less different from the republics of a rural type than Ukraine and Kazakhstan (just 4-6%). The republics of a rural type are due to the presence of fertile valleys among the mountain ranges. These valleys are the only lands of the former USSR, where tropical fruits are grown.

Not only EGP played a role in the level of urbanization.

An equally important reason is the course of the historical process of folding cities. In the Central and North-West E.R. Historically, urbanization began to develop, because The centers of these areas at different times are capitals and now form huge agglomerations focusing millions of people. Also earlier, the process of urbanization began in the Volga region. This E.R. stretched along the largest river. The trading routes were held here, the cities were the centers of trade and crafts, the population was concentrated in them.

Growth rates of urban and rural population

1. Stages of urbanization in Jibbs.

Over time, there are some changes in the field of settlement in each country. This is due to the change of the type of population reproduction and the change of the type of farming. American geographer DzhibbS allocated 5 main stages of resettlement, which were held or held all countries of the world to a certain stage of development. The main criterion for the allocation of five stages of urbanization is the ratio of the dynamics of urban and rural population. Based on data on the dynamics of urban and rural population from 1979. to 1991 We define, at what stage of urbanization was each of the republics Bl. Zag ..

The dynamics of the population of bl. zag.

(1991 by 1979 at the beginning of the year in%)

The country	All population	Urban	Rural
Ukraine	104	115	88
Belorussia	107	131	79
Moldova	111	134	96
Georgia	109	118	99
Armenia	111	115	104
Azerbaijan	118	119	117
Kazakhstan	114	122	105
Uzbekistan	135	131	137
Kyrgyzstan	125	123	127
Tajikistan	141	127	149
Turkmenistan	135	128	141
Lithuania	110	124	87
Latvia	106	110	97
Estonia	108	111	101

The first stage of urbanization in Dzhibbsu has the following characteristics: pre-industrial estimation of the economy, traditional type of reproduction, dense and relatively uniform network of rural settlements. At this stage of the development of urbanization, the urban population grows slowly and therefore the share of citizens may even decrease, with an absolute predominance of the rural population. At this stage of urbanization by 1991. There were: Tajikistan and Turkmenistan. Dynamics of urban and rural population C79g. for 91g. Specifies this. In the transition to the second stage of urbanization was Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan.

The second stage of urbanization of society is manifested during the passage of the process of industrialization. At this stage of urbanization, the rural population migrates to the cities by mass flows, but due to the natural increase, the share of rural residents in the entire population of the country is still slightly growing.

The urban population increases more dramatically. By 91 At this stage of urbanization there were republics: Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Armenia. At the transition from the second stage to the third were Moldova and Georgia.

The third stage of urbanization of society is characterized by the following features: the demographic transition has already been completed; Migration outflow and natural decrease leads to a decrease in the rural population. The growth of the share of the urban population determines the predominance of the shares of the rural population.

At the fourth stage of urbanization, the urban population continues to grow weakly, the rural population is also poorly reduced. By 91, Russia, as well as Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania was located at the third and fourth stages of urbanization. Estonia and Latvia transported the fifth stage.

The fifth stage of urbanization is characteristic of post-industrial countries, when social differences disappear between the city and the village. All advantages of the city appear in rural areas. The value of the environmental factor in the consciousness of the population increases. The growth of the psychological factor forces the citizens to move in the village. The number of urban population is reduced and the number of rural is growing. The settlement system again comes to a state of equilibrium. In this stage of urbanization by 1991, none of the republics of Bl. zag.

The growth rate of urban population for the period 1979-1991g.

The smallest growth rates of the urban population in Russia for the period 1979-1991g. Observed in North-West E.R. (by 11%), in Uralsky (by 11%), in the central (by 12%). This is due to the specifics of the population and the economy of these areas.

In the North-West Economic Area, the share of urban population has increased sufficiently. This area has an extraordinary structure: 5 million people live in the center of St. Petersburg, whereas in the whole area - 8 million, including the Leningrad region. It accounts for 1.7 million, to the Novgorod and Pskov combined - 1.5 million. human. In the North-West, urbanization began earlier than in some other areas of Russia. Industry is highly developed here, less developed agriculture. All these features affected the urbanization process. By the 80s, the entire potential of the rural population capable of moving to cities was exhausted in this area, i.e. With a small population of the countryside, the maximum inflow of the population in the city is also small.

For Ural E. R. It is characterized by a high level of urbanization, focusing a large number of population in large cities. This is largely due to the predominance of large enterprises in the Industry of the Urals. Back in the 60s, the world experienced a crisis associated with the decline of such industries such as ferrous metallurgy and metal-machine engineering. In our country, this crisis was artificially "delayed" with the help of state subsidies and excessive metal consumption of the national economy. Therefore, by the beginning of the 90s, when it was no longer possible to restrain the crisis (deterioration of the environmental system, the exhaustion of the main deposits), many enterprises decline, decreased the number of jobs. Therefore, the influx of the population from the countryside in the city gradually decreased.

The process of urbanization in Central E.R. Began, as well as in the north-west earlier than in other parts of Russia. In addition, the countryside of the central eq. The district is distinguished by the little bit of villages and villages, since, podzolic soils are an unfavorable natural condition for the development of agriculture. This led the initial preference to the city of the village in the inhabitants of this region. Therefore, at the low population of the countryside, the low and natural increase in the rural population, which in turn causes a small influx of rural residents in the city of this ek. district.

In our considered by us. R. There is a low growth rate of the urban population, due to the small influx of the rural population.

Another reason for the low growth rate of the urban population is the deterioration of the demographic situation in Russia. The decline in the birth rate has affected at a certain increase in mortality, which is caused by the unfavorable age structure of the population in large centers and cities. Recall that in the past decades, the prevailing part of the country's total increase occurred. This is also evidenced by the statistics of the following table.

Natural increase of 1000 inhabitants in 1980-1992g. In some cities of the Russian Federation.

The table shows that in the largest cities of the Russian Federation by 1991. There was a natural decline in the population, although in general the urban settlements retained a small increase.

Crisis of the 90s. years Reducing the share of the urban population.

The crisis of the 1990s was reflected in a decrease in the share of the urban population of Russia and many republics of neighboring countries. In this case, what is happening at all is not explained by the fifth stage of urbanization, as happens in recent years, for example, in the United States. During the crisis, the population is especially acute facing material problems. Residents of southern regions previously engaged in industry are easier to maintain a certain standard of living in rural areas, because In the southern regions, agriculture is strongly developed and brings some income. Most of the whole process of disurbanization was reflected in Tajikistan (3%) and Kyrgyzstan (2%). From the countries of the near abroad, today, this is a republic, where the share of agriculture is especially great. By geographical position, this is the most southern republics of Central Asia. With the collapse of the industry in the cities, the return of workers to the centuries processed lands naturally.

Reducing the urban population in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Georgia is also explained by the geographical position of these republics and the possibility of landscaping of life through employment in rural areas.

In Russia, a similar situation has developed in the southern regions, hence in recent years there is not a big increase in the rural population in comparison with the above replies.

Largest cities

Millionaire City of Russia and Bl. zag.

The country	ECON. District Rep. Bl. zag.	Millionaire city	Number of thousands of us. For 1994.
Russia	Ural	Yekaterinburg	1371
Chelyabinsk	1143
Ufa	1092
Permian	1086
Volga region	Samara	1255
Kazan	1092
Volgograd	1000
Western Siberia	Novosibirsk	1418
Omsk	1161
Central	Moscow	8793
Nizhn.Novgorod	1428
Sitting - Zap	St. Petersburg	4883
Sev -Kavk	Rostov-on-Don	1023
Ukraine	Kiev	2637
Kharkiv	1618
Dnepropetrovsk	1187
Odessa	1106
Donetsk	1117
Belarus	Minsk	1613
Georgia	Tbilisi	1264
Armenia	Yerevan	1202
Kazakhstan	Alma-Ata	1147
Uzbekistan	Tashkent	2694

Consider in more detail how city-millionaires are placed through the territory of Russia.

First, we note that most of them are concentrated in the European part of Russia. Only Novosibirsk and Omsk are located behind the Urals. This is due to the small number of people living here, so with all the maximum tributaries of residents in various cities, only Omsk and Novosibirsk have become millionaires. Not least this is the location of the leader cities is determined by a more developed network of roads in the European part of Russia. After all, many millionaire city stand at the intersection of railways and rivers. These are all Millionaire City of the Volga region (r. Volga), Siberia (r. Irtysh and r. Ob) and Rostov - Donu (r. Don), smaller rivers flow through the rest of the millionaires of Russia, but nevertheless pass through Some of the main branches of the railway network. (For Bl. Zag. This tendency of the location of the cities-millionaires at the intersection of rivers and railways is observed only in Ukraine: Kiev and Dnepropetrovsk on the r. Dnieper.)

Secondly, we note that most of the millionaire cities are located in the neighboring regions of one E.R. . Moscow, St. Petersburg, Rostov- -Dona stand apart. What is it connected with? This is due to the fact that Moscow and St. Petersburg are significantly superior to the underlying cities in the population. They have no competitors who could attract the population of an impressive value: the largest city near St. Petersburg (5 million people) - Novgorod - inhabited 233 thousand people, and the largest city near Moscow (8 million people) - Yaroslavl- 635 thousand people. (Nizhny Novgorod, located in the Ts.R. separates Moscow Region) As for Rostov - on -done, this leader's city is alone in its region due to the prevalence of the rural population, i.e. In Sev.-Kav. E.R. And above the underlying Ts.Ch.E.R., with the maximum shares of the rural population in Russia, there is no burden to relocate in the city. Residents of these regions are occupied in the village.

What is the concentration of millionaire cities in the Volga region and in the Urals?

In the territorial structure of Russia, the Volga region and the Urals are the most important transit territories through which the basic ties of the West - East are held. These areas have formed the core of the supporting "frame" of the resettlement and the territorial structure of the national economy in the form of large centers of different types and connecting their highways. This has played a huge role in the development of millionaire cities. Consider each region separately.

Volga region is not only a transit territory, but also a redistributor of freight traffic between the areas of Russia. The powerful economic axis is the Volga River - the historical path between the forest north and bread south. The crossing of the Volga railway highways is extremely important for the development of the leaders of the Volga region. An equally important role was played by choosing a place, natural conditions, geometry of natural landscapes. Citizens millionaires occupied the characteristic places of the Volga Valley: Kazan - where the Volga changes dramatically the direction of the flow, from the East to South, strictly 90, Samara - at the east of the protrusion of Volga - Samara Luke, Volgograd - at the extreme protrusion of the Volga bed to the West (Also, this city radiates three railway races - towards the center, Donbass and the Black Sea region.

But not only the nature of the situation on the Volga is the Volga cities. It is very important for their economic elevation as transport and industrial centers was that where they are located, the Volga crossed the border of natural landscape zones and provinces. The position on the border of the territories with different natural prerequisites for the development of the economy, on the mighty river, at the points of its characteristic bends and created a powerful foundation for the economic and geographical location of the Volga Millionaire Cities.

The Urals are a lot of nodes of different magnitudes of mountain nests, most of which are "nanisans" into two main meridional axes - pre-rally (Ufa and Perm are located here) and Zauralskaya (here are Ekaterinburg and Chelyabinsk). Millionaire cities are based in the centers of fast-growing industrial areas, on the axes of the mono-iazareal ties, at the points of contacts of various zones, drops of economic potentials. In the Urals, especially developed: MIC, mechanical engineering, non-ferrous metallurgy. The largest cities are the functions of the city-factories. The combination of transport transition and oversaturation by its industry led to the formation of 4 cities of millionaires (maximum for Russia).

Settlement of the territory

Types of republic and e.R. in population density.

e.R. Russia	Population density h / km	Bl. zag.	Population density h / km
(Russia)	(9)
Central	63	Moldova	130
North Caucasus	48	Armenia	113
Ts.ch.E.R.	46	Ukraine	86
Northwest	42	Azerbaijan	82
Volgo-Vyatsky	32	Georgia	78
Volga region	31	Lithuania	57
Uralsky	25	Uzbekistan	50
West Sib.	6	Belorussia	49
Northern	4	Latvia	42
East Sib.	2	Tajikistan	40
Far Eastern	1	Estonia	35
Kyrgyzstan	22
Turkmenistan	9
Kazakhstan	6

Eliminate three different types of countries and E.R. According to the population density: tightly populated, with the average population density, rarely populated.

To the first type of countries, we will take those republic bl. zag. In which the population density is 100-75% of the maximum for this region: Moldova, Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Georgia. To the dense selection of E.R. Russia can be attributed to Central E.R. and North Caucasian (distribution above the specified principle)

By the second type of countries, we will take those republic bl. zag. In which the population density is 75-25% of the maximum for this region: Lithuania, Uzbekistan, Belarus, Latvia, Tajikistan and Estonia. To Tipa E.R. With the average population density, it is possible to include the Ts.Ch.E.R., North-West, Volga-Vyatsky, Volga, Urals.

By the third type, we will carry Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan, in which the population density is 25-0% of the maximum on bl. zag. The type of rarely selected are North-West E.R., North, East Siberian, Far Eastern.

Natural and economic features of the territories and their population.

The settlement of territories depends on their natural and economic features. Based on these differences, geographers share the territory of the BL countries. zag. and Russia for five zones.

The zone of continuous settlement, or the main bar of the settlement, is characterized by a developed network of settlements, a variety and maturity of the forms of resettlement, focuses the overwhelming part of large cities and major urban agglomerations, industry centers. Hence the high population density of the main band covering the European part of Russia without the North and rarely populated areas of the Caspian lowland, passing submitting Siberia and the Far East.

This will take the European republics of the Bl. zag.

From the north and south, the main bar of the settlement is focused by zones, sharply differing in natural conditions.

The zone of the Far North is characterized by the foci of settlement. Here is the low population density, which is explained by the serability of climate, the scattering of settlements, a rare network of railways, a small number of large industrial enterprises.

The arid zone of focal form of resettlement includes extensive desert and semi-desert territories to the south of the main resettlement strip, also rarely seen and also with extreme, albeit otherwise, conditions. It covers the Northern Caspian, West Kazakhstan and most of the Central Kazakhstan, Northern Turkmenistan, Karakalpakia. These territories are characterized by a production type of C / x (distant animals), a developed fuel industry industry, a solveness of large basic settlements located in permanent sources of water supply.

The zone of oasis and industrial ranges was formed at the junction of the mountain and flat parts of Central Asia and Kazakhstan. In its composition, the ranges with the highest in the republics of the bl. zag. Fluscy of the rural population, all major Central Asian cities. For the national economic basis, a combination of developed agriculture on irrigated lands and leading industries complemented by the extractive industry has been peculiar. It is thus the main lane of the settlement of the southeast macroregion (intermittent places).

Mountain zone in extreme south bl. zag. It is distinguished by very peculiar form of resettlement: here the outflow of the population is combined with some inflow of the population due to the following major types of development: industrial, hydropower, recreational.

Conclusion

Applying to the conclusion of his work, I would like to say that E.R. Rossia and Bl. Zar., Very different with each other. Those or other features of these territories attract the population. Everyone chooses to taste where it will live, but nevertheless, "... Improving cities as a living environment and places of concentration of various activities, a rational device of urban networks in accordance with the geographical, cultural and historical, socio-economic features of the territory is important Task in Russia and in other countries of the world. " (G.M. LAPPO)

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Alekseev A.I., Nikolina V.V. Population and economy of Russia. M.1995

Geography: Encyclopedia. M.1994.

Cities of Russia: Encyclopedia.m.1994

Demographic situation of Russia "Free Thought" №2-3, 1993

Zaisonchkovskaya Zh.A. Demographic situation and settlement. M. 1991.

Kovalev S.A., Kovalskaya N.Ya., Geography of the USSR population. M. 1980.

LAPPO GM Geography of cities. M. 1997.

Ozersov G.N., Pokhishevsky V.V. Geography of the global urbanization process. M.1981

Perched E.P. Geography of cities (geo-turbanist) .m.1985

Perched E.P. Human environment: foresawable future. M. 19990