Family budget: sources of income and main types of expenses. Economic Council Family budget revenues include

· Insurance of property of citizens;

· Liability insurance (individuals and civil).

4. Income is not necessarily cash payments. So, part of the income can be received in kind. Such incomes mostly include income from personal subsidiary plots (PSH). For example, for rural residents, they make up a significant share of income and, in addition, they disappear such an item of family budget expenditures as spending on food. At the same time, some of the products can be sold, which will directly serve to replenish the family wallet.

According to statistics, in 2000, 140 million inhabitants of Russia had more than 25 million garden plots and summer cottages, 16 million personal subsidiary plots and 250 thousand farms.

Many people see summer cottages not only as a source of additional livelihood, but also as an option for active recreation. Not all summer residents think about the effectiveness of their summer cottages. People invest money, work and rejoice at the harvest, although this harvest does not always justify the costs of its reproduction, not to mention the exorbitant physical efforts.

5. The next component of the income part of the family budget, which is becoming increasingly important, is income from transactions with property and finances. Almost every family has some kind of property: personal belongings, furniture, household appliances, an apartment, a car, a summer cottage. If some property is not used by the family members themselves and their loved ones, i.e. the direct reason to use it for income is to sell or rent. Such transactions are easy enough to carry out only with certain types of property, primarily with real estate. Real estate is land and buildings and structures located on them. Cars, jewelry and many other things are "movable" property. Despite the fact that movable property is sometimes no less valuable than real estate, it is not always actively used to generate income. The reason for this is that real estate is "tied" to a certain place, so it has the properties of uniqueness and rarity, moreover, it is not easy to steal.

6. Savings play an important role in generating income - money that families save for the future.

By now, four main forms of using savings have developed in Russia:

· Investment in real estate and movable property;

· Bank deposits;

· Purchase of securities;

· Purchase of foreign currency.

· The following savings motives can be distinguished:

· Security (for some specific purpose);

· Achievement of control over the situation (the desire of a person for independence, for control over others is realized);

· Receiving income (the desire to provide oneself with larger financial resources is expressed);

· Prestige (aimed at demonstrating the individual's position).

Such savings can be made as an end in itself, as well as with altruistic intentions.

In Russia, the process of saving has its own specifics, which consists in the fact that for the funds deposited by the population.

The general propensity of the population to save is the share of funds allocated for current savings in the population's income. In addition to the general propensity, private propensities are also calculated, expressing various types of savings. In Russia, the propensity to save directly depends on the income of the population.

7. The next source of income is income from business activities. They include the income of citizens from commercial activities carried out without the formation of a legal entity. Such activities mainly include three groups of activities:

Private unorganized trade;

Home-based and handicraft production;

Providing private services.

The practice is to repair apartments, tutoring, housekeepers, nannies, tutors, translation of foreign texts, private taxi services, making clothes, etc. Thus, business income is a significant item in the family budget, provided that a person is engaged in this activity.

8. Household expenses

family budget income

What is the money spent in the family? From the point of view of the law, each recipient of income is a taxpayer, i.e. is obliged to pay taxes and make some other compulsory payments - medical, pension, insurance contributions. Some taxes are deducted from income automatically, for example, when calculating payroll or when shopping. In other cases, the taxpayer is obliged to submit his income tax return to the tax office. The amount of family income, net of taxes, determines the amount that the family can spend on their needs, but first they need to make mandatory payments: for rent, telephone, children's education, interest on loans, etc. The remaining amount remains entirely at the disposal of the family, which it can use for your consumption and savings.

1. Taxes - there are many of them; but the main taxes paid by families in Russia are: income tax, property tax and unified imputed income tax. Despite the fact that taxes for the convenience of statistical calculations are considered one of the types of expenses, the law-abiding family, in fact, does not dispose of this money. She can spend at her discretion only net (freely available) income - the amount of income, from which taxes and other mandatory payments are excluded. The family spends this income on the purchase of food, clothing, household and cultural items, housing, utilities, household and transport services, and recreation.

2. Obligatory payments - include rent, payment for the telephone, for teaching children and keeping them in kindergartens and sections, payment of loans and interest on loans, payments to Gosstrakh, etc. If these payments are not paid on time, they accumulate in form of debt and pay them, you still have to.

3. Consumer expenses (personal consumption) - this category of expenses includes: expenses for food, household needs, clothing, footwear, personal items of adults and children, expenses for the purchase of furniture, indoor furnishings, household appliances and business items households, as well as the costs of meeting cultural and information needs, household farming, sports, tourism, hobbies and recreation, treatment, transport, unforeseen expenses, etc. This can also include the cost of giving children pocket money.

It would seem that for the analysis of household consumption expenditures it is not important how the income is received: only their total volume is important. However, psychological factors play an important role in economic activity. Economists have noticed that the way money is spent can depend on how it was received. For example, revenue that fell from the sky is rarely spent wisely. Rather than wages, such income is spent on entertainment and the purchase of luxury goods.

9 .Family budget management

When running a household, it is necessary that incomes are at least equal to expenses, but in no way less than them. This is the rationality of the family budget, which is necessary for the normal life of the family and the performance of its many functions. In families with an established home economy, as a rule, a favorable psychological climate reigns both for herself and for raising children, since the satisfaction of the family's needs occurs without quarrels, squabbles and quarrels.

What do families do if the expenditure side of the budget exceeds the revenue side? In this case, there are the following strategies for managing the family budget:

1. The strategy of increasing income - the family is trying to increase the revenue side of the budget by any means in order to bring it into balance with the expenditure side;

2. Strategy of cost reduction - the family reduces budget expenditures, which leads to their compliance with the family's income;

3. The strategy of self-sufficiency and self-service - consists in the transition of the family to the norms of a subsistence economy, the development of personal subsidiary plots. At the same time, the family seems to be self-sufficient in agricultural products and the share of expenses on food, therefore, decreases.

A family, finding itself in a situation of discrepancy between income and expenses, must itself compare all the pros and cons and choose the most acceptable strategy for it. Of course, it is better not to get into such a situation and to manage your family budget so that incomes exceed the expenditure side of the budget. To do this, you need to master the technique of accounting, planning and analysis of family income and expenses. It is better to start with long-term planning, it is best to count on a year, and start at the beginning of it, when the head of the family, one of its members, or the whole family together make plans for financial expenditures, strictly based on the average amount of family incomes possible during this time. The planned costs should be divided into several parts. Best of all three: current, or recurring (food, housing, transport); disposable - somewhat similar to current ones, but they are not distributed so evenly throughout the year (vacation, subscription to newspapers and magazines) and, finally, a strategic fund for the purchase of durable goods (furniture, refrigerator, clothes, car, etc. .).

To keep track of current, one-time and one-time expenses and income, you need to acquire a notebook, better than a general one. It is recommended to use a table as a form of recording, the number of columns in which depends on the amount of family income and expenses. The more detailed the accounting, the more graph and useful information. But it should be remembered that the more detailed the accounting, the more laborious it is. The optimal ratio of the considered income and expenses (graph) is established as experience is gained by trial and error. It is known that the costs are different. It makes sense for the purpose of accounting to divide them, based on the specifics of the family into account groups:

1st account - expenses for meeting material needs (purchase of food, clothing, shoes, furniture, dishes, cleaning products, household appliances, purchase of leisure items, maintenance of personal transport, etc.);

2nd account - expenses due to spiritual needs (expenses for education, entertainment, etc.);

3rd account - expenses for meeting social needs (participation in charitable organizations and obtaining social information);

4th account - the cost of meeting unreasonable needs (buying cigarettes, alcohol, prestigious things);

5th account - expenses related to the satisfaction of housing needs (construction, renovation, reconstruction of housing);

6th account - costs associated with individual home work (production costs and taxes);

7th account - the cost of running a personal economy, truck farming and gardening.

Thus, our household economic happiness is under the seven seals of the monetary budget.

For the efficiency of housekeeping, it is necessary to start accounting in the household - a documentary record of all your business transactions on the corresponding accounts (family income and expense book). This is also required by the income tax return, which you must fill out every year if your income exceeds the established limits. This book is valuable because it requires you to save money; disciplines, protects from unnecessary expenses; shows where, for what and how much money was spent; helps you plan costs and find reserves.

It is better to start the analysis with income and expenses for the month: sum up the expenses, subtract them from the sum of income and write down the remainder. Look in your wallet. Is it converging? Now divide expenses into groups: fixed, recurrent, monthly and one-off. These groups include expenses for food, utilities, apartment renovations, recreation, etc. Carefully look at the records and mark those groups for which unjustified cost overruns were made. These items of expenditure are a reserve for thrift. Calculate how much money you could save. In about six months, analyzing expenses by month, you can determine the average level of expenses by group. These numbers will serve as a guideline when planning expenses for the month. If it is possible to spend less than the planned value, then a "profit" is formed. At the end of the year, the final result should be summed up. To do this, it is necessary to clarify the expense for each group, calculate its share in total expenses, determine the possibility and amount of savings, and analyze errors. Expenses must certainly be agreed with all family members. Another important function of any family is budget planning. Budget planning includes an assessment for the future and regular accounting of all income, making a list of absolutely all acquisitions, monetary valuation of purchases in accordance with the list, balancing the income and expenditure side, eliminating less important expenses if the balance is passive. To draw up a draft budget, you need to answer three questions: how much money do we have; how to spend it to meet needs without incurring debt; how to distribute purchases over time.

As in an enterprise economy, in a family economy there must be annual, monthly, and weekly-daily planning.

It is recommended to start planning with an assessment of family income. It is necessary to assess the possible changes in wages, the likelihood of bonuses. Help from parents is a significant source of income for young families. This amount must be included in the calculation of the planned income, specifying its value. Personal income, various auxiliary incomes, etc. should also be assessed. It is advisable to take into account the income on a monthly basis, and seasonal or one-time ones - on a quarterly, half-yearly basis, or a year.

Then it is recommended to deduct taxes, fees for membership in public organizations, insurance premiums and interest on loans from the total amount of income. Next, you need to deduct the monthly costs: rent, utilities, telephone, etc. Now the costs of educating children, keeping them in kindergartens, sections, as well as payments for an apartment, a summer residence, etc. are deducted. Then you need to determine the cost of food. To do this, it is necessary to find out which of the family members will eat at home on weekdays, and who in the dining room and, according to the accounting and averaging data, calculate the standard of food costs. Next, the amount required to travel to work (school, kindergarten, etc.) and back is determined. It is important not to forget to deduct from income the expenses for household needs, perfumes, cosmetics, personal hygiene items, medicines. It is also necessary to provide for and deduct from the annual income a certain amount for visiting theaters, museums, buying books, etc. It is necessary to exclude from income also funds for repairing equipment or a house, gifts for the holidays and meeting guests.

After deducting all these expenses, you will have a “free balance” of funds that can be spent on the personal needs of family members. If these funds are not enough for the purchase of a certain thing in a given month, it is advisable to postpone the purchase until the next month, and deposit the money, for example.

It is advisable to buy for half a month (a month) often products that can be stored, as well as personal hygiene products, powders, etc., immediately after receiving your salary. It is recommended to make a list of such things before buying.

Savings can serve as a means of protecting the family from unforeseen difficulties, but they must correspond to the budgetary possibilities of the family and have a strictly targeted purpose.

Thus, planning allows you to see more clearly the promising opportunities for better satisfaction of needs and the concentration of income. This is especially important for young families who do not yet have their own savings and planning experience. You need to be especially careful about decisions on the use of advance payments (purchase on credit, loans, borrowings). It can be applied only after careful calculation, taking into account the current benefits and subsequent difficulties of payments.

It should be noted that the first time when planning, it is difficult to determine the correct strategy in the distribution of costs for individual budget items, so it is advisable to leave some amount in the reserve fund (2-5% of the budget).

The next most important step in household management is organizing the implementation of the plans.

The first results of the implementation will be disappointing, but this is not surprising. It is difficult to expect that without prior experience, the plan drawn up in the course of its implementation will be optimal. With the acquisition of experience, there will be fewer mistakes. It is not so easy to master the technique of household management, but you need to strive to learn it. One of the methods of managing the family budget is the method of keeping the family book of records. It involves filling out and analyzing a number of tables that help to establish the family's financial system, keep track of income and expenses, analyze and plan them, make purchases rationally, increase savings and find them worthy use, reduce the burden of everyday household chores, which will eliminate the need to keep them in head.

In any case, family budget management requires compliance with certain economic principles. Here is some of them:

1. Live within your means: strive to spend less money than you earn;

2. Keep track of expenses and income on a regular basis;

3. Establish priority family needs;

4. Remember that the so-called small expenses (little things) actually lead to big losses in the family budget;

5. Plan income and expenses, then you will manage your finances, and not they you;

6. Learn to be economical, practical, prudent in everything;

7. Analyze family expenses and income systematically. This will improve their planning, faster and easier to achieve their goals;

8. Do not miss the opportunity to increase your income: gardening, farming, mushroom picking, fishing, handicrafts, purchasing shares, joining a cooperative, private entrepreneurship and much, much more can improve the financial well-being of the family.

To these principles, good owners, probably, will add their own, born of everyday experience.

10. Family Budget Standards

The word "standard" is understood as a sample that must satisfy something in terms of content, size, quality. The standard family budget is such a balance of income and expenditure of the population, which provides acceptable living conditions at this stage of development of society, satisfying needs. The standard family budget is one of the many living standards adopted in a given society at a certain historical period. Other living standards are characteristics of housing, food structure, transport, etc. in our life, standards are associated with people's ideas about a "normal" life: a salary or pension should allow a family to eat normally and have a refrigerator, TV, radio, washing machine in their property , 4-burner hob, etc. A feature of living standards is their existence in public opinion as rather vague (socially heterogeneous), and their creation as a socio-economic task is the prerogative of government bodies and statistics. There are already specific numbers here: benefits, fines, etc. are calculated on them. There is no doubt that the economy of a family cannot start from absolute zero, and the question of a minimum of food, things, housing, money is relevant for every family and for the whole society as a whole. In assessing the current situation and in defining goals and objectives, poverty and wealth standards are needed. The concepts of "minimum consumer budget" or "living wage budget" only at first glance may seem unrelated to the life of a particular person or the life of his family.

11 . Income and expense family ledgers

Individuals receiving income, the extraction of which is not associated with any expenses, take into account only the amount of such income and taxes withheld from these incomes, indicating the month in which they were received, and the sources of income. The correctness of keeping records of income and expenses is checked by employees of tax authorities when checking the accuracy of the information on income and expenses specified in the declaration, as well as when conducting surveys of the activities of individuals, regardless of where such surveys are carried out (at the place of production, sale, etc. .). Based on the need to plan and analyze household activities and the requirements of the established procedure for taxation of individuals, it is recommended that all families constantly keep a book of income and expenses, consisting of five parts. Maintaining this part is necessary for filling out tax returns, identifying income received and taxes paid. Since the taxation of individuals is carried out by name, then the accounting of income and taxes should be kept accordingly for each family member receiving certain income. Income and taxes received and paid at the main and non-main places of work are recommended to be recorded by name and monthly in the following form. (Table 1).

Table 1

This form is filled out on the basis of the sheets for calculating and issuing wages issued by enterprises, institutions and organizations. Accounting for all other income, taxes and costs in entrepreneurial and other income-generating activities (including the lease or lease of buildings, apartments, rooms, garages, cars, other movable or immovable property, sale of own property, sale of taxable products, private practice, etc. etc.) it is recommended to conduct in a different form. (Table 2).

table 2

Filling out the form is carried out according to the data of special accounting of the third part of the book of accounting of family income and expenses. Taxes and other mandatory payments levied from enterprises and organizations (legal entities) and citizens (individuals) are the main sources of national, regional and local (city, district etc.) expenses necessary for the maintenance of state and local authorities and administration, the armed forces, law enforcement agencies, health care institutions, education, science, culture, art, for the payment of pensions, benefits, subsidies, compensation to pensioners, disabled people, students , students, low-income and large families and other categories of citizens in need of material support and assistance. No state can exist without taxes. There can be no socially just society without taxes. The higher the taxes, the richer the state treasury and the more opportunities it has in material support for the elderly, sick and poor people.

From the perspective of citizens-taxpayers, all taxes are divided into direct and indirect. Direct taxes, which will be discussed below, are only a small part of all taxes paid by citizens. The main share of all taxes that ultimately go from taxpayers to the state treasury falls on indirect taxes invisible to them, contained in the price of goods and paid when they are purchased. Retail prices of goods include value added tax, social tax, customs duties, taxes on income and property of enterprises and a number of other federal, regional and local taxes, which in total increase the price of goods (works, services) by about one and a half to two times (!). Ultimately, citizens, taxpayers and buyers pay direct and indirect taxes to cover all national, regional and local costs. And each of the taxpayers has a moral and legal right to demand from the state and local authorities to ensure and protect their legitimate interests. Currently, the country is undergoing a process of streamlining the tax system, aimed at reducing the total number of taxes and ensuring the reliability of their calculation and payment.

Keeping a Record of Income and Expenses This part of the book recommends keeping a daily record of income and expenses in the form below. In the last column of the form, the cipher of the position of the special or consolidated accounting forms is put down, where the data of the current accounting amount is entered. In the form of current accounting, the results of expenses and income are summed up on a monthly basis. To balance the amounts, all savings in the process of current accounting are entered into column 3 "expense", and then, when summing up the monthly total, the amount of savings is allocated from the total amount of expenses "including", which is simultaneously entered into the form of special accounting for family savings. Each month in the form of current accounting begins with fixing the balance of cash at the beginning of the month, the amount of which is entered in column 2 "income".

Table 3

Income items	Average monthly amount	Expenditure	Average monthly amount
Salary (salary + premium-taxes)
Salary 1 Salary 2 Salary 3 Scholarship Pension Other types of income		Rent and utility bills: Apartment 1 Apartment 2 Cottage, garden plot Communication services
		Essential goods - Foodstuffs products
		Non-food products
		O Durable goods (clothing, footwear, household appliances, electronics, etc.) O Household. Products O Cosmetics, perfumes, household chemicals
		Medications
		Printed products - books, magazines, newspapers.
		Education - books, magazines
		Recreation, entertainment, sports
Total: per month		Total: per month

Consolidated accounting of family income, expenses and savings This accounting is carried out on the basis of entries in the second and third parts of the family ledger in the form, where the first column shows the types of income, expenses and savings, and in the following columns, by month, the corresponding amounts in UAH are recorded. Incomes are named according to their types listed above, indicating the names of the recipients of the income, their sources and places of remuneration. Expenses are recorded for all of the groups listed above. In the consolidated accounting, the expenditures of the first group "Nutrition" are recommended to be differentiated by subgroups of homogeneous food products with the same calorie content and nutritional value, which is necessary to find ways to organize an economical rational diet for the family. The first column of the "Accumulation" section lists their types named in the previous form of accounting, and in the subsequent columns the amount of their increase (or decrease with a "minus" sign) for the month is entered. Consolidated accounting balances income with expenses and savings. Consolidated accounting serves as the main source of analysis and planning of the family budget.

Analysis and planning of income, expenses and savings. In this part of the family book, analytical calculations and records are made, the goals and objectives of household activities are fixed, and its planning is carried out. Based on the previous parts of the ledger, it is possible to track the dynamics and structure of income, expenses and savings, to seek reserves for cost savings. With the help of special accounting, it is possible to identify the profitability and feasibility of a particular type of household activity. All this is recommended to be recorded in this section of the book in any form. It is also recommended here to write down the fundamental decisions made at the family council to increase income or reduce certain expenses to solve a particular problem.

Family budget planning for the next calendar year should include an analysis of the following issues: Analysis of the implementation of the plan for the past year. Which articles and why are they overspending (saved)? By what percentage? Is this a temporary change or a trend?

Planning income and expenses for the next year, taking into account the inflation index. For some products, such as food, prices are subject to

seasonal fluctuations, and choosing the moment to buy, you can significantly reduce or even nullify the impact of inflation.

Take into account future changes in living conditions, for example, moving to another job, as a result of which transport costs may increase or decrease. Analyze cause and effect relationships.

It is usually known in advance how utility rates will rise. This information can also be helpful in developing a family budget. · Striving for the absence of debt obligations in both directions, but if you cannot do without them, then, in theory, the amount of debt obligations on both sides of your balance sheet should be equal, unless the debts are transferred to the next year.

Conclusion

The family's budget and economy is determined by the fact that the family's well-being largely depends on how the family's economic life develops. Household disorder is not conducive to maintaining a “warm home”. Each family has fixed items of expenditure, so they need to be foreseen and planned. Control and accounting in varying degrees and in different forms exist in almost all families. They help with housekeeping by giving you confidence that the money "went to its intended purpose." From this I conclude that the primary task for newlyweds is to form their own style of economic life. If, when planning costs, both spouses manage to work out a single line together, it follows that the number of intra-family conflicts will decrease. Of course, a lot will depend on the lifestyle of the family and the preferences of its members. This will require basic management skills. The more fairly the distribution of responsibilities is organized in the family, the more creatively the family members are in their responsibilities, the more prospects the fate of marriage has. The economic aspects of everyday life acquire the color of high pedagogy and true upbringing of feelings. This should be taken seriously in order not to lose the ability to lovingly and lovingly care for others. This quality is nurtured in the family. The topic "Family budget" management of the family economy is revealed as a dynamic process of forming family income and expenses. The topic is focused on the practical application of the knowledge gained in certain life situations.

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FAMILY BUDGET

Families derive their income from owning factors of production and making them available to other people or firms. After all, if the property owned by the family cannot be used by other people for their own needs, then nothing can be earned from it. For example, as long as the car is used for trips only by family members, it does not generate income. Driving this car itself does not generate income. But if someone asked to take the goods brought for sale to the local clothing market, then he will pay for the service. Moreover, the money received will be payment for the services of two factors of production at once: labor (in the form of driving a car) and capital (in the form of the car itself).

Family income - money that family members receive from outsiders or organizations and can use to pay their own expenses.

Consequently, only that property that can be used to produce the goods people need brings income (in our example, such a good was the service of delivering bags of goods to the market). It is this use that is paid for by the buyers of the goods produced. This means that any income is a payment for the services of one or another factor of production.

Classification of all types of family income, depending on the ownership of which factor of production brings them:

In most countries of the world, the predominant source of family income is wages, but in countries where a mixed or market economic system has formed, families, along with wages, receive income from owning other factors of production.

In Russia, the command economic system destroyed private property, and it was also prohibited to engage in entrepreneurial activity. Labor remained the only factor of production that people could own and sell for income. Therefore, by the beginning of the 90s, most of the population of Russia was poor. The state was practically the only employer: our fellow citizens received 97% of their income from it. Therefore, the poorer the state became over the past decades, the slower the growth of citizens' incomes. They could not increase their incomes through the sale of other factors of production: they owned nothing but their own ability to work.

After the collapse of the USSR, economic and legislative reforms allowed citizens to own the factors of production on the basis of private ownership, but today there is no full-fledged private ownership of land and other natural resources.

After the beginning of the 90s, private enterprises appeared, which affected the structure of income.

The welfare of citizens and the structure of their incomes were affected by two parallel processes developing in the country.

1) Formation of new economic mechanisms and the emergence of new sources of income for citizens (an increase in the share of entrepreneurship and ownership of property).

2) The gradual exit of Russia from the economic crisis in the first half of the 90s, manifested in a decline in production. This crisis has had a huge impact on the formation of family income, due to:

a) extremely slow growth of wages of employees at enterprises in most sectors of the economy.

b) an increase in the number of unemployed, receiving only unemployment benefits, which are less than wages.

The economic recovery that began in the country in 1999-2000 has already led to an increase in the share of wages in the income of the population from the crisis level of 46.6%, which developed, say, in 1994, to 65.6% in 2000. And if this trend towards economic growth continues, then more than a sharp drop in the share of wages in income should not occur.

1. Remember the tale of Cinderella. Try to figure out what types of resources her family possessed. Correlate the types and resources: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Write down the numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.

One of the types of resources remained unused. Write it out.

Energy resources are all sources of various types of energy available for industrial and domestic use. Energy resources are divided into non-renewable, renewable and nuclear.

Remember the tale and give your example illustrating this type of resource.

Cinderella removed ash from the fireplace after it was used to heat the room.

2. Fill in the diagram. Write the numbers of the examples below in the appropriate column.

Examples: 1) the salary of the head of the family; 2) purchase of a new apartment; 3) grandmother's pension; 4) a son's scholarship; 5) the amount from the sale of the old car; 6) winning a television lottery; 7) tax on this winnings; 8) payment of utility bills; 9) free medicines received by a disabled grandfather; 10) groceries bought by mom in the store; 11) a loan received for the purchase of a family travel voucher; 12) purchase of seedlings for a summer cottage.

Income: 1), 3), 4), 5), 6), 9)

Costs: 2), 7), 8), 10), 11), 12).

3. When entering text into the computer, the operator could not make out some of the words written by the author's hand. Try to complete the text using the following "unrecognized" words and phrases. Put them in the correct grammatical form.

"Unidentified" words and phrases: material wealth, accounting, rational, control, reasonable needs, thrift, planning, economy, needs, living within our means, family economics.

The complexity of the family economy can be compared to the state one. On the scale of the home, as well as on the scale of the entire state, planning, frugality, reasonable needs are necessary. In the first place, an inept housewife differs from an experienced one in that she does not know the most rational methods of planning, does not own complex family bookkeeping, and does not see ways of saving.

The budget of each particular family is unique, as is its lifestyle. In different years, the budget of one family will be different, and the needs will also be different. Agree that the measure of needs, the culture of possessing things is being formed in you right now.

The phrase “living within our means” does not at all mean constant self-restraint, refusal to do everything. Just before each new waste, you need to clearly understand what this or that thing is needed for. It is also worth looking for the most rational option for acquiring the right thing.

It is rare that even the wealthiest families live their lives without experiencing financial difficulties. Don't just make tragedies out of them. The main thing, perhaps, is to learn how to control self-earned money. If happiness is not made completely dependent on material wealth, if you see the main value of the family in warm, cordial, loving relationships, then they will turn out to be much more important than any acquisitions.

4. Write down the types of family income -

The main legal types of family income are:

1. Income from labor activity (wages).

2. Income from entrepreneurial activity (profit).

3. Income from property (for example, income from renting out an apartment).

4. Income from savings (interest on bank deposits).

5. Transfer income (pensions, scholarships, benefits).

6. Income from securities (dividend on shares).

7. Non-monetary income (potatoes grown in their own garden, a ticket issued by the employer)

5. A thirteen-year-old teenager, secretly from his parents, in order to save money to buy a new mobile phone, got a job at a nearby supermarket. From 19.00 to 21.00 he packed the customers' purchases in packages, collected the carts left by them in the parking lot. The young man did a good job, the clients praised him, but soon, at the insistence of the lawyer of the store, the employment contract with the teenager was terminated.

Was the lawyer right? Give several reasons to support your position.

From a legal point of view, yes, right. The teenager has not reached the age of 14, he does not have a passport, so the employer has no right to conclude any contract with him WITHOUT parental consent.

6. People make purchases of expensive things in different ways, for example, cars, furniture, household appliances. Scientists interviewed visitors to a large shopping center for several days.

Analyze the survey data and complete the tasks.

1) What is the most popular answer? Guess why.

The most popular answer is "We are saving money, saving the necessary amount." Most likely this is due to the fact that people do not want to take goods on credit or borrowed from relatives and friends, because then they will have to return the amount with interest, that is, overpay.

2) What are the least common answer options? Guess why.

The least popular answer is "We get a loan from a bank", because a certain percentage of the population cannot afford to buy expensive things right away.

3) What answer would you and your family members give if you took part in this survey? Explain your answer.

My family members would answer: "We are saving money, saving the necessary amount", because this is the most profitable option. You take what you need, and there is time to think about whether you really need this product. During the accumulation period, cheaper analogs of this product may appear, or it itself will become cheaper.

Questions:

Family budget. Sources of family income. The main items of expenditure. Personal disposable income. Real and nominal wages and real and nominal incomes.

Savings of the population. Insurance.

Question 1:

Budget is the structure of all income and expenses for a certain period of time.

The budget is balanced if incomes are equal to expenses.

Lack of budget is deficit, and the excess budget is surplus.

Income Are material values \u200b\u200bor money received in the form of wages, remuneration or a gift from the state, enterprise or individual for work, service or other activity.

Family sources of income:

· Remuneration for work for hire;

· Income from personal subsidiary plots;

· Income from self-employment;

Cash receipts received in the form of pensions, scholarships and benefits,

· Income received from the financial and credit system.

Social transfers - this is the income that the family receives from the state; they are not related to the ownership of property, they are not payment for goods or services produced by them.

Costs - these are the costs of purchasing, manufacturing, maintaining, repairing or servicing any products, services.

Main expense items:

For the purchase of food and non-food products,

Payment for housing and services for cultural and household purposes, transport,

· Payment for vouchers to sanatoriums, rest homes,

Expenses in connection with the maintenance of personal subsidiary plots and individual labor activities,

· Payment of taxes, mandatory payments, contributions, etc.

The costs are divided into:

1. Fixed - these are expenses that can be implemented or planned.

2. Variables are recurring, one-time expenses (seasonal, unforeseen).

Family budget - the balance of the actual income and expenses of the family for a certain period of time (month, quarter or year).

Disposable income - this is the difference between the nominal salary and tax deductions and mandatory payments to the state.

Nominal income (cash) - This is the amount of money that goes into the personal disposal of the recipient.

Nominal income can be fixed, it can decrease and increase.

Real income is determined by the number of goods and services that can be purchased for the amount of nominal income.

Question 2:

Savings are the future demand for future goods and services.

Savings can be roughly divided into three types:

1. "Insurance" - savings in case of unforeseen circumstances;

2. "Protective" - placing savings in bank accounts, investing in bonds, stocks and other securities in order to protect them from inflationary depreciation;

3. "Speculative" - savings are used for “stock market” games (an attempt to win on fluctuations in the market value of securities); in this case, the saved part of the income itself becomes a source of new income.

Of course, the desire to save alone is not enough. For this, there must be a real opportunity, which is determined by the size of the income.

"Amount of savings" \u003d "total income" - "taxes" - "consumer spending".

One of the forms of placing savings is insurance.

There are various forms of insurance, the main ones are:

1) term insurance;

2) direct insurance,

3) insurance on the system of deposits.

Term insurance does not offer any savings for the future, it provides the highest possible insurance coverage in the event of death or illness.

Direct insurance assumes a constant annual premium, which initially exceeds the estimated cost of the insurance. The difference is invested in securities, due to income from these securities, the company's reserves increase. Later, when the cost of insurance exceeds the amount of premiums, a gradual use of the funds previously accumulated by this group of insured begins. The deposit system provides an element of accumulation. After the expiry of the term, the insured receives the entire accumulated value of the policy, even if nothing happened to him.

The specific forms of insurance that most often have to be dealt with are life, health, solvency, property insurance.

Topic 2.2: Rational consumer.

In this article we will talk about such an important concept as a family budget. Good home finance management is an opportunity to become happier and more prosperous. How to manage the family budget correctly? We understand this issue.

It so happens that with equal incomes, some families live in prosperity, while others struggle to make ends meet. While some are planning their next major purchase and vacation, and also manage to save money, others live from paycheck to paycheck and deny themselves a lot. But why is this happening?

The reason is the different management of family finances. Those who manage the family budget achieve their goals, no matter how grandiose they may be. And those who do not - often, imperceptibly for themselves, find themselves completely without money.

What is family budget

This is such an obvious thing that many people simply do not pay due attention to the family budget.

« Well, I don’t know how much I spend and earn? My salary is 40 thousand and my wife has 40 thousand. And we spend about 60 a month.“And on this, all family budget management ends for the majority of families. 🙂

That's all right. In simple terms, the family budget is all the income and expenses of the family for a certain period of time. That is, how much we earned and how much we spent, for example, in a month.

And what if you offer this information from your head to paper, evaluate it. What if there are extra budget expenses? Or maybe incomes can be increased?

This is certainly possible if you take the family budget seriously, spending at least a little time planning. Let's get down to it right now.

First of all, it is important to decide on the type of family budget that will be relevant for you.

There are three ways to manage your family budget:

In my opinion, it is optimal to keep a general budget, while laying in some additional costs for each family member. And by the way, you can make surprises from this money if you want.

How to manage a family budget

As we have already found out, the family budget is a list of all your income and expenses for a certain fixed time period. Most often, the family budget is drawn up for a month and a year.

Okay, that's it. And how to properly manage the family budget? Let's get down to practice.

Let's start with income. Family income can most often be divided into two parts:

• spouse's salary;
• spouse's salary.

In addition, income of other family members, one-time income (for example, income from the sale of something or inheritance) and investment income can be added to this section.

Whatever the income, it is very important to set aside at least some of it. By accumulating money, you will be able to create and increase an additional source of income in the form of investments. Or you can make large purchases from the saved money, up to a new car or even an apartment.

How much money to save? Ideally, if you can save 7 to 15% of your income every month.

Only, in any case, do not keep your savings "under your pillow." Be sure to put it on a bank deposit. Let them immediately bring in at least a small additional income.

How to save your family budget

It is possible to increase family income, but it is not so easy. But costs can be managed very effectively. How can you save your family budget?

First of all, let's define what are the expenses of the family budget.

This concept includes:

• utility bills (or rent);
• running costs: food, clothing, medicine, gasoline and the like;
• expenses for family members: money for oneself and pocket money for children;
• one-time expenses: planned large expenses, for example, on vacation.

In addition, if the family has loans, then loan payments may be added to the expenses. And, of course, the first thing I recommend is to give up all your funds to pay off loans. The faster you can close them, the less you will feed the bank with your money.

The only exception is large targeted loans for a car or apartment. It is clear that it is difficult to close a mortgage ahead of schedule, but without a mortgage it is not so easy to buy an apartment.

Try to close all other debts, be it consumer loans or credit card debt, as soon as possible and thereby save on future interest on the loan. As a result, every month you will have additional free money.

With loans sorted out. How else can you save money.

Analyze costs

Try to analyze what is spending the most money on and optimize those costs.

Let me explain with my own example. About five years ago, I did not keep a family budget and assumed that about 30,000 rubles a month would be spent on food. When we finally started taking into account family finances, I was horrified. It turned out that we spend about 60,000 rubles a month on food. Moreover, we eat not very healthy foods.

I will not say that after that our family completely switched to a healthy diet. However, now we buy healthier and better quality products and do not spend money on extra food, which then just go bad in the refrigerator. In the end, we killed two birds with one stone: we were fed better and we save about 25,000 rubles a month.

How did we do it? We started shopping on weekends for a week in advance in large megamarkets, where there are good discounts. We began to make a list of the necessary products before going to the store. And, we are much less likely to buy harmful "snacks". It is not difficult. Try it yourself.

Save on large purchases

You can save well on big items. And this is not about not buying them at all. Of course not.

Another thing is that you can buy some expensive things a little cheaper. Let me explain with an example:

Let's say we buy a new washing machine. How does it happen most often? We come to the store and ask the consultant to suggest a washing machine that meets our requirements. And, of course, the seller will advise us on the newest and most expensive one. And we think, think, and buy.

Ideally, you can prepare in advance and see what kind of washing machines there are and what reviews there are about this or that model. And then you can simply compare prices and check the availability in stores. As a result, we can select the most reliable and most profitable model. And this can be done, for example, through Yandex.Market.

By the way, you can immediately make a purchase via the Internet. And then just come to the store and pick up the already paid washing machine. Often, when buying through online stores, additional discounts are made. Or even .

Surely, you have heard the expression "I'm not rich enough to buy cheap things" or "avaricious pays twice"?

High-quality things cost a little more, but in the end they will allow you to save money and cheer you up

The fact is that cheap things are usually of dubious quality. This means that they will fail much faster than high-quality items that cost a little more. In addition, substandard items can be harmful.

There are a great many examples of this:

• cheap Chinese phones are very unreliable and have much higher radiation than high-quality mobile phones;
• low-quality shoes are enough for a maximum of one season and they can lead to deformation of the foot;
• cheap cars tend to be less comfortable and break down more often. By the way, even insurers, other things being equal, charge a little more for cheaper brands that are considered unreliable.

In fact, the list is endless. The bottom line is that it is better to immediately pay a little more and get a quality item that will delight you.

Save resources

Respect for water, electricity and fuel will save you at least 1-2 thousand rubles per month

I understand that this sounds trite, but try not to forget the lights and the tap with water are on. Or, do not forget to turn off the car when you are waiting for someone in it for a long time.

It would seem that you will not save much on this. But this is not the case. As the saying goes, "a penny saves the ruble." Moreover, we can talk not about pennies, but about thousands. It is quite realistic to save from 20 to 40 thousand rubles a year on such trifles. And at the same time, by this you will render a great service in the matter of environmental protection. 🙂

Thanks to all these tricks, we can easily save between a third and a half of our costs. True, clear planning is important for this. And now we turn to the most important question - how to plan a family budget.

The easiest option is to draw up a budget in the form of a table. To do this, you can come up with some form for yourself, or use one of the ready-made tables for maintaining a family budget.

Alternatively, you can use a table of the following format:

In the table, we take into account our monthly income and plan expenses. If some item of expenditure looks too large, then we detail this article.

For example, you can split running costs by utility bills, food purchases, medicines, clothing, and gasoline. And, further, we are already looking specifically at what can be optimized from this.

It takes very little time to fill in the table. At the same time, spent 10-20 minutes a month on this will help you understand and significantly improve the situation with the family budget. Planning big projects starts small!

Family budgeting software

An alternative option for maintaining a family budget is to use one of the specialized programs. There are many such programs for computers and smartphones.

Conveniently analyze your income and expenses using your smartphone

Developers of such applications are well aware that budgeting can save a lot of money. Therefore, many programs are paid.

If we talk about free programs, then I can recommend Alzex Personal Finance for Windows or CoinKeeper for tablets and mobile devices on Android / iOS.

Note that the CoinKeeper application is so progressive that it supports the import of transactions from most banks in Russia and even recognizes expenses from SMS (if SMS comes when making expense transactions).

Thus, it is very convenient to use specialized programs for keeping family records. Some information about income and expenses can be loaded automatically. This means that it takes even less time to control the budget.

This is probably all that is important to know on this topic. At the end of the article, I would like to wish you, dear readers, that your family budget always pleases you! And let the incomes grow steadily!

I would be grateful for your questions or your opinion about the family budget in comments.

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Lecture number 8

Topic: "Family budget".

1. The concept of the family budget.

2. Sources of family income.

3. The main items of expenditure.

Family budget concept.

End of form

Budget (from English - budget) - money bag is literally translated; list, estimate of family income and expenses for a certain period of time.

Depending on the subject, the budget can be divided into: personal; family; enterprises, firms and public organizations; state; municipal.

The main guarantee of the material well-being of the family is the issue of the efficient use of income. One of the most important ways is to draw up a family budget.

A budget is a financial plan that sums up income and expenses over a certain period of time. When a budget shows that expenses are exactly equal to income, it is called balanced. If the estimated expenditures exceed the expected receipts, then this budget is said to be in deficit (deficit). A budget in which revenues exceed expenditures will have a surplus (surplus or surplus).

While there are as many ways to manage a family budget as families manage it, this process usually has three main phases: setting financial goals, estimating income, planning expenses.

Setting financial goals. Obviously, most of the expenses are used for everyday needs, the family needs to plan the largest purchases in advance. To buy a car, start a business, continue your education, etc. it will take much more money than the family's monthly income. Therefore, you will have to make savings in advance to achieve these goals in the near future.

Assessment of income - compiling a list of all sources of family income.

Cost planning... Finally, you need to list all the things that the family will buy or for which they need to pay within a certain period of time. This will allow you to rethink your needs and eliminate all unnecessary things that you can do without at this time.

Sources of family income.

Wage... The first in importance and the most common type of income is wages, as well as other payments (for example, bonuses) for work performed. Over the years of economic reforms, the share of wages of employees in the income of the population has decreased to 39%, whereas earlier, wages amounted to approximately 75% of the total income of citizens. The decline in the share of wages in income was mainly due to the rapid development of such forms of economic activity as entrepreneurship and self-employment.

Social transfers - These are funds paid by the state to support the life of those citizens who are not able to fully support themselves on their own, or to stimulate certain types of activity. Transfers are pensions, scholarships, benefits for large families, unemployment benefits. Their payments are necessary to provide assistance to socially unprotected parts of the population: the sick, the elderly, the unemployed, the disabled. Currently, such payments account for more than 16% of the income of the average Russian citizen.

Property income Includes income from leased real estate, interest earned on bank deposits or securities, dividends on securities held by families.

Entrepreneurial profit is the cash remaining with the firm after all obligations have been paid.

Unexpected income. Sometimes there are unexpected incomes that literally fell from the sky: lottery winnings, gifts, inheritance from a long-forgotten uncle from Canada, etc. The quality of lifereflects the satisfaction of people with their material and spiritual benefits (comfort, life expectancy, security). The quality of life is assessed by criteria: high, average, satisfactory, low.

The main items of expenditure.

Standard of living characterizes a quantitative measure of people's well-being. When assessing the standard of living, indicators of the annual consumption of food, clothing, shoes, per person and family are used. There are standards for food consumption: bread and potatoes - 80 kg, vegetables - 150 kg, fruits - 70-80 kg, meat - 60-70 kg per year per person. Economists have calculated that a person is normally provided with clothes and shoes if he has 3 suits and 3 pairs of shoes, renewing suits once every 2 years, and shoes annually.

Living wage - the cost of the consumer basket (the minimum required set of goods and services). A family whose average per capita income is below the subsistence level is considered poor and has the right to receive state and social assistance.

Poverty - the standard of living of people at which their incomes do not allow covering the costs of meeting even the most basic needs. In each country, based on the level of prices and the minimum required set of goods and services ("consumer basket"), the so-called subsistence minimum is calculated. People whose consumption is below the prescribed subsistence level are said to be living below the poverty line. The causes of poverty can be different: from wars and natural disasters to laziness and drunkenness.

A family whose average per capita income is below the subsistence level is considered poor and has the right to receive state and social assistance.

Circumstances have changed significantly over a hundred years, then the needs of a person have also changed. At the beginning of the 20th century, needs were mainly satisfied at the physiological level, and very little at the spiritual and social level. At present, the needs of the first, second and third levels are practically satisfied, and the needs of the higher levels are being saturated - gaining recognition, respect and self-realization. In accordance with this, the items of expenditure of the modern family have also changed. More money is spent on the purchase of household appliances, education, recreation, fashionable clothes, quality food, etc.

According to engel's law - with an increase in income, consumption shifts towards more expensive goods, with a decrease - of essential goods.

One way to establish the degree of inequality is to compare the incomes of the richest 10% and the poorest 10%, it should be equal to 10.

Section 2. Family budget.

1. Family budget.

2. Sources of family income.

3. The main items of expenditure.

6. Saving the population.

7. Insurance.

1. Family budget

Classification of family incomes depending on factors of production.

In most countries of the world, the predominant source of family income is wages. In countries where there are no restrictions on private property, where a market or mixed economic system has formed, families, in addition to wages, receive income from the ownership of other factors of production.

Family income - money that family members receive from outsiders or organizations and can use to pay their own expenses.

3. The structure of family income depends both on their absolute value and on the level of economic development achieved by the country.

Topic 2.2. National consumer.

1. Consumer sovereignty. Rational consumption and freedom of choice.

2. The theory of marginal utility, consumer balance.

3. The transition from cardinalism to ordinalism. Substitution effect, income effect.

4. Consumer surplus, consumer budget line. Indifference curves.

1. When considering the behavior of demand in the market, it is assumed that the consumer has the freedom to choose goods and services, has his own preferences and tastes, which also affect the demand for goods and services. This, called the sovereignty of the consumer, also assumes that the consumer is a reasonable person, behaves rationally, and also tries to distribute his monetary income in order to obtain the maximum aggregate of utility. And he roughly imagines what kind of pleasure he gets from each next unit, the consumption of goods.

2. The concept of marginal utility arose in the 40-50s of the 19th century and became widespread after the publication of the works of Poleras, Jevans, Vizir and other economists.

Representatives of the Austrian school of marginalism Berm - Wverg, Meter believed that for human existence a certain quantitative measure of utility is marginal utility.

Marginal utility is the additional utility received from the consumption of the next unit of this good in comparison with the previous one.

Over time, the theory of marginal utility has undergone significant changes.

Scientists believed that marginal utility was decreasing. The essence of the law of marginal utility is that starting from a certain moment the marginal utility decreases as the mass of consumption of the commodity increases. If one of the goods in comparison with others has a higher marginal utility, then its consumption, demand increases, and prices rise.

The rule of utility margining from the point of view of marginal utility is that consumption should distribute its income in such a way that the ratio of marginal utility to price is the same for all goods, provided that the money is spent in full.

Consumer balance.

a 0, a 1, a 2, a 3 - indifference curves, b - budget consumer.

The equilibrium position of the consumer is achieved at point F, in which b touches the highest of all achievable indifference curves (a 1). Why is the equilibrium position of consumption not achieved at point M - because moving downward along the budget line b and redistributing its income in favor of good x, consumption falls on another indifference curve a, which is located farther from the origin, and here the total utility from the consumption of goods x and you will have more. Why is the equilibrium position of consumption not achieved at point K - because it is outside the budget line b, and therefore is not attainable for the consumer.

3. The theory of marginal utility has undergone significant changes, in it stood out cardinalists and ordinalists. According to the theory of cardinalists, utility can be measured quantitatively, i.e. the consumer is able to determine exactly how much additional utility he receives when consuming a unit of goods x and y.

Ordinalists denied the possibility of a quantitative change in marginal utility. They considered utility to be an abstraction, meaning subjective gain in favor of the consumer and it is impossible to measure it.

There is an inverse relationship between price and demand.

1. The lower the price, the more the propensity of people who previously bought this product to buy it even more.

2. The lower price enables people who previously could not afford to purchase this product.

This is called income efficiency, i.e. lower prices to increase the purchasing power of the population.

The low price of the product encourages buyers to reduce the consumption of more expensive substitutes - this is called substitution effect.For example, when the price of beef decreases, buyers are encouraged to buy it instead of the more expensive pork.

The effect of income and substitution are combined and lead to the fact that the demand for a product increases with a decrease in the price of it.

Qy

Consumer surplus is the difference between the maximum price a consumer is willing to pay for a product and the price he pays for purchases. Each unit of a good that a consumer purchases is worth the same as the last unit. But according to the law of diminishing marginal utility, the first units of the consumer's commodity should be valued more than the last. Therefore, from buying the first, he buys additional benefits. When this additional benefit becomes zero, the consumer stops buying the product. For example, a person is ready to pay 250 rubles for 1 kg of sausage, but in reality he only pays 200, the saved 50 rubles represent his consumer surplus. If we add up the consumer surplus of all purchases, we get the aggregate of consumer surplus.

Qx

The line of the budget constraint looks like a straight line, since here is a linear relationship. The disposition of the lines of the budgetary limit depends on the amount of income of consumers of price changes. If the consumption income increases, then, consequently, the number of goods available for consumption increases and the line of the budgetary constraint will shift to the right and vice versa. If prices for a product increase, then consumption for this product will decrease, and the line of the budgetary limit will shift to the left and vice versa. The line of the budgetary limit reflects the objective characteristics of the market.

But there are also subjective factors that influence consumption behavior - consumer tastes and preferences. They are implemented using indifference curves.

Qx

Q

D

D 1

D 0

Moving along the demand curve, there is an inverse relationship between prices and purchased goods. This shows the conditions of constant stable demand. However, the demand curve D can be located closer to the ordinate axis D 0, which will mean a decrease in demand at the same prices or further from it curve D, which is characterized to increase demand at the same prices. A shift to the left or to the right indicates the dynamics of demand as the customer's demand for this product is saturated.

3. Questions and proposals are more closely related to distribution and production.

Sentence Is the number of goods and services offered for sale at specific prices. Supply opposes demand, because the interests of the seller and the buyer are opposite.

Just as with demand, the main factors of supply are the price of the goods and the income of buyers. The value of the offer is in direct proportion to the prices, the higher the price of the goods. The more products are offered to the market. This causes another dependence: an increase in the number of goods on the market reduces their prices and vice versa, as soon as something is missing, the prices are higher. The dependence of the supply on the price is called the law of supply.

Factors:

In addition to the price of goods and the buyer's income, offers are influenced by:

Change in production costs.

Change of perfect technologies, techniques

Changes in credit policy and taxation

Change in the number of producers, vendors

The volume of supply on the market and prices for substitute and related goods, services, factors of production (replacement of natural raw materials and materials with artificial, cheaper and increasing ones)

The direct relationship between the price and the number of offered goods can be depicted using the S sentence.

P

Q

S

S 0

S 1

Traces the trajectory of the supply curve S, you can see the direct dependence of the supply on the price. The supply curve S is married to occupy position S 0 - an area of \u200b\u200bincreasing supply, or position S 1 - an area of \u200b\u200bless supply, subject to the same prices. Such dynamics of the analyzed dependence emphasizes the influence of price and non-price factors on the supply.

4. Demand and supply, interacting in the market, push specific prices to an equilibrium value. According to the law of mudflow, supply and demand are always balanced.

Economic equilibrium is a constant dynamic state located between two extremes, a shortage of goods on the one hand and a surplus on the other.

Q

Market equilibrium is achieved at the intersection of supply and demand curves. The difference between demand and supply is called excess demand, if it is positive, there is a shortage of goods, if negative, then there is an excess of goods on the market. The cobweb model of equilibrium stability shows that the cobweb twists towards the equilibrium point.

5. Elasticity - a measure of the response of one variable to a change in another.

The price elasticity of demand is the percentage change in the amount of demand for a good caused by a one-percent change in its price when other goods change.

E y - coefficient of price elasticity of demand.

% ∆Q - percentage change in the quantity of goods.

% ∆P - percentage change in price.

Demand is called price elastic if a given percentage change in price leads to a larger percentage change in demand E y\u003e 1.

Demand is called price inelastic if a given% change in price leads to a smaller% change in demand E y<1.

Demand has unit elasticity if the% change in price leads to exactly the same% change in demand E y \u003d 1.

Working capital

5. The production function determines the maximum output for each given amount of resources. This function describes the relationship between the cost of resources and the output of products, allows you to determine the maximum volume of production, for each given amount of resources or the minimum possible amount of resources. The production function only summarizes technologically efficient techniques, combining resources to ensure maximum output.

Any improvement in production technology that contributes to the growth of labor enterprises determines a new production function. Growth Factors of Labor Enterprises - these are the driving forces under the influence of which its level changes. At the enterprise level can be distinguished into groups of factors, material and technical and socio - economic.

1. Regional - economic - natural and climatic conditions, balance of jobs and labor resources.

2. Economic and geographical factors - the development of the area, the availability of local building materials, free areas of labor, electricity, water, terrain.

3. Factors of structural shifts - shifts in the change in the share of purchased products and semi-finished products, a decrease in the number of employees due to an increase in production.

4. Factors of accelerating scientific and technological progress - the use of new technologies, highly efficient technology, the use of modern automated systems, computer technology.

5. Economic factors - modern forms and stimulation of labor, scientific organization and labor intensity. Increasing the qualifications of employees, modern forms of planning and personnel management.

6. Social factors - the human factor, reducing the volume of monotonous, harmful, hard work, improving working conditions, factors of social norms of property, improving labor motivation.

6. To determine the necessary labor costs, to establish the planned number of personnel, balances of the costs of working time are developed. Depending on the nature of the function performed, the balance of working time, various categories of workers are built on the basis of service time standards, production rates and other standards of labor resources.

Time rate - the duration of the working time required to manufacture a unit of production or a certain volume of production.

N BP \u003d t z + t in + t vol + t from + t it + t from

t s - main time

t in - auxiliary time

t about - service time working time

t from - time to rest

t it - time of technical breaks

t of - preparatory - final time.

Workplace maintenance time - the time spent by the employee to take care of the equipment and maintain the workplace in a normal state.

Production rate - determines the quantity of a unit of production that must be manufactured by one worker in a certain time.

T d is the actual fund of working time.

Н в - the established rate of time per unit of production in hours.

Service rate - the number of manufactured objects that the employee must serve during a unit of working time.

t about - the established rate of time for servicing a piece of equipment.

Population rate - determines the number of employees of a certain professional qualification composition required to perform these works.

Normalized task - establishes the required range and scope of work to be performed by the team in a given period of time.

Labor productivity is understood as the efficiency of labor in the production process. The level of labor productivity is expressed by the amount of products produced per unit of time. The measurement of labor productivity is carried out by comparing the results of labor in the form of the volume of products produced with the cost of labor. There are two indicators depending on the direct or inverse relationship of these values:

Production - represents the number of products Q produced per unit of working time t. It is determined by the ratio of the quantity of products produced to the labor time spent on the production of these products.

The labor intensity of products is understood as the sum of all labor costs for the production of a unit of production at a given enterprise.

Methods for measuring labor productivity differ depending on the methods used to determine the volume of products produced. To calculate the volume of production and, accordingly, labor productivity, three methods are distinguished.

Natural method - the simplest and most reliable method. When the volume of production is calculated in kind (meters). The advantage of the method is the comparability of labor indicators. The disadvantage is that labor productivity can be measured here within the framework of certain types of products and works.

Cost- lies in the fact that the indicator of labor productivity is defined as the ratio of the output, expressed in monetary units, to the cost of working time.

Labor -applied at workplaces, labor productivity is determined in the norms of hours. The method accurately characterizes the dynamics of labor productivity.

Section 2. Family budget.

Topic 2.1. sources of family income, main types of expenses. Saving the population. Insurance.

1. Family budget.

2. Sources of family income.

3. The main items of expenditure.

4. Personal and disposable income.

5. Real and nominal wages, incomes.

6. Saving the population.

7. Insurance.

1. Family budget - the structure of all family income and expenses for a certain period of time. The family reflects the state of the economy of any country. According to the behavior of people in the field of personal activity, they are subject to the general rules of the budget.

Aspiration rationally is especially traced in how the family budget is formed. The study of the family budget provides the basis for a serious analysis of the state of the economy of any country.

2. The structure of income and expenses of an average Russian family:

Families receive their income through the ownership of factors of production, their use or lending them to other people, firms. Consequently, income is brought only by that property that can be directed to the production of goods needed by people. Any income is a payment for the services of one or another factor of production.