The effects of air pollution include shown. Examination: Environmental Implications Pollution of the Atmosphere

Pollution of the Earth's atmosphere is a change in the natural concentration of gases and impurities in the air shell of the planet, as well as the introduction of substances alien to mine in Wednesday.

For the first time, at the international level spoke forty years ago. In 1979, a convention on transboundary air pollution over long distances appeared in Geneva. The first international agreement on reducing greenhouse gas emissions was the Kyoto Protocol of 1997.

These measures, though bring their results, but the pollution of the atmosphere remains a serious problem of society.

The substances that pollute the atmosphere

The main components of atmospheric air - nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%). The proportion of the inert gas of Argon is a little less than a percent. The concentration of carbon dioxide is 0.03%. In small quantities in the atmosphere are also present:

ozone,
neon,
methane,
xenon,
krypton,
nitrous oxide,
sulfur dioxide
helium and hydrogen.

In the pure air masses, carbon monoxide and ammonia are present in the form of traces. In addition to gases, there are water vapor in the atmosphere, salt crystals, dust.

Basic air pollutants:

Carbon dioxide - greenhouse gas that affects the heat exchange of the Earth with the surrounding space, which means it is climate.
Carbon oxide or carbon monoxide, falling into the human or animal body, causes poisoning (up to death).
Hydrocarbons - toxic chemicals, irritating eyes and mucous membranes.
Serious derivatives contribute to the formation of acid rains and drying of plants, provoke diseases of the respiratory tract and allergies.
Nitrogen derivatives lead to inflammation of lungs, croups, bronchitis, frequent colds, aggravate the course of cardiovascular diseases.
Radioactive substances accumulating in the body, cause cancer, gene changes, infertility, premature death.

A special danger to human health is air with heavy metals. Such pollutants like cadmium, lead, arsenic, lead to the emergence of oncology. Inhaled mercury pairs do not affect lightning times, but, laying off in the form of salts, destroy the nervous system. In a significant concentration, volatile organic substances are harmful: terpenoids, aldehydes, ketones, alcohols. Many of these air pollutants are mutagenic and carcinogenic compounds.

Sources and classification of atmospheric pollution

Based on the nature of the phenomenon, the following types of air pollution distinguish: chemical, physical and biological.

In the first case, an increased concentration of hydrocarbons, heavy metals, sulfur dioxide, ammonia, aldehydes, nitrogen and carbon oxides is observed in the atmosphere.
With biologically pollution in the air there are products of vital activity of various organisms, toxins, viruses, mushroom disputes and bacteria.
A large amount of dust or radionuclides in the atmosphere indicates physical pollution. This type includes the effects of thermal, noise and electromagnetic emissions.

The composition of the air environment affects both man and nature. Natural sources of pollution of the atmosphere: volcanoes in the period of activity, forest fires, soil erosion, dust storms, decomposition of living organisms. Miserer share of influence is also on cosmic dust resulting from the combustion of meteorites.

Anthropogenic sources of air pollution:

enterprises of the chemical, fuel, metallurgical, machine-building industry;
agricultural activities (spraying pesticides with aviation, livestock waste);
heat and power plant, heating of residential premises with coal and firewood;
transportation (the most "dirty" species - airplanes and cars).

How determine the degree of air pollution?

When monitoring the quality of atmospheric air in the city, not only the concentration of substances harmful to human health, but also the time interval of their impact is taken into account. Pollution of the atmosphere in the Russian Federation is assessed by the following criteria:

The standard index (C) is an indicator obtained as a result of dividing the highest measured one-time concentration of polluting material on the maximum permissible impurity concentration.
The contamination index of our atmosphere (IZ) is a complex value, when calculating which take into account the harmfulness factor of the substance-pollutant, as well as its concentration - the average annual and maximum permissible average daily.
The greatest repeatability (NP) is a percentage of the frequency of exceeding the maximum permissible concentration (maximum one-time) within a month or year.

The level of air pollution is considered low when it is less than 1, the IZA varies in the range of 0-4, and NP does not exceed 10%. Among the major Russian cities, according to the materials of Rosstat, the most environmentally friendly are Taganrog, Sochi, Terrible and Kostroma.

At an elevated level of emissions into the atmosphere of C is 1-5, IZA - 5-6, NP - 10-20%. The high degree of air pollution differ regions with indicators: C - 5-10, IZA - 7-13, NP - 20-50%. A very high level of atmospheric pollution is observed in Chita, Ulan-Ude, Magnitogorsk and Beloyarsk.

Cities and countries of the world with the dirtiest air

In May 2016, the World Health Organization published an annual ranking of cities with the most dirty air. The leader of the list was the Iranian rolling - the city in the south-east of the country, which regularly suffers from sandy storms. It lasts this atmospheric phenomenon about four months, repeated every year. The second and third position was the Indian Cities million paintings of Gvaliyar and Pogeni. The next place WHO gave the capital of Saudi Arabia - Er-Riyadh.

Closes the top five cities with the most dirtiest atmosphere of El Jubil - a relatively small population in the population on the banks of the Persian Gulf and at the same time a large industrial oil-producing and refinery. On the sixth and seventh steps, Indian cities were again - Patna and Raipur. The main sources of pollution of the atmosphere there are industrial enterprises and transport.

In most cases, the contamination of the atmosphere is an actual problem for developing countries. However, the deterioration of the environment is not only a rapidly growing industry and transport infrastructure, but also man-made catastrophes. A bright example is Japan, who survived the radiation accident in 2011.

Top 7 states where air condition is recognized as depressing, it looks like this:

China. In some regions of the country, the level of air pollution exceeds the norm 56 times.
India. The largest state of Industan leads the number of cities with a worst ecology.
SOUTH AFRICA. In the economy of the country, heavy industry prevails, it is the main source of pollution.
Mexico. The environmental situation in the capital of the state, Mexico City, has improved markedly over the past twenty years, but was still not uncommon in the city.
Indonesia suffers not only from industrial emissions, but also from forest fires.
Japan. The country, despite the widespread gardening and the use of scientific and technical advances in the environmental sphere, is regularly faced with the problem of acid rain, smog.
Libya. The main source of the ecological misfortune of the North African state is the oil industry.

Effects

The contamination of the atmosphere is one of the main causes of the growth of the number of respiratory diseases, both sharp and chronic. Harmful impurities contained in the air contribute to the development of lung cancer, heart disease, stroke. According to WHO estimates, due to the pollution of the air in the world, 3.7 million people die in a year. Most such cases are fixed in the countries of Southeast Asia and the western region of the Pacific.

In large industrial centers, such an unpleasant phenomenon is often observed, as was able. The accumulation of dust particles, water and smoke in the air reduces visibility on the roads, which is why the number of accidents is expected. Aggressive substances amplify corrosion of metal structures, adversely affect the state of the plant and animal world. I could be the greatest danger for asthmatics, persons who are ill with emphysens, bronchitis, angina, hypertension, VDC. Even in healthy people who have faded aerosols can hurt a head very much, tearing and sore throat is observed.

Air saturation oxides of sulfur and nitrogen leads to the formation of acid rain. After sediments with a low pH in reservoirs, fish will die, and the surviving individuals cannot give offspring. As a result, it is reduced by a species and numerical composition of populations. Sour precipitates leached nutrients, thereby dining the soil. They leave chemical burns on the leaves, weaken the plants. For people's habitat, such rains and fogs also pose a threat: sour water corrosive pipes, cars, facades of buildings, monuments.

An increased amount of greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, ozone, methane, water vapor) in an air environment leads to an increase in the temperature of the lower layers of the Earth's atmosphere. A direct consequence of the greenhouse effect is the warming of climate, observed by the last sixty years.

Ozone holes are noticeably influenced by "ozone holes", which are formed under the influence of bromine, chlorine, oxygen and hydrogen atoms. In addition to simple substances, ozone molecules can also destroy organic and inorganic compounds: freon derivatives, methane, chloride. What is dangerous to weaken the shield for the environment and man? Due to the thinning of the layer, solar activity is growing, which, in turn, leads to an increase in mortality among representatives of marine flora and fauna, an increase in the number of oncological diseases.

How to make air cleaner?

Reduce the contamination of the atmosphere allows the introduction of technologies that reduce the volume of emissions. In the field of thermal power engineering, there should be a bet on alternative power sources: build solar, wind, geothermal, tidal and wave power plants. In the state of the air environment, the transition to the combined energy and heat generation is positive.

In the struggle for clean air, an important element of the strategy is a comprehensive waste disposal program. It should be aimed at reducing the number of garbage, as well as its sorting, processing or reuse. Urban planning aimed at improving the environment, including air, involves improving the energy efficiency of buildings, the construction of cycling infrastructure, the development of high-speed urban transport.

Pollution of atmospheric air

Under the contamination of atmospheric air, any change in its composition and properties should be understood, which has a negative impact on human health and animal condition of plants and ecosystems.

Pollution of the atmosphere may be natural (natural) and anthropogenic (technogenic).

Natural pollutionthe air is caused by natural processes. These include volcanic activities, weathered rocks, wind erosion, mass flowering plants, smoke from forest and steppe fires, etc. Anthropogenic pollutionit is associated with the release of various pollutants in the process of human activity. In scale, it significantly exceeds the natural pollution of atmospheric air.

Depending on the scale of distribution, various types of air pollution are distinguished: local, regional and global. Local pollutionit is characterized by an increased content of pollutants in small territories (city, industrial area, agricultural zone, etc.) regional pollutionin the sphere of negative impact, significant spaces are involved, but not the entire planet. Global pollutionassociated with a change in the state of the atmosphere as a whole.

According to the aggregative state, the emissions of harmful substances will be classified on:

1) gaseous (sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, etc.)

2) liquid (acids, alkalis, salts solutions, etc.);

3) solid (carcinogenic substances, lead and its compounds, organic and inorganic dust, soot, resinous substances and other).

The most dangerous pollution of the atmosphere is radioactive. Currently, it is mainly due to globally distributed long-lived radioactive isotopes - products for testing nuclear weapons conducted in the atmosphere and underground. The surface layer of the atmosphere also contaminate emissions into the atmosphere of radioactive substances from the existing NPPs during their normal operation and other sources.

Another form of contamination of the atmosphere is the local excessive flow of heat from anthropogenic sources. The sign of thermal (thermal) pollution of the atmosphere is the so-called thermal tones, for example, "Heat island" in cities, warming of water bodies, etc.

In general, judging by official data for 1997-1999, the level of pollution of atmospheric air in our country, especially in the cities of Russia, remains high, despite the significant decline in production, which is primarily associated with an increase in the number of cars, including - defective.

Environmental consequences of the pollution of the atmosphere

The contamination of atmospheric air affects human health and the environmental environment in various ways - from a straight and immediate threat (Ud, etc.) to a slow and gradual destruction of various livelihood systems. In many cases, the air pollution disrupts the structural components of the ecosystem to such an extent that the regulatory processes are not able to return them to the initial state and as a result, the mechanism of homeostasis does not work.

First consider how affects the environmental environment. local (local) pollution atmospheric, and then global.

The physiological impact on the human body of the main pollutants (pollutants) is fraught with the most serious consequences. Thus, sulfur dioxide, connecting with moisture, forms sulfuric acid, which destroys the pulmonary tissue of man and animals. Especially clearly, this connection is traced when analyzing the child's pulmonary pathology and the degree of concentration of sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere of large cities.

Dust containing silicon dioxide (SiO 2) causes severe lung disease - silicosis. Nitrogen oxides are annoyed, and in severe cases, the mucous membranes, such as eyes, lungs, are involved in the formation of poisonous fogs, etc., are especially dangerous if contained in contaminated air in conjunction with sulfur dioxide and other toxic compounds. In these cases, even at low concentrations of pollutants, synergism effect occurs, i.e., the increase in the toxicity of the entire gaseous mixture.

The effect on the human body of carbon oxide (carbon monoxide) is widely known. In acute poisoning, general weakness, dizziness, nausea, drowsiness, loss of consciousness appear, is possible a fatal outcome (even after three to seven days). However, due to the low concentration of CO in atmospheric air, it, as a rule, does not cause mass poisoning, although it is very dangerous for persons suffering from anemia and cardiovascular diseases.

Among suspended solids are the most dangerous particles of less than 5 microns, which are capable of penetrating the lymph nodes, linger in the lung alveoli, clog the mucous membranes.

Anabiosis- temporary suspension of all life processes.

Very unfavorable consequences that can affect the huge range of time are connected with such minor emissions such as lead, benz (a) pyrene, phosphorus, cadmium, arsenic, cobalt, etc. They depress the hematopoietic system, cause oncological diseases reduce The body resistance to infections, etc. Dust, containing lead and mercury compounds, has mutagenic properties and causes genetic changes in the cells of the body.

The consequences of the impact on the human body of harmful substances contained in car exhaust gases are very serious and have a wide range of range:

London type smogit occurs in winter in large industrial cities in adverse weather conditions (lack of wind and temperature inversion). Temperature inversion is manifested in an increase in air temperature with a height in some layer of the atmosphere (usually in the range of 300- 400 m from the earth's surface) instead of a conventional decrease. As a result, the circulation of atmospheric air is dramatically violated, smoke and pollutants cannot climb up and do not dissipate. Fog often arise. The concentration of sulfur oxides, weighted dust, carbon oxide reach dangerous levels of human levels, lead to circulatory disorder, breathing, and often to death.

Los Angeles Croog Type,or photochemicalno less dangerous than London. It occurs in the summer with the intensive effects of solar radiation on the air, saturated, and rather oversaturated car exhaust gases.

Anthropogenic emissions of pollutants in large concentrations and for a long time cause great harm not only to a person, but adversely affect animals, the condition of plants and ecosystems in general.

In the environmental literature, cases of mass poisoning of wild animals, birds, insects in emissions of harmful pollutants of large concentration (especially volley) are described. For example, it was established that during sedimentation on honey plants of some toxic dust species, a noticeable increase in the mortality rate of bees is observed. As for large animals, the poisonous dust in the atmosphere affects them mainly through respiratory organs, as well as entering the body together with eaten dusty plants.

In plants, toxic substances come in various ways. It has been established that the emissions of harmful substances act as directly on the green parts of the plants, falling through the dust in the tissue, destroying the chlorophyll and the structure of the cells and through the soil to the root system. For example, soil contamination with dust of toxic metals, especially in compound with sulfuric acid, is destructive effect on the root system, and through it and on the entire plant.

Contaminating gaseous substances affect the state of vegetation in different ways. Alone only weakly damage the leaves, chewing, shoots (carbon monoxide, ethylene, etc.), others act on plants detail (sulfur dioxide, chlorine, mercury pairs, ammonia, cyanide hydrogen, etc.) is especially dangerous for plant dioxide (SO 2 ), under the influence of which many trees die, and primarily coniferous - pines, spruce, fir, cedar.

As a result of the impact of highly toxic pollutants on the plants, there is a slowdown in their growth, the formation of necrosis at the ends of the leaves and khuminokov, the failure of the assimilation organs, etc. An increase in the surface of damaged leaves can lead to a decrease in moisture consumption from the soil, the general overwhelm, what will inevitably affect it On the environment of her habitat.

Is vegetation capable of recovering after reducing the impact of harmful pollutants? In many ways, this will depend on the reducing ability of the remaining green mass and the overall state of natural ecosystems. At the same time, it should be noted that the low concentrations of individual pollutants not only do not harm plants, but also, such as the cadmium salt, stimulate the germination of seeds, the growth of wood, the growth of some organs of plants.

Under atmospheric air They understand the vital component of the environment, which is a natural mixture of atmospheric gases and outside residential, industrial and other premises (the law of the Russian Federation "On the Protection of Atmospheric Air" of 04/02/99). The thickness of the air shell, which surrounds the globe, not less than a thousand kilometers is almost a quarter of the earth's radius. The air is necessary to everything alive on Earth. A person consumes 12-15 kg of air daily, inhaling every minute from 5 to 100 liters, which significantly exceeds the average daily need for food and water. The atmosphere determines the light and regulates the thermal regimes of the Earth, contributes to the redistribution of heat on the globe. The gas shell protects the Earth from excessive cooling and heating, saves everything living on Earth from destroying ultraviolet, X-ray and cosmic rays. The atmosphere protects us from meteorites. The atmosphere serves as a conductor of sounds. The main consumer of air in nature - Flora and the fauna of the Earth.

Under quality of atmospheric air Understand the combination of the properties of the atmosphere, determining the degree of impact of physical, chemical and biological factors on people, vegetable and animal peace, as well as on materials, designs and the environment as a whole.

Under Pollution of atmospheric air Any change in its composition and properties, which has a negative impact on human health and animals, state of plants and ecosystems.

Pollutant - an admixture of atmospheric air, which has adverse effects on human health, plants and animals, other components of the environment or damage to material objects at certain concentrations.

Pollution of atmospheric air may be natural (natural) and anthropogenic (technogenic).

Natural air pollution caused by natural processes. These include volcanic activities, wind erosion, mass flowering plants, smoke from forest and steppe fires.

Anthropogenic pollution Related to the emission of pollutants as a result of human activity. Scale it significantly exceeds natural air pollution and can be localcharacterized by an elevated content of pollutants in small territories (city, district, etc.), regionalwhen large spaces of the planet fall under the influence, and global - These are changes in the whole atmosphere.

According to the aggregative state, the emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere are classified for: 1) gaseous (sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons); 2) liquid (acids, alkalis, salts solutions); 3) solid (carcinogenic substances, lead and its compounds, organic and inorganic dust, soot, resinous substances).

The main anthropogenic pollutants (pollutants) of atmospheric air, which accounts for about 98% in the total emissions of harmful substances, is sulfur dioxide (SO 2), nitrogen dioxide (NO 2), carbon oxide (CO) and solid particles. It is the concentration of these pollutants that most often exceed the permissible levels in many cities of Russia. The total world emissions into the atmosphere of the main pollutants in 1990 amounted to 401 million tons, in Russia in 1991 - 26.2 million tons. But besides them, in the atmosphere of cities and towns there are more than 70 items of harmful substances, including lead, mercury, cadmium and other heavy metals (sources of emissions: cars, melting plants); Hydrocarbons, among them the most dangerous benz (a) Pyrene with carcinogenic effect (exhaust gases, boiler firebox, etc.), aldehydes (formaldehyde), hydrogen sulfide, toxic volatile solvents (gasoline, alcohols, ethers). Currently, millions of people are experiencing the exposure of carcinogenic air factors.

The most dangerous pollution of the atmosphere - radioactive Condected mainly globally distributed long-lived radioactive isotopes - products of nuclear weapons tests and from existing NPPs during their operation. A special place is taken by the release of radioactive substances as a result of the accident of the fourth block at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in 1986. Their total release into the atmosphere was 77 kg (in atomic explosion over Hiroshima, they were formed 740 g).

Currently, the main sources of air pollution in Russia are the following industries: thermal power engineering (thermal and nuclear power plants, industrial and urban boiler houses), vehicles, black and non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises, oil production and petrochemistry, mechanical engineering, construction of building materials.

Pollution of atmospheric air affects human health and the environment in various ways - from a direct and immediate threat to slow and gradual destruction of various livelihood systems of the body. In many cases, the air pollution violates the components of the ecosystem to such an extent that the regulatory processes are not able to return them to the initial state, and as a result, homeostatic mechanisms are not triggered.

The physiological impact on the human body of the main pollutants is fraught with the most serious consequences. Thus, sulfur dioxide, connecting with moisture, forms sulfuric acid, which destroys the pulmonary tissue of man and animals. Dust containing silicon dioxide (SiO2) causes severe lung disease - silicosis. Nitrogen oxides annoy and corrosive mucous membranes of the eyes and lungs, participate in the formation of poisonous fogs. If they are contained in the air together with sulfur dioxide, the effect of synergism arises, i.e. Strengthening toxicity of the entire gaseous mixture.

The effect on the human body of carbon monoxide (carbon monoxide) is widely known: with the poisoning is a fatal outcome. Due to the low concentration of carbon monoxide in atmospheric air, it does not cause mass poisoning, although it is dangerous to suffering cardiovascular diseases.

Very unfavorable consequences that can affect the huge range of time are associated with insignificant emissions of substances such as lead, benz (a) Pyrene, Phosphorus, cadmium, arsenic, cobalt. They depress the hematopoietic system, cause oncological diseases, reduce the body resistance to infections.

The consequences of the impact on the human body of harmful substances contained in car exhaust gases are very serious and have a wide range of action: from cough to death. Heavy consequences in the body of living beings cause a poisonous mixture of smoke, fog and dust.

Anthropogenic emissions of pollutants in large concentrations and for a long time cause much harm not only to person, but also the rest of the biota. There are cases of mass poisoning of wild animals, especially birds and insects, with emissions of harmful pollutants of large concentrations.

The emissions of harmful substances act as directly on the green parts of the plants, falling through the dust in the tissue, destroying the chlorophyll and the structure of the cells and through the soil - to the root system. Sulfur dioxide is especially dangerous for plants under which photosynthesis ceases and many trees die, especially coniferous.

Global environmental problems associated with the pollution of the atmosphere are "greenhouse effect", the formation of "ozone holes" and the loss of "acid rain".

From the second half of the XIX century, a gradual increase in the average annual temperature is observed, which is associated with accumulation in the atmosphere of so-called "greenhouse gases" - carbon dioxide, methane, freon, ozone, nitrogen oxide. Garnik gases prevent long-wave thermal radiation from the surface of the Earth, and the atmosphere saturated with them acts as the roof of the greenhouse. She, passing inside most of the solar radiation, almost never misses the heat, emitted land.

"Greenhouse Effect" is the cause of the growth of the average global air temperature in the earth's surface. So, in 1988, the average annual temperature was 0.4 ° C higher than in 1950-1980, and by 2005 scientists predict its increase by 1.3 ° C. The report of the UN International Group on climatic changes is argued that by 2100 the temperature on Earth will increase by 2-4 0.4 ° C. The warming scale for this relatively short time will be comparable to warming that occurred on the ground after the ice age, and environmental consequences can be disastrous. First of all, it is an increase in the level of the world's ocean due to the melting of polar ice, reducing mountain glaciation. An increase in the ocean level is only 0.5-2.0 meters by the end of the XXI century will lead to a violation of climatic equilibrium, the flooding of seaside plains in more than 30 countries, degradation of multi-rigid breeds, the lap of extensive territories.

At the International Conference in Toronto (Canada) in 1985, the task was set up to 2005 by 20% of industrial carbon emissions to the atmosphere in the entire world. At the UN Conference in Kyoto (Japan) in 1997 confirmed the previously established barrier for greenhouse gas emissions. But it is obvious that a tangible environmental effect can only be obtained when combining these measures with the global direction of environmental policy, the essence of which is as possible to preserve the communities of organisms, natural ecosystems and the entire Earth's biosphere.

"Ozone holes" - These are significant spaces in the ozone layer atmosphere at an altitude of 20-25 km with a substantive reduced (up to 50% or more) in ozone. The depletion of the ozone layer is recognized by all as a serious threat of global environmental safety. It relaxes the ability of the atmosphere to protect all living on rigid ultraviolet radiation, the energy of one photon of which is enough to destroy most of the organic molecules. Therefore, in areas with a reduced ozone content, solar burns are numerous, the amount of skin cancer increases.

It is assumed both natural and the anthropogenic origin of "ozone holes". The latter is likely to be associated with the elevated content of chlorofluorocarbons (freons) in the atmosphere. Freons are widely used in industrial production and in everyday life (refrigerations, solvents, sprayers, aerosol packaging). In the atmosphere, freons are decomposed with the release of chlorine oxide, which is destroyed by the ozone molecules. According to the International Environmental Organization Greenpeace, the main suppliers of chlorofluorocarbons (freons) are US (30.85%), Japan (12.42%), United Kingdom (8.62%) and Russia (8.0%). Recently, in the United States and in a number of Western countries, plants for the production of new types of mining agents (hydrochlorofluorocarbons) were built with a low potential for the destruction of the ozone layer.

A number of scientists continue to insist on the natural origin of "ozone holes". The causes of their occurrence are associated with the natural variability of the ozoneosphere, the cyclic activity of the Sun, riftogenesis and degassing of the Earth, i.e. With a breakthrough of deep gases (hydrogen, methane, nitrogen) through the rift faults of the earth's crust.

"Acid rain" For industrial emissions to the atmosphere of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, which, connecting with atmospheric moisture, form diluted sulfur and nitric acids. As a result, rain and snow are acidified (pH number below 5.6). The acidification of the natural environment is negatively reflected in the state of ecosystems. Under the action of acidic precipitation from the soil, not only nutrients, but also toxic metals are leached: lead, cadmium, aluminum. Next, they themselves or their toxic compounds are absorbed by plants and soil organisms, which leads to very negative consequences. The impact of acid rains reduces forest stability to droughts, diseases, natural pollution, which leads to their degradation as natural ecosystems. Cases of lesion of coniferous and deciduous forests in Karelia, Siberia and other areas of our country are noted. An example of the negative impact of acid precipitation on natural ecosystems is the acidification of the lakes. It is especially intense, it occurs in Canada, Sweden, Norway and Finland. This is explained by the fact that a significant part of sulfur emissions in the United States, Germany and the United Kingdom falls precisely on their territory.

The protection of atmospheric air is the key problem of the recovery of the environment.

Hygienic standing of atmospheric air quality - the quality criterion of atmospheric air, reflecting the maximum permissible makismal content of pollutants in atmospheric air, in which there is no harmful effect on human health.

Ecological standards for atmospheric air quality- The quality criterion of atmospheric air, reflecting the maximum permissible maximum content of pollutants in atmospheric air, in which there is no harmful effect on the environment.

Extremely permissible (critical) load - An indicator of the effects of one or several pollutants on the environmental medium, the excess of which can lead to harmful effects on it.

Harmful (pollutant) substance - Chemical or biological substance (or their mixture) contained in atmospheric air, which in certain concentrations has a harmful effect on human health and the environmental environment.

Air quality standards defines the permissible limits of the content of harmful substances in:

production zone, intended for the placement of industrial enterprises, experienced industries of research institutes, etc.;

residential zone, Designed to accommodate residential fund, public buildings and structures, settlements.

In Guest 17.2.1.03-84. "Protection of Nature. Atmosphere. Terms and definitions of pollution control "are presented the main terms and definitions relating to the indices of the atmosphere, observation programs, behavior of impurities in atmospheric air.

For atmospheric air, two PDC standards are installed - one-time and average daily.

Maximum permissible concentration of harmful substance - This is the maximum one-time concentration that should not be caused by inhalation of air for 20 -30 minutes of reflex reactions in the human body (sensation of odor, changing the light sensitivity of the eyes, etc.) in the air of populated areas.

The concept of P. rather admissible concentration of harmful substance Used when establishing scientific and technical standards for extremely permissible emissions of pollutants. As a result of scattering impurities in the air with adverse meteorological conditions on the border of the sanitary protection zone of the enterprise, the concentration of harmful substance at any time should not exceed the maximum permissible.

The maximum permissible concentration of harmful substance is the average daily concentration, which should not have directly or indirect harmful effect on a person directly or indirectly harmful effects. Thus, this concentration is designed for all population groups on an indefinitely long exposure period and, therefore, is the most rigid sanitary and hygienic standing that establishes the concentration of harmful substance in the air. It is the average daily maximum permissible concentration of a harmful substance can act as a "standard" to assess the well-being of the air environment in the residential zone.

The maximum permissible concentration of a harmful substance in the air of the working area is a concentration that, with a daily (except day) work for 8 hours, or with a different duration, but not more than 41 hours a week, throughout the work experience should not cause diseases or Deviations in the state of health detected by modern research methods, in the process of work or in the long-term deadlines of the present and subsequent generations. The working area should be considered a space up to 2 meters above the floor or area on which there are places of permanent or temporary stay of the workers.

As follows from the definition, the maximum permissible concentration of the working area is a standard limiting the impact of a harmful substance on an adult workable part of the population during the period of time established by labor legislation. Completely unacceptably compare the levels of pollution of the residential zone with the limited permissible concentrations of the working area, as well as to talk about the maximum permissible concentration in the air in general, without specifying, what standard is we talking about.

Permissible level of radiation and other physical impact on the environment - This is a level that does not represent hazards for human health, the state of animals, plants, their genetic fund. The permissible level of radiation exposure is determined on the basis of radiation safety standards. Also installed permissible levels of impact of noise, vibration, magnetic fields.

Currently, a number of comprehensive indices of the atmosphere contamination are proposed (together with several polluting substances). The most common and recommended methodological documentation of the State Ecology Committee is a complex atmospheric pollution index. It is calculated as the sum of normalized for the average daily maximum permissible concentration and crucial sulfur dioxide concentration of medium substances.

Extremely allowable emission, or reset - This is the maximum amount of pollutants, which per unit of time is allowed to dispose of this particular enterprise into the atmosphere or dump in water, without causing exceeding the maximum permissible concentrations of pollutants and adverse environmental consequences.

The maximum allowable emission is set for each source of the air pollution and for each impurity ejected by this source in such a way that the emissions of harmful substances from this source and from the set of sources of the city or other settlement, taking into account the development of industrial enterprises and the dispersion of harmful substances in the atmosphere, do not create The surface concentration exceeds their maximum maximum maximum permissible concentration.

The main values \u200b\u200bof extremely permissible emissions are maximum one-time - installed under the condition of the full load of the technological and gas-friendly equipment and their normal operation and should not be exceeded in any 20-minute period of time.

Along with the maximum one-time (control) values \u200b\u200bof extremely permissible emissions, derivatives from them the annual values \u200b\u200bof extremely allowable emissions are established, for individual sources and enterprises as a whole, taking into account the time non-uniformity of emissions, including due to the planned repair of technological and gas-friendly equipment.

If the values \u200b\u200bof maximum permissible emissions for objective reasons cannot be achieved, for such enterprises are established. temporarily agreed emissions Harmful substances are introduced in a phased decrease in emissions of harmful substances to values \u200b\u200bthat ensure compliance with the values \u200b\u200bof maximum permissible emissions.

Public environmental monitoring It can solve the tasks of assessing the compliance of the enterprise's activities by the established values \u200b\u200bof maximum allowable emissions or temporarily agreed emissions by determining the concentrations of pollutants in the surface layer of air (for example, on the border of the sanitary protection zone).

To compare data on pollution with several substances of the atmosphere of different cities or areas of the city comprehensive Atmospheric Pollution Indicesmust be calculated for the same amount (N) impurities. When drawing up an annual list of cities with the highest level of pollution of the atmosphere to calculate the complex yn index, the values \u200b\u200bof single yi indices of those five substances that these values \u200b\u200bare the greatest.

The movement of pollutants in the atmosphere "does not comply with state borders", i.e. transboundary. Transboundary pollution - These are pollution suffered from the territory of one country to the other area.

To protect the atmosphere from negative anthropogenic effects in the form of contamination, the following measures are used:

Environmentalization of technological processes;

Cleaning gas emissions from harmful impurities;

Scattering gas emissions in the atmosphere;

Device of sanitary protection zones, architectural and planning solutions.

The most radical measure of the protection of the air basin from contamination is the environmentalization of technological processes and, first of all, the creation of closed technological cycles, waste-free and low-waste technologies, excluding harmful pollutants, in particular, the creation of continuous technological processes, preliminary cleaning of fuel or replacement Its more environmentally friendly species, the use of hydro-joint, translating the electric drive of various aggregates, gas recycling.

Under received technology Understand this principle of the organization of production, in which the cycle "Primary raw materials - production - consumption - secondary raw materials" is built with rational use of all components of raw materials, all types of energy and without disrupting environmental equilibrium.

Today, the priority is to combat the pollution of atmospheric air by the spent gases of cars. Currently, an active search for more "pure" fuels than gasoline is being conducted. The development of the carburetor engine to replace the carburetor engine to more eco-friendly types, trial models of electricity operating cars are created. The current level of environmentalization of technological processes is still insufficient for the complete prevention of gas emissions into the atmosphere. Therefore, various methods for cleaning outgoing gases from aerosols (dust) and toxic gas and vapor impurities are used everywhere. For cleaning emissions from aerosols, various types of devices are used depending on the degree of dustiness of the air, sizes of solid particles and the required cleaning level: dry dust collectors (cyclones, dustcasters), wet dust collectors (scrubbers), filters, electrical filters, catalytic, absorption and other methods for Purification of gases from toxic gas and vapor impurities.

Scattering gas impurities in the atmosphere - This is a decrease in their hazardous concentrations to the level of the corresponding maximum permissible concentration by dispelling the dust-gas emissions using high chimneys. The higher the pipe, the greater its scattering effect. But, as A. Mountains notes (1993): "The use of high chimneys, although it helped reduce local smoke pollution, complicated at the same time regional problems of acid rain falling."

Sanitary-protective zone - This is a strip separating the sources of industrial pollution from residential or public buildings to protect the population from the influence of harmful factors of production. The width of these zones is from 50 to 1000 m and depends on the class of production, the degree of harmfulness and the amount of substances isolated into the atmosphere. It should be noted that citizens whose dwelling turned out to be within the sanitary protection zone, protecting its constitutional right to a favorable environment, may require either the cessation of environmentally hazardous activities of the enterprise, or resettlement at the expense of an enterprise beyond the sanitary protection zone.

Architectural and planning activities include the correct mutual placement of emission sources and populated areas, taking into account the direction of winds, choosing to build an industrial enterprise of an even sublime place, well blown by the winds.

In the Law of the Russian Federation "On Environmental Protection" (2002) there is a separate article (Article 54), devoted to the problem of the protection of the ozone layer, which indicates its exceptional importance. The law provides for the following complex for the protection of the ozone layer:

Organization of observations of changes in the ozone layer under the influence of economic activities and other processes;

Compliance with the standards of permissible emissions of substances harmful to the state of the ozone layer;

Regulation of production and the use of chemicals that destroy the ozone layer of the atmosphere.

So, the question of the impact of a person on the atmosphere is in the center of attention of the eologists of the whole world, since the largest global environmental problems of modernity - the "greenhouse effect", a disruption of the ozone layer, the loss of acid rains, are associated with the anthropogenic air pollution. To evaluate and predict the influence of anthropogenic factors on the state of the Natural Environment of the Russian Federation, functions system background monitoringworking within the global atmosphere services and network of global background monitoring.

The main pollutants of atmospheric air generated both in the process of human economic activity and as a result of natural processes are sulfur dioxide SO 2, carbon dioxide CO 2, nitrogen oxides NO x, solid particles - aerosols. Their share is 98% in the total emissions of harmful substances. In addition to these major pollutants, there is still more than 70 names of harmful substances in the atmosphere: formaldehyde, phenol, benzene, lead compounds and other heavy metals, ammonia, serougerium, etc.

Environmental consequences of the pollution of the atmosphere

The most important environmental consequences of global pollution of the atmosphere include:

possible climate warming (greenhouse effect);
violation of the ozone layer;
precipitation of acid rain;
deterioration of health.

the greenhouse effect

Greenhouse effect is an increase in the temperature of the lower layers of the Earth's atmosphere compared with the effective temperature, i.e. The thermal radiation temperature of the planet observed from the space.

In December 1997, at a meeting in Kyoto (Japan), dedicated to the global climate change, delegates from more than 160 countries have adopted a convention that binds developed countries to reduce CO2 emissions. Kyoto Protocol obliges 38 industrialized countries to reduce by 2008-2012. CO2 emissions by 5% of the 1990 level:

The European Union must reduce CO2 emissions and other greenhouse gases by 8%,
USA - by 7%,
Japan is 6%.

The protocol provides for the cooting system for greenhouse gas emissions. Its essence is that each of the countries (as long as this applies only to thirty-eight countries, which have committed themselves to reduce emissions), receives permission to release a certain amount of greenhouse gases. It is assumed that some countries or companies will exceed the quota of emissions. In such cases, these countries or companies will be able to buy the right to additional emissions from those countries or companies whose emissions are less than the highlighted quota. Thus, it is assumed that the main goal is to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases in the next 15 years by 5% will be performed.

As other reasons that cause climate warming, scientists call the impermanence of solar activity, changing the magnetic field of the Earth and the atmospheric electric field.

Remedies

To protect the atmosphere from negative anthropogenic impact, the following basic measures are used.

1. Ecology of technological processes:

1.1. creation of closed technological cycles, low-waste technologies that exclude harmful substances into the atmosphere;
1.2. Reducing pollution from heat plants: centralized heat supply, pre-cleaning of fuel from sulfur compounds, the use of alternative energy sources, transition to high quality fuel (from coal to natural gas);
1.3. Reducing pollution from vehicles: the use of electric transport, cleaning of exhaust gases, the use of catalytic neutralizers for the hurry of fuel, the development of hydrogen transport, translation of transport flows per city.

2. Cleaning technological gas emissions from harmful impurities.
3. Dissection of gas emissions in the atmosphere. Dispersion is carried out using high chimneys (over 300 m height). This is a temporary, forced event, which is carried out due to the fact that existing treatment facilities do not provide complete purification of emissions from harmful substances.
4. Device of sanitary protection zones, architectural and planning solutions.

Sanitary protection zone (SZZ) - This is a strip separating the sources of industrial pollution from residential or public buildings to protect the population from the influence of harmful factors of production. The width of the SZZ is established depending on the class of production, the degree of harmfulness and the amount of substances isolated into the atmosphere (50-1000 m).

Architectural and planning solutions - Proper mutual placement of emissions and settlements, taking into account the direction of winds, the construction of roads to bypass settlements and others.

Email cleaning equipment:

devices for cleaning gas emissions from aerosols (dust, ash, soot);
devices for cleaning emissions from gas and vapor impurities (NO, NO 2, SO 2, SO 3, etc.)

Devices for cleaning technological emissions into the atmosphere from aerosols. Dry dust collectors (cyclones)

Dry dust collectors are designed for coarse mechanical cleaning from large and heavy dust. The principle of operation is the sedimentation of particles under the action of centrifugal force and gravity. Cyclones of various species were widespread: single, group, batteries.

In the diagram (Fig. 16) depicts a simplified design of a single cyclone. The dust-free stream is introduced into the cyclone through the inlet nozzle 2, twisted and performs rotational and translational movement along the housing 1. Dust particles are discarded under the action of centrifugal forces to the wall of the case, and then the gravity is collected in the dust bunker 4, where are periodically removed. The gas, freed from dust, turns 180º and comes out of the cyclone through the pipe 3.

Wet dust collectors (scrubbers)

Wet dust collectors are characterized by high purification efficiency from fine dust up to 2 microns. Work on the principle of precipitation of particles of dust on the surface of the droplets under the action of the forces of inertia or Brownian movement.

A dusty gas stream on a pipe 1 is sent to a liquid mirror 2, on which the largest particles of dust are deposited. Then, the gas rises to meet the flow of the liquid droplets supplied through the nozzles, where it takes place from small dust particles.

Filters

Designed for fine purification of gases due to the deposition of dust particles (up to 0.05 μm) on the surface of porous filtering partitions (Fig. 18). By type of filter loading, fabric filters (tissue, felt, spongy rubber) are distinguished and grainy. The choice of filter material is determined by the requirements for cleaning and working conditions: the degree of purification, temperature, gas aggressiveness, humidity, quantity and size of dust, etc.

Electrofilters

Electrofilters - an effective method of purification from suspended dust particles (0.01 microns), from oil mist. The principle of operation is based on the ionization and precipitation of particles in the electric field. At the surface of the coronating electrode, the dust freight is ionization. By purchasing a negative charge, dust particles move to a precipitating electrode, having a sign opposite to charge the coronating electrode. As they accumulate on the electrodes, dust particles fall under the action of gravity into the collection of dust or deleted by shaking.

Environmental consequences of the pollution of the atmosphere

The most important environmental consequences of global pollution of the atmosphere include:

1) Possible climate warming ("greenhouse effect");

2) disruption of the ozone layer;

3) Loss of acid rain.

Most scientists in the world consider them as the largest environmental issues of modernity.

the greenhouse effect

Currently, the observed climate change, which is expressed in a gradual increase in the average annual temperature, starting from the second half of the last century, most scientists are associated with accumulations in the atmosphere of the so-called "greenhouse gases" - carbon dioxide (CO 2), methane (CH 4), chlorofluorocarbons (freons), ozone (o 3), nitrogen oxides, etc. (see Table 9).

Table 9.

Anthropogenic air pollutants and associated changes (V. A. Vronsky, 1996)

Note. (+) - Strengthening effect; (-) - Reduced effect

Garnikovy gases, and first of all CO 2, prevent long-wave thermal radiation from the surface of the Earth. The atmosphere saturated with greenhouse gases acts as the roof of the greenhouse. It, on the one hand, passes inside most of the solar radiation, on the other - almost does not miss the heat, re-emitted the earth.

In connection with the burning person, an increasing number of fossil fuels: oil, gas, coal, etc. (annually more than 9 billion tons. Conditional fuel) - CO 2 concentration in the atmosphere is constantly increasing. Due to the emissions into the atmosphere during industrial production and the content of freons (chlorofluorocarbons) is growing. By 1-1.5% per year, the content of methane increases (emissions from underground mining, burning biomass, high-horned livestock, etc.). A lesser extent grows the content in the atmosphere and nitrogen oxide (by 0.3% annually).

The consequence of an increase in the concentrations of these gases, creating a "greenhouse effect", is the growth of the average global air temperature in the earth's surface. Over the past 100 years, the warmest were the warmest 1980, 1981, 1983, 1987 and 1988. In 1988, the average annual temperature was 0.4 degrees higher than in 1950-1980. Calculations of some scientists show that in 2005 it will be 1.3 ° C greater than in 1950-1980. The report prepared under the auspices of the UN International Group on Climate Change Problems is argued that by 2100 the temperature on Earth will increase by 2-4 degrees. The scale of warming for this relatively short time will be comparable to warming that occurred on the ground after the ice age, and therefore environmental consequences may be catastrophic. First of all, this is due to the estimated increase in the level of the oceans, due to the melting of polar ice, reducing the area of \u200b\u200bmountain glaciation, etc. Modeling the environmental consequences of increasing the ocean level of only 0.5-2.0 m by the end of the XXI century, Scientists have established that it will inevitably lead to a violation of climatic equilibrium, flooding of seaside plains in more than 30 countries, degradation of many-nesting rocks, soaring extensive territories and other adverse consequences.

However, a number of scientists see in the alleged global climate warming and positive environmental consequences. Increasing the concentration of CO 2 in the atmosphere and the associated increase in photosynthesis, as well as increasing climate moisturizing, in their opinion, lead to an increase in productivity of both natural phytocenoses (forests, meadows, savannah, etc.), and agrocenoses (cultivated plants, gardens , vineyards, etc.).

On the issue of the degree of influence of greenhouse gases on global climate warming, there is also no unity of opinion. Thus, in the report of an intergovernmental group of experts on climate change (1992), it is noted that the climate warming on 0.3-0.6 ° C, observed in the last century, could be mainly due to the natural variability of a number of climatic factors.

At the International Conference in Toronto (Canada) in 1985, the task is to reduce by 2010 by 20% of industrial carbon emissions to the atmosphere by 2010. But it is obvious that a tangible environmental effect can be obtained only when combining these measures with the global direction of environmental policies - the maximum possible preservation of communities of organisms, natural ecosystems and the entire Earth's biosphere.

Violation of the ozone layer

The ozone layer (ozoneosphere) covers the entire globe and is located at a height of 10 to 50 km with a maximum ozone concentration at an altitude of 20-25 km. The saturation of the ozone atmosphere is constantly changing in any part of the planet, reaching the maximum in the spring in the indoor region.

For the first time, the depletion of the ozone layer attracted the attention of the general public in 1985, when space with a reduced (up to 50%) of ozone was found above Antarctic, the name "ozone hole" was discovered. WITHas long as the measurement results confirm the widespread decrease in the ozone layer almost throughout the planet. For example, in Russia over the past ten years, the concentration of the ozone layer decreased by 4-6% in winter and 3% in the summer. Currently, the depletion of the ozone layer is recognized by all as a serious threat of global environmental safety. Reducing the concentration of ozone weakens the ability of the atmosphere to protect everything alive on Earth from rigid ultraviolet radiation (UV radiation). Living organisms are very vulnerable to ultraviolet radiation, for energy even one photon from these rays is enough to destroy chemical bonds in most organic molecules. It is not randomly in areas with a reduced ozone content of sunburn, there is an increase in the disease of people with skin cancer, etc. So, for example, according to a number of ecologic scientists, by 2030 in Russia, while maintaining the current growth rates of the ozone layer, skin cancer 6 million people. In addition to skin diseases, eye diseases (cataract, etc.) are possible, suppression of the immune system, etc.

It has also been established that plants under the influence of strong ultraviolet radiation gradually lose their ability to photosynthesis, and the violation of the vital activity of the plankton leads to the breaking of the trophic chains of the biota of aqueous ecosystems, and so on.

Science has not yet fully established, what are the main processes that violate the ozone layer. It is assumed both natural and the anthropogenic origin of "ozone holes". The latter, according to the majority of scientists, is more likely and is associated with the elevated content of chlorofluorocarbons (freons). Freamers are widely used in industrial production and in everyday life (refrigerations, solvents, sprayers, aerosol packaging, etc.). Rising into the atmosphere, freons decompose with the release of chlorine oxide, which is destroyed by the ozone molecules.

According to the International Environmental Organization "Greenpeace", the main suppliers of chlorofluorocarbons (freon) are USA- 30.85%, Japan - 12.42%, United Kingdom - 8.62% and Russia - 8.0%. The United States struck in the ozone layer "hole" of 7 million km 2, Japan - 3 million km 2, which is seven times more than the Square of Japan itself. Recently, in the United States and in a number of Western countries, factories for the production of new types of considerations (hydrochlorofluorocarbon) with low potential for the destruction of the ozone layer were constructed.

According to the minutes of the Montreal Conference (1990), then revised in London (1991) and Copenhagen (1992), it was planned to reduce chlorofluorocarbon emissions by 1998 by 50%. According to Art. 56 of the Law of the Russian Federation on the Protection of the Environmental Environment, in accordance with international agreements, all organizations and enterprises are required to reduce and subsequently stop the production and use of ozone-depleting substances.

A number of scientists continue to insist on the natural origin of the ozone hole. The reasons for its occurrence are seen in the natural variability of the ozoneosphere, the cyclic activity of the Sun, others associate these processes with riftogenesis and degarison of the Earth.

Acid rain

One of the most important environmental issues with which the oxidation of the natural environment is binding, -xloid rains . They are formed during industrial emissions into the atmosphere of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, which, connecting with atmospheric moisture, form sulfur and nitric acid. As a result, rain and snow are acidified (pH number below 5.6). In Bavaria (Germany) in August 1981, rains were rained with pH acidity \u003d 3.5. The maximum registered acidity of precipitation in Western Europe is pH \u003d 2.3.

The total global anthropogenic emissions of the two main air pollutants - the peroxidation of atmospheric moisture - SO 2 and NO are annually - more than 255 million tons.

According to Roshydromet, annually in Russia falls at least 4.22 million tons of sulfur, 4.0 million tons. Nitrogen (nitrate and ammonium) in the form of acidic compounds contained in atmospheric precipitation. As can be seen from Figure 10, the greatest loads of sulfur are observed in the densely populated and industrial regions of the country.

Figure 10. The average annual loss of sulfate sulfates / sq. km (2006)

High levels of sulfur losses (550-750 kg / square meters per year) and the amount of nitrogen compounds (370-720 kg / square meters per year) in the form of large areas of the area (several thousand square meters. Km) are observed in densely populated and Industrial regions of the country. An exception to this rule is the situation around the city of Norilsk, a trail of pollution from which exceeds the area and capacity of the fallout in the zone of pollution deposition in the Moscow region, in the Urals.

On the territory of most subjects of the Federation, the loss of sulfur and nitrate nitrogen from its own sources does not exceed 25% of their total deposits. The contribution of its own sources in sulfur exceeds this threshold in Murmansk (70%), Sverdlovsk (64%), Chelyabinsk (50%), Tula and Ryazan (40%) regions and in the Krasnoyarsk Territory (43%).

In general, on the European territory of the country, only 34% of sulfur falls has Russian origin. From the remaining part, 39% comes from European countries, and 27% from other sources. At the same time, Ukraine (367 thousand tons), Poland (86 thousand tons), Germany, Belarus and Estonia contributes the greatest contribution to the transboundary acidification of the natural environment.

A particularly dangerous situation is presented in the zone of the humid climate (from the Ryazan region and north in the European part and everywhere in the Urals), since these regions are distinguished by the natural heightened acidity of natural waters, which thanks to these emissions increases even more. In turn, it leads to the fall of the productivity of water bodies and an increase in the incidence of teeth and intestinal tract in humans.

On the huge territory, the natural environment is crying for, which is very negatively reflected in the state of all ecosystems. It turned out that natural ecosystems are destroyed even with a smaller level of air pollution than the one that is dangerous for a person. "Lakes and rivers, devoid of fish, dying forests - here are the sad consequences of the industrialization of the planet."

The danger is usually not acidic precipitates themselves, and the processes occurring under their influence. Under the action of acidic precipitation from the soil, not only the naturally necessary nutrients are leached, but also toxic heavy and light metals - lead, cadmium, aluminum, etc. subsequently, they themselves or formed toxic compounds are absorbed by plants and other soil organisms, which leads to very negative consequences.

The impact of acid rains reduces the stability of forests to droughts, diseases, natural pollution, which leads to even more pronounced their degradation as natural ecosystems.

A vivid example of the negative effects of acid precipitation on natural ecosystems is the acidification of the lakes. In our country, the area of \u200b\u200bsignificant acidification against acid precipitation reaches several tens of millions of hectares. Private cases of lakes (Karelia, etc.) are noted. The increased acidity of precipitation is observed along the western border (transboundary transfer of sulfur and other pollutants) and on the territory of a number of large industrial areas, as well as fragmentary on the Taimyr and Yakutia coast.

Monitoring of the pollution of the atmosphere

Observations on the level of air pollution in the cities of the Russian Federation are carried out by the territorial bodies of the Federal Service for Russia on Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring (Roshydromet). Roshydromet provides the functioning and development of the Unified State Environmental Monitoring Service. Roshydromet is a federal executive body, which organizes and conducts observations, assessment and forecast of the state of pollution of the atmosphere, providing simultaneously control over similar results of observations by various organizations in the cities. The functions of Roshydromet on the ground perform controls on hydrometeorology and environmental monitoring (UGMS) and its divisions.

According to 2006, the network of monitoring air pollution in Russia includes 251 city in which 674 stations run. Regular observations on Roshydromet networks are carried out in 228 cities at 619 stations (see Fig. 11).

Figure 11. Air pollution monitoring network - main stations (2006 g).

Stations are located in residential areas, near highways and large industrial enterprises. In the cities of Russia, concentrations of more than 20 different substances are measured. In addition to directly the data on the concentration of impurities, the system is complemented by information on meteorological conditions, the location of industrial enterprises and their emissions, on measurement methods, etc. Based on these data, their analysis and processing are preparing the annudents of the state of pollution of the atmosphere on the territory of the relevant management of hydrometeorology and environmental monitoring. Further summarization of information is carried out in the main geophysical observatory. A. I. Waikova in St. Petersburg. Here it is going and constantly replenished; It is based on and published annual states of the state of pollution of the atmosphere in Russia. They contain the results of the analysis and processing of extensive information on the contamination of the atmosphere by many harmful substances in Russia as a whole and on individual most polluted cities, information on climatic conditions and emissions of harmful substances from numerous enterprises, about the location of the main sources of emissions and on the atmosphere pollution network.

The data on the pollution of the atmosphere is important both to assess the level of pollution and to assess the risk of morbidity and mortality. In order to assess the state of air pollution in cities, there is a comparison of pollution levels with extremely permissible concentrations (MPC) substances in the air of populated areas or with the values \u200b\u200brecommended by the World Health Organization (WHO).

Atmospheric air protection measures

I. Legislative. The most important in ensuring the normal process on the protection of atmospheric air is the adoption of an appropriate legislative base, which would stimulate and helped in this difficult process. However, in Russia, no matter how regrettable it, it sounds, in recent years there is no significant progress in this area. The last pollution with which we are still encountered, the world has already survived 30-40 years ago and accepted protective measures, so we do not need to be inventing the bike. Experience of developed countries should be used and adopt laws that limit pollution that give state subsidies to manufacturers of environmentally cleaner machines and benefits to owners of such machines.

In the USA in 1998, a law enters into force to prevent further air pollution adopted by Congress four years ago. This period makes it possible to automatically adapt to new requirements, but by 1998, be kindly to produce at least 2 percent of electric vehicles and 20-30 percent of cars on gas fuel.

Earlier, the laws prescribing the release of more economical engines were adopted. And here's the result: In 1974, the average car in the United States spent 16.6 liters of gasoline per 100 kilometers, and twenty years later - only 7.7.

We are trying to go in the same way. In the State Duma there is a draft law "On public policy in the field of natural gas use as a motor fuel." This law provides for a decrease in the toxicity of emissions from trucks and buses, as a result of translating them to gas. If state support is provided, it is quite realistic to do so that by the 2000s we would have 700,000 cars working on gas (today they are 80 thousand).

However, our car manufacturers do not hurry, they prefer to create obstacles to the adoption of laws limiting their monopolism and reveal the mismanagement and technical backwardness of our production. In the year before last, the analysis of Moskomprods showed the terrible technical condition of domestic cars. 44% of Muscovites, who came from the AZLK conveyor, did not correspond to the GOST for toxicity! At ZIL, such cars were 11%, in gas - up to 6%. This shame for our automotive industry is even one percent unacceptable.

In general, in Russia there is practically no normal legislative framework that would regulate environmental relations and stimulated environmental activities.

II. Architecturally planning. These measures are aimed at regulating the construction of enterprises, planning urban development, taking into account environmental considerations, gardening of cities, etc. In the construction of enterprises, it is necessary to adhere to the rules established by law and prevent the construction of harmful industries in the city. It is necessary to carry out mass landscaping of cities, so on. Green plantings absorb many harmful substances from the air and contribute to the cleansing of the atmosphere. Unfortunately, in the modern period in Russia, green plantings do not increase how much is reduced. Not to mention the fact that the "sleeping areas" built at one time cannot withstand any criticism. Since in these areas, the same type of houses are too thick (for the sake of saving area) and the air, which is between them is subject to stagnation.

Extremely Ortre is also the problem of the rational location of the road network in the cities, as well as the quality of the roads themselves. It is no secret that thoughtlessly built in their time roads are completely not designed for a modern number of cars. In Perm, this problem is extremely acute and is one of the most important. We need urgent construction of the bypass road to unload the city center from the transit heavy vehicle. Capital reconstruction is also needed (and not cosmetic repairs) of road surface, construction of modern transport junctions, straightening of roads, sound-proof barriers and landscaping roadside stripes. Fortunately, despite the financial difficulty, recently there were movements in this area.

It is also necessary to ensure operational control over the state of the atmosphere, through the network of permanent and mobile control stations. Also should be ensured at least minimal control over the cleanliness of motor vehicles, through special checks. It is also impossible to allow combustion processes on various landfills, since in this case a large amount of harmful substances are distinguished with smoke.

III. Technological and sanitary technical. The following measures can be distinguished: rationalization of fuel combustion processes; improving the sealing of factory equipment; installation of high pipes; Mass use of sewage treatment devices, etc. It should be noted that the level of treatment facilities in Russia is at a primitive level, in many enterprises they are not at all and this is despite the harmful emissions of these enterprises.

Many production require immediate reconstruction and re-equipment. An important task is also translated into various boiler and thermal power plants on gas fuel. With this transition, emissions into the atmosphere of soot and hydrocarbons are repeated many times, not to mention economic benefits.

An equally important task is to educate the Russians of ecological consciousness. The lack of sewage treatment, of course, can be explained by a lack of money (and there is a large proportion of truth), but even if money, they prefer to spend anything, just not on the environment. The lack of elementary environmental thinking is particularly significantly affected. If programs exist in the West, through the implementation of which in children from childhood the foundations of environmental thinking are laid, then there are no significant progress in Russia in Russia. So far, the generation will not appear in Russia with a full-established environmental consciousness, there will be no significant progress in understanding and preventing the environmental consequences of human activity.

The main task of humanity in the current period is the complete awareness of the importance of environmental problems, and their cardinal decision in a short time. It is necessary to develop new methods of obtaining energy, based not on destructuring substances, but on other processes. Humanity as a whole should take on the solution of these problems, because if nothing does land will soon cease to exist as a planet suitable for habitat living organisms.