In what conditions was the formation of an industrial society. World history: the formation of an industrial society

Lesson 1. Formation of an industrial society. Industrial revolution.

We are going to get acquainted with the history of the 19th century. At this time in Western Europe and the USA the INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY was born and received its further development.

What preceded the industrial society? (traditional society / Traditional society is a society that is governed by tradition. The social order in it is characterized by a rigid class hierarchy, the existence of stable social communities, a special way of regulating the life of society based on traditions and customs.)

What is an industrial society? / Industrial society is a society formed in the process and as a result of industrialization, the development of machine production, the emergence of adequate forms of labor organization, the application of the achievements of scientific and technological progress.

In the 19th century, the transition from trad. total to industry total happens in the process -modernization is a long and very complex process; in its course, on the basis of industrialization, changes cover all aspects of life.

In the first half of the 19th century beginsfirst industrial revolution - the transition from manufactories to factories. Machines are made by machines.

In the 19th century. there are three echelons of modernization:

1st echelon - the countries of old capitalism (England, France), where the industrial. total develops evolutionarily and this development is natural.

2nd echelon - countries of young capitalism (Russia, USA, Germany, Italy, Austrian Empire), where modernization was carried out through reforms.

Echelon 3 - countries with a predominance of traditional society (Spain, Portugal, Latin America), where the processes of modernization were very limited.

Modernization in the countries of the East - modernization was delayed and limited. Since the countries of the East were under the influence of the capitalist countries, the peoples of the East were hostile to any innovations and modernizations, since they were descended from the colonialists. The exception was modern weapons.

What is characteristic of industrialization:

Rapid population growth;

Urban growth;

Development of science;

Migration flows are increasing (to the New World);

The outflow of people from the village to the city;

Manual labor is replaced by machines (the machines themselves begin to be produced with the help of machine tools);

Technological processes are becoming more complex;

The division of labor is deepening;

A global market is emerging;

Where does this lead:

The rivalry between the most developed countries is intensifying;

Overproduction;

Economic crises (the first in England in 1825, the world in 1858);

Wars;

Nations find themselves in economic dependence on each other;

Let's take a look at 19th century capitalism:

Based on private property and market economy.

For successful development it was necessary: \u200b\u200bthe availability of free capital, free labor, an abundance of natural resources.

In a free market, acted -competition - the struggle between entrepreneurs for the most favorable conditions for the production and sale of goods, ensuring the highest profit. \u003e\u003e the production of goods increased \u003e\u003e as a consequence of the economic crisis - the process of a decline in economic growth and the violent restoration of proportions disturbed in the course of economic development.

Arise Cartels - determining prices and dividing sales markets;Syndicates - associations engaged in joint marketing of products,Trusts - complete unification of property for joint production and marketing of products;Concerns - associations of trusts or enterprises dependent on a particular monopoly group.

What was invented : rifled barrel in a rifle, machine gun, steam fleet, lathe, steam locomotive and railway, seeders, threshers, open-hearth furnaces, a car with a steam engine, balloons, electric lighting, telegraph communications, dynamite.

What is changing in the political field:

After a series of revolutions and reforms, the democratization of state and public life takes place. The power of kings and emperors is limited by the constitution and parliament. The influence of political parties is growing. A new class is being formed -the bourgeoisie is a social-class category, which corresponds to the ruling class of capitalist society, which owns property and exists at the expense of income from this property.

The main social doctrines are taking shape: conservatism, liberalism and socialism.

Homework §1-2.

The classical characteristics of industrial society suggests that it is formed as a result of the development of machine production and the emergence of new forms of mass labor organization. Historically, this stage corresponded to the social situation in Western Europe in 1800-1960.

general characteristics

The generally accepted characteristic of an industrial society includes several fundamental features. What are they? First, an industrial society is based on a developed industry. There is a division of labor in it that contributes to increased productivity. Competition is an important feature. Without it, the characterization of industrial society would be incomplete.

Capitalism leads to the fact that entrepreneurial activity of brave and initiative people is actively growing. At the same time, civil society is developing, as well as the state administrative system. It becomes more efficient and more complex. An industrial society cannot be imagined without modern means of communication, urbanized cities and the high quality of life of the average citizen.

Technology development

Any characteristic of an industrial society, in short, includes such a phenomenon as the industrial revolution. It was she who allowed Great Britain to cease being an agrarian country, the first in human history. When the economy begins to rely not on the cultivation of crops, but on a new industry, the first shoots of an industrial society appear.

At the same time, there is a noticeable redistribution of labor resources. The labor force leaves agriculture and goes to the city for factories. Up to 15% of the population of the state remains in the agricultural sector. Urban population growth is also helping to revive trade.

In production, entrepreneurial activity becomes the main factor. The presence of this phenomenon is the characteristic of an industrial society. This relationship was first described briefly by the Austrian and American economist Joseph Schumpeter. On this path, society at a certain point is experiencing a scientific and technological revolution. After that, the post-industrial period begins, which already corresponds to the present.

Free society

Together with the onset of industrialization, society becomes socially mobile. This allows people to break the framework that exists under the traditional order, characteristic of the Middle Ages and the agrarian economy. In the state, the boundaries between the estates are blurred. Caste disappears in them. In other words, people can get rich and become successful thanks to their efforts and skills, without looking back at their own origins.

The characteristic of an industrial society consists in significant economic growth, which occurs due to an increase in the number of highly qualified specialists. In society, technicians and scientists are in the first place, who determine the future of the country. This order is also called technocracy or the power of technology. The work of merchants, advertising specialists and other people occupying a special position in the social structure is becoming more significant and weighty.

Folding nation states

Scientists have determined that the main characteristics of an industrial society boil down to the fact that it is industrial and becomes dominant in all areas of life from culture to economy. Together with urbanization and changes in social stratification, the emergence of nation states, formed around a common language, is taking place. Also, the unique culture of the ethnic group plays an important role in this process.

In the medieval agrarian society, the national factor was not so significant. In the Catholic kingdoms of the XIV century, belonging to one or another feudal lord was much more important. Even armies existed on a recruitment basis. It was only in the 19th century that the principle of national recruitment into the state armed forces was finally formed.

Demography

The demographic situation is changing. What is the characteristic of an industrial society hidden here? Signs of change boil down to a decline in fertility in one average family. People devote more time to their own education, standards in relation to the presence of offspring are changing. All this affects the number of children in one classical “cell of society”.

But at the same time, the mortality rate is falling. This is due to the development of medicine. Medical services and medicines are becoming more accessible to a wide segment of the population. Life expectancy increases. The population dies more in old age than in youth (for example, from disease or war).

Consumer society

The enrichment of people in the industrial era led to the emergence of the main motive of the labor of its members is the desire to buy and acquire as much as possible. A new system of values \u200b\u200bis emerging, which is built around the importance of material wealth.

The term was coined by the German sociologist Erich Fromm. In this context, he stressed the importance of reducing working hours, increasing the proportion of free time, and blurring the boundaries between classes. This is the characteristic of an industrial society. The table shows the main features of this period of human development.

Mass culture

The classic characteristic of an industrial society in terms of spheres of life says that consumption increases in each of them. Production begins to focus on the standards that define the so-called This phenomenon is one of the most striking features of an industrial society.

What is it? Popular culture formulates the basic psychological attitudes of the consumer society in the industrial era. Art is becoming available to everyone. It either willingly or unwillingly promotes certain norms of behavior. They can be called fashion or lifestyle. In the West, the flourishing of mass culture was accompanied by its commercialization and the creation of show business.

John Gelbraith's theory

Industrial society has been extensively studied by many scientists of the 20th century. One of the prominent economists in this line is John Galbraith. He substantiated several fundamental laws with the help of which the characteristics of an industrial society are formulated. At least 7 provisions of his theory became fundamental for new and modern trends.

Gelbraith believed that the development of an industrial society led not only to the establishment of capitalism, but also to the creation of monopolies. Large corporations in the economic conditions of the free market make wealth and absorb competitors. They control production, trade, capital, and progress in science and technology.

Strengthening the economic role of the state

An important characteristic, according to the theory of John Galbraith, is that in a country with a similar system of relationships, the state increases its intervention in the economy. Before that, in the agrarian era of the Middle Ages, the authorities simply did not have the resources to radically influence the market. In an industrial society, the situation is exactly the opposite.

The economist, in his own way, noted the development of technology in a new era. By this term, he meant the application of systematized new knowledge in production. Demands lead to the fact that corporations and the state triumph in the economy. This is due to the fact that it is they who become the owners of unique scientific production developments.

At the same time, Gelbraith believed that under industrial capitalism the capitalists themselves had lost their former influence. Now having money did not mean power and importance at all. Instead of owners, scientific and technical specialists come to the fore, who can propose new modern inventions and production methods. This is the characteristic of an industrial society. According to Galbraith's plan, the former working class is being eroded under these conditions. The strained relations between proletarians and capitalists are coming to naught thanks to technical progress and the equalization of the incomes of graduates.

Learning new material.

Lecture by the teacher. The main points are recorded in the notebook.

Changes in industrial society (abstract title

1) "The earth threw out its children."

German scientist Werner Sombart called the 19th century. the time when "the earth threw out its children."

Urban growth is one of the features of an industrial society. This process accelerated at the beginning of the 19th century. and continued thereafter. The rapid growth of cities was caused, firstly, by the overpopulation of the countryside, due to the improvement of land use and the introduction of advanced farming methods, as a result of which a lot of labor was freed up; secondly, the decline of small towns associated with the decline of handicraft production and small trade, as well as changes in transport: with the development of railway transport, the centers of industry moved to new areas. Therefore, in search of work, people were forced to change their place of residence.

The masses of the population, who have lived on earth for centuries, are moving and leaving their homes. Leaving the village gave rise to emigration, people left for other countries. Many local residents moved to large cities or new industrial centers of their country. In connection with the growth of agricultural productivity "the opportunity arose to feed the big cities.

In Great Britain, this "land of cities", nine out of ten Englishmen lived in cities. In France, only three out of ten people lived in cities, but everywhere the urban population grew at a very rapid rate. It is especially important that for the first time in history, cities began to dominate economic life.

Urban growth, an increase in the urban population and a decrease in the rural population.

People on the move. Since the 20s. XIX century. began a massive migration of Europeans to other continents. They left England, Germany, Scandinavian countries, Eastern and Southern Europe. They left for Latin America, Canada, Australia, South Africa, but most of the emigrants went to the United States. New York became the main port where expatriates arrived. To get there from Hamburg or Liverpool, it took 12 days of sailing, from Naples - 21 days. On Ellis Island in New York Bay, a "train station" was created for expatriates to register and obtain permission to enter the country. But first they were checked by the medical service. Between 6% and 10% of US arrivals were refused for medical reasons. Those who received permission were put on a ferry and sent to Manhattan. Here, in the heart of New York, they were left to their own devices.

Most of the newcomers settled down with friends, parents, countrymen. The city consisted of neighborhoods, each of which had its own language and customs. Emigrants were cheap labor, willing to accept the most difficult working conditions.

A sharp increase in emigration from European countries to the United States and other American countries. (In the 19th century, 50 million people left Europe, of which 35 million - to the United States)

2) Changes in social structure

Disappear estates, the class structure becomes more complicatedsociety. Throughout the 19th century. the industrial revolution changed the social structure of Western European society. The number of the bourgeoisie increased to wage industrial workers employed in capitalist production by the beginning of the 20th century. they became the main social groups of the industrial society. As for the main classes of traditional society - noble landowners and peasants, their number was decreasing. These changes took place depending on the pace of modernization.

In England, as you know, the classical landlord and peasant economy disappeared already in the 18th century, the revolution in France destroyed the landowners' property, and in the USA there were never any classes of traditional society. The landlord and peasant economy was preserved in the first half of the 19th century. in such countries of the second echelon of modernization as the Austrian Empire, Italy, in the German states. However, during the period of the Napoleonic wars in a number of German states and in the Austrian Empire, reforms were carried out that contributed to the development of a capitalist economy in the countryside. Former landowners turned into capitalist entrepreneurs who used hired labor, a significant part of the peasants became farmers or laborers, therefore, were included in the capitalist economy.

In a number of countries, estates were legally destroyed, and where they remained, the class barriers were destroyed in the process of modernization. The stratification also took place within the classes of society themselves. There was a big, middle and petty bourgeoisie, the working class and the peasantry were heterogeneous. It was generally difficult to classify a significant part of people in any particular class. For example, a land-poor peasant was forced to work for a large landowner simultaneously with work in his field. Who was he - a peasant or a hired worker?

The old estates are disappearing. The number of the bourgeoisie and wage workers is growing

New social structure of society:

The rule of the aristocracy is becoming a thing of the past. The aristocracy merges with the bourgeoisie, which leads to the formation of a new upper class.

The aristocracy is old and new. K. middle of the XIX century. the European aristocracy had to change their way of life in many ways, otherwise it would not have survived.

Many aristocrats still owned lands, and their life was connected more with the countryside than with the city. Spacious houses made it possible to receive many distinguished guests. Libraries, art collections, social events, hunting - everything made life enjoyable. Marriages, as a rule, were concluded in their own circle, therefore aristocratic families were connected by kinship.

In England, boys from such families were trained from childhood for political activity. After graduating from private privileged schools, they studied at Oxford or Cambridge. Then the parliament became the arena of their activity. In the middle of the XIX century. 4/5 of the members of the House of Commons in the English Parliament were landowners, and most of the ministers graduated from elite educational institutions.

But gradually, with the development of industrial society, the dominant position of the aristocracy is becoming a thing of the past. Part of the land is sold for urban development, forest holdings are decreasing. New times are placing new demands on those who want to pursue a career. The landed aristocracy holds leading positions in banks, industrial companies, and in the colonial administration.

Many aristocratic families are losing their wealth. And although the nobility treated the wealthy "upstarts" with contempt, many offspring of ancient families marry the heirs of large fortunes, and this leads to the fusion of the aristocracy and the bourgeoisie, the formation of a new "upper class".

The leading role in society is played by the big bourgeoisie.

New bourgeoisie.In the XIX century. in the economic and political life of states, the bourgeoisie is making itself heard louder and louder. Great success is achieved by the one about whom they said "a man who owes everything to himself." You already know the biographies of such people, just remember Benjamin Franklin.

A classic example of the rise of such a person in society is cited by the English writer W. Thackeray: “Old Man Pump sweeps the shop, runs on parcels, becomes a trusted clerk and companion; Pump the second becomes the head of the company, rakes in more and more money, marries his son to the count's daughter. Pump the third does not leave the bank, but the main business of his life is to become the father of Pump the fourth, and his offspring already by right of inheritance rule over our nation of snobs. "

In the XIX century. at the head of large-scale industry and banks were representatives of the bourgeoisie, who amassed millions of fortunes. They worked very hard, giving time and energy to their work. Their life was modest, but many sought to become part of the aristocracy. The politician Disraeli received the title of Lord Bickensfield from Queen Victoria, the Guinness brewer and the banker Rothschild became barons, Krupp and Siemens received titles of nobility in Germany.

A middle class appears - the mainstay of society

Middle class. A new phenomenon in the social life of the XIX century. was the emergence of a middle class that united the most diverse strata of society - the petty bourgeoisie, employees of private companies and government agencies. The middle class also included persons of the liberal professions - engineers, inventors, doctors, teachers, officers, lawyers, etc. One of the main signs of belonging to the middle class was a stable financial situation, although it was different for individual strata.

Among the representatives of the middle class in the second half of the XIX century. the category of lawyers stands out in particular. With the formation of the rule of law, civil society, the development of economic life, the need for lawyers has increased. They wrote constitutions, drew up codes of laws, made wills, advised bankers, entrepreneurs, and dealt with legal proceedings. Many politicians were lawyers by training. The middle class gives "stability" to society. As a rule, these people do not approve of social upheavals, preferring reforms to revolutions.

The working class is divided into skilled workers and unskilled workers

Highly a different working class. In the XIX century. the working class is formed, in industrialized countries it becomes heterogeneous. Highly skilled workers stand out, some historians called them the labor aristocracy. Their position in the enterprise was strong, the salary allowed them to give technical education to their sons, sometimes their children became employees. This was already a step up the social ladder. In England, by the beginning of the XX century. such workers accounted for a third of the total. Unskilled workers earned less than half, but sometimes family income was increased at the expense of working children. In low-income families, any expense, such as buying shoes, forced them to save on food, meals were canceled for several days. Half of the English workers could buy meat for lunch no more than once a week, and even then these were purchases made at 11 o'clock in the evening. Why at a time like this? Traditionally, in industrial cities, most of the population bought food on Saturday, after paying for a week's work. By eight o'clock in the evening, shops in the rich neighborhoods were closed, and in the poor, life was just beginning. The shops are brightly lit, the butchers screaming all over the street about the merits of their wares.

Here is a description of a Saturday evening in a working-class area of \u200b\u200bLondon, made by a contemporary: “Whole families walk along the sidewalks: a mother pushes a stroller, in which, besides the child ... there are also bags and packages, the father carries his son on his shoulders ... Concerts are held near taverns. .. By 11 o'clock in the evening, the aristocracy of the working class ... is already stocking up on provisions. Then emaciated, exhausted women in black straw hats, with baskets in their hands, appear. They shyly line up in rows near the butcher's shops, and the butchers sell them all the leftovers for a cheap fee: pieces of bones, offal, trimmings, etc. "

The apartment was also paid on Saturdays, and after missing two payments, an order followed to vacate the premises.

Women's and child labor.Looking in the evening in the area of \u200b\u200bLondon, where the candy and tobacco factories were located, one could see tired girls walking arm in arm in hats decorated with huge bunches of multi-colored ostrich feathers. These are "factory girls". From the age of 13 they are in the factory, from the age of 14 they are independent, since they pay their mothers for the apartment and table 5-6 shillings a week. Women also worked in factories, but most often they were widows or wives of drunkards and criminals. The decent English worker preferred his wife to take care of the house and the children. Many women worked as domestic workers, and with the development of entrepreneurship, new professions appeared for them: telephone operators, typists, secretaries. For their work, women received much less than men.

“A child of poverty, baptized in tears instead of a font,” wrote the English poet Langori of “factory children”. Despite a number of parliamentary laws, children continued to be used at the mosthard work, including in coal mines. Some worked at the bottom of the shaft, loading pony-drawn carts with coal. Others, sitting in total darkness, had to open and close the doors leading to the underground galleries every time the cart passed. Twelve-year-olds were doing this kind of stupefying work.

Only in 1893 was a law passed in England prohibiting the employment of children under 11 years old (before that, children from 8 years old were allowed to work). The working day lasted 6.5 hours, and after work 3 times a week, according to the law, they had to go to school. But the children were so tired that they slept in class.

"Factory children" had a bad complexion, stooped shoulders, narrow chest. It seemed that they were a different people, they were so different from those who did not have to ruin their health in factories.

A movement for the emancipation (rights) of women emerged

Women's movement for equal rights.The desire for freedom and independence was also expressed in the women's movement for equal rights and emancipation. This movement was initiated by the Great French Revolution. But equality did not extend to women for long - after 1793, women's clubs and newspapers were closed.

In 1840, American women filed a petition to Congress for equal rights with men, but received no response.

Until the 70s. XIX century. women did not enjoy equal property rights with men, and in the family they were subordinate to a husband or father. In England, women won the right to vote in 1918, led by Emmeline Pankhorst.

Today, an industrial society is a concept that is familiar in all developed and even many developing countries of the world. The process of transition to mechanical production, falling profitability of agriculture, the growth of cities and a clear division of labor are all the main features of the process that is changing the socio-economic structure of the state.

What is an industrial society?

In addition to production characteristics, this society is distinguished by a high standard of living, the formation of civil rights and freedoms, the emergence of service activities, accessible information and humane economic relations. Previous traditional socio-economic models were characterized by a relatively low average standard of living of the population.

The industrial society is considered modern; both technical and social components are developing very rapidly in it, affecting the improvement of the quality of life in general.

The main differences

The main difference between a traditional agrarian society and a modern one is the growth of industry, the need for modernized, accelerated and efficient production and the division of labor.

The main reasons for the division of labor and line production can be considered both economic - the financial benefits of mechanization, and social - population growth and increased demand for goods.

An industrial society is characterized not only by the growth of industrial production, but also by the systematization and flow of agricultural activities. In addition, in any country and in any society, the process of industrial reconstruction is accompanied by the development of science, technology, mass media and civic responsibility.

Changing the structure of society

Today, many developing countries are characterized by a particularly accelerated process of transition from a traditional society to an industrial one. The process of globalization and free information space play a significant role in changing socio-economic structures. New technologies and scientific advances make it possible to improve production processes, which makes a number of industries particularly efficient.

The processes of globalization and international cooperation and regulation are also influencing changes in social charters. Industrial society is characterized by a completely different worldview, when the expansion of rights and freedoms is perceived not as a concession, but as something due. In combination, such changes allow the state to become part of the world market both from an economic point of view and from a socio-political point of view.

The main features and signs of an industrial society

The main characteristics can be roughly divided into three groups: production, economic and social.

The main production features and signs of an industrial society are as follows:

mechanization of production;
reorganization of labor;
division of labor;
productivity increase.

Among the economic characteristics, it is necessary to highlight:

the growing influence of private production;
the emergence of a market for competitive goods;
expansion of sales markets.

The main economic feature of an industrial society is uneven economic development. Crisis, inflation, decline in production - all these are frequent phenomena in the economy of an industrial state. The Industrial Revolution is by no means a guarantee of stability.

The main feature of an industrial society in terms of its social development is a change in values \u200b\u200band worldview, which is influenced by:

development and accessibility of education;
improving the quality of life;
popularization of culture and art;
urbanization;
expansion of human rights and freedoms.

It should be noted that industrial society is also characterized by reckless exploitation of natural resources, including irreplaceable ones, and almost complete disregard for the environment.

Historical background

In addition to economic benefits and population growth, the industrial development of society was due to a number of other reasons. In traditional states, most people were able to provide for their livelihood, and nothing more. Only a few could afford comfort, education and pleasure. The agrarian society was forced to switch to the agrarian-industrial one. This transition allowed for an increase in production. However, the agrarian-industrial society was characterized by the inhumane attitude of the owners to the workers and a low level of mechanization of production.

Preindustrial socio-economic models were based on various forms of slaveholding, which indicated the absence of universal freedoms and a low average living standard of the population.

Industrial Revolution

The transition to an industrial society began during the industrial revolution. It is this period, the 18th-19th centuries, that is responsible for the transition from manual to mechanized labor. The beginning and middle of the 19th century were the apogee of industrialization in a number of the world's leading powers.

During the industrial revolution, the main features of the modern state took shape, such as production growth, urbanization, economic growth and the capitalist model of social development.

Usually the industrial revolution is associated with the growth of machine production and intensive technological development, however, it was during this period that the main socio-political changes took place that influenced the formation of a new society.

Industrialization

There are three main sectors in the composition of both the world and the state economy:

Primary - resource extraction and farming.
Secondary - the processing of resources and the creation of food products.
Tertiary is a service industry.

Traditional social structures were based on the superiority of the primary sector. Subsequently, during the transition period, the secondary sector began to catch up with the primary, and the service sector began to grow. Industrialization is the expansion of the secondary sector of the economy.

This process took place in world history in two stages: the technical revolution, which includes the creation of mechanized factories and the abandonment of manufacturing, and the modernization of devices - the invention of the conveyor, electrical appliances and motors.

Urbanization

In the modern sense, urbanization is the increase in the population of large cities due to migration from rural areas. However, the transition to an industrial society was characterized by a broader interpretation of the concept.

Cities became not only places of work and migration of the population, but also cultural and economic centers. It was the cities that became the border of the true division of labor - the territorial one.

The future of industrial society

Today in developed countries there is a transition from a modern industrial society to a post-industrial one. There is a change in the values \u200b\u200band criteria of human capital.

The knowledge industry should become the engine of the post-industrial society and its economy. Therefore, scientific discoveries and technological developments of the new generation play an important role in many states. Professionals with a high level of education, good learning ability, and creative thinking are considered valuable working capital. The dominant sector of the traditional economy will be tertiary, that is, the service sector.

1. Organizing time.

2. Updating knowledge on the topic: "Industrial revolution: achievements and problems"

Written survey

Option 1.

II. Henry Ford

III. How is a traditional society different from an industrial one? Give examples of technical inventions of the 19th century.

Option 2.

I. Do you agree with the statements:

II. Henry Ford

III. What is the industrial revolution and its completion? Give examples of technical inventions of the 19th century. Give examples of technical inventions of the 19th century.

3. Learning new material.

Lecture by the teacher. The main points are recorded in the notebook.

Changes in industrial society ( abstract title )

1) "The earth threw out its children."

German scientist Werner Sombart called the 19th century. the time when "the earth threw out its children."

Urban growth is one of the features of an industrial society. This process accelerated at the beginning of the 19th century. and continued thereafter. The rapid growth of cities was caused, firstly, by overpopulation of the countryside, due to the improvement of land use and the introduction of advanced farming methods, as a result of which a lot of labor was freed up; secondly, the decline of small towns associated with the decline in handicraft production and small trade, as well as changes in transport: with the development of railway transport, the centers of industry moved to new areas. Therefore, in search of work, people were forced to change their place of residence.

ü Urban growth, an increase in the urban population and a decrease in the rural population.

People on the move.Since the 20s. XIX century began a massive migration of Europeans to other continents. They left England, Germany, Scandinavian countries, Eastern and Southern Europe. They left for Latin America, Canada, Australia, South Africa, but most of the emigrants went to the United States. New York became the main port where emigrants arrived. To get there from Hamburg or Liverpool, it took 12 days of sailing, from Naples - 21 days. On Ellis Island in New York Bay, a "train station" was created for expatriates to register and obtain permission to enter the country. But first they were checked by the medical service. Between 6% and 10% of US arrivals were refused for medical reasons. Those who received permission were put on a ferry and sent to Manhattan. Here, in the heart of New York, they were left to their own devices.

Most of the newcomers settled down with friends, parents, countrymen. The city consisted of quarters, each of which had its own language and customs. Emigrants were cheap labor, willing to accept the most difficult working conditions.

ü A sharp increase in emigration from European countries to the United States and other American countries. (In the 19th century, 50 million people left Europe, of which 35 million - to the United States)

2) Changes in social structure

Disappearestates, the class structure becomes more complicated society.Throughout the 19th century. the industrial revolution changed the social structure of Western European society. The number of the bourgeoisie increased to wage industrial workers employed in capitalist production by the beginning of the 20th century. they became the main social groups of the industrial society. As for the main classes of traditional society - noble landowners and peasants, their number was decreasing. These changes took place depending on the pace of modernization.

In a number of countries, estates were legally destroyed, and where they remained, the class barriers were destroyed in the process of modernization. The stratification also took place within the classes of society themselves. There was a large, middle and petty bourgeoisie, the working class and the peasantry were heterogeneous. It was generally difficult to classify a significant part of people in any particular class. For example, a land-poor peasant was forced, simultaneously with work in his field, to work for hire for a large landowner. Who was he - a peasant or a hired worker?

ü The old estates are disappearing. The number of the bourgeoisie and wage workers is growing

New social structure of society:

ü The rule of the aristocracy is becoming a thing of the past. The aristocracy merges with the bourgeoisie, which leads to the formation of a new upper class.

Aristocracyold and new.K. middle of the XIX century. the European aristocracy had to change their way of life in many respects, otherwise it would not have survived.

ü The leading role in society is played by the big bourgeoisie.

New bourgeoisie.In the XIX century. in the economic and political life of states, the bourgeoisie is making itself heard louder and louder. Great success is achieved by the one about whom they said "a man who owes everything to himself." You already know the biographies of such people, just remember Benjamin Franklin.

A classic example of the rise of such a person in society is cited by the English writer W. Thackeray: “Old Man Pump sweeps the shop, runs on parcels, becomes a trusted clerk and companion; Pump the second becomes the head of the company, rakes in more and more money, marries his son to the count's daughter. Pump the third does not leave the bank, but the main business of his life is to become the father of Pump the fourth, and his offspring already, by right of inheritance, rule over our nation of snobs. "

In the XIX century. at the head of large-scale industry and banks were representatives of the bourgeoisie, who made millions of fortunes. They worked very hard, giving time and energy to their work. Their life was modest, but many aspired to become part of the aristocracy. The politician Disraeli received the title of Lord Bickensfield from Queen Victoria, the Guinness brewer and the banker Rothschild became barons, Krupp and Siemens received titles of nobility in Germany.

ü A middle class appears - the mainstay of society

Middle class.A new phenomenon in the social life of the XIX century. the emergence of the middle class, which united the most diverse strata of society - the petty bourgeoisie, employees of private companies and government agencies. The middle class also included persons of the liberal professions - engineers, inventors, doctors, teachers, officers, lawyers, etc. One of the main signs of belonging to the middle class was a stable financial situation, although it was different for individual strata.

ü The working class is divided into skilled workers and unskilled workers

Highlya different working class. In the XIX century. the working class is formed, in industrialized countries it becomes heterogeneous. Highly skilled workers stand out, some historians called them the labor aristocracy. Their position in the enterprise was strong, the salary allowed them to give technical education to their sons, sometimes their children became employees. This was already a step up the social ladder. In England, by the beginning of the XX century. such workers accounted for a third of the total. Unskilled workers earned less than half, but sometimes family income was increased at the expense of working children. In low-income families, any expense, such as buying shoes, forced them to save on food, meals were canceled for several days. Half of the English workers could buy meat for lunch no more than once a week, and even then these were purchases made at 11 o'clock in the evening. Why at a time like this? Traditionally, in industrial cities, most of the population bought food on Saturday, after paying for a week's work. By eight o'clock in the evening, shops in the rich neighborhoods were closed, and in the poor, life was just beginning. The shops are brightly lit, the butchers screaming all over the street about the merits of their wares.

Here is a description of a Saturday evening in a working-class district of London, made by a contemporary: “Whole families walk along the sidewalks: a mother pushes a stroller, in which, besides the child ... there are also bags and packages, the father carries his son on his shoulders ... Concerts are held near taverns. .. By 11 o'clock in the evening, the aristocracy of the working class ... is already stocking up on provisions. Then there are emaciated, exhausted women in black straw hats, with baskets in their hands. They shyly line up in rows near the butcher shops, and the butchers sell them all the leftovers for a cheap price: pieces of bones, offal, trimmings, etc. "

The apartment was also paid on Saturdays, and after missing two payments, an order followed to vacate the premises.

Women's and child labor.Looking in the evening in the London area, where the candy and tobacco factories were located, one could see tired girls walking arm in arm in hats decorated with huge bunches of multi-colored ostrich feathers. These are "factory girls". From the age of 13 they are in the factory, from the age of 14 they are independent, since they pay their mothers for the apartment and table 5-6 shillings a week. Women also worked in factories, but most often they were widows or wives of drunkards and criminals. The decent English worker preferred his wife to take care of the house and the children. Many women worked as domestic workers, and with the development of entrepreneurship, new professions appeared for them: telephone operators, typists, secretaries. For their work, women received much less than men.

“A child of poverty, baptized in tears instead of a font,” wrote the English poet Langori of “factory children”. Despite a number of parliamentary laws, children continued to be used in the most difficult jobs, including in coal mines. Some worked at the bottom of the shaft, loading pony-drawn carts with coal. Others, sitting in total darkness, had to open and close the doors leading to the underground galleries every time the cart passed. Twelve-year-olds were doing this kind of stupefying work.

ü A movement for the emancipation (rights) of women emerged

Women's movement for equal rights.The desire for freedom and independence was also expressed in the women's movement for equal rights and emancipation. This movement was initiated by the Great French Revolution. But equality did not extend to women for long - after 1793, women's clubs and newspapers were closed.

In 1840, American women filed a petition to Congress for equal rights with men, but received no response.

4. Anchoring.

Assignment: read § 4, Give a detailed answer to the question: What technical inventions changed the daily life of people in the 19th century? What were these changes ( trams, newspapers, sewing machines, comfortable living, fashion, food, telephone, typewriter ) Homework. §§ 3-4, complete writing assignment.

Grade 8, 07/08 TOPIC 1... Formation of an industrial society. Man in a new era.

LESSON № 4. Science. Creation of a scientific picture of the world

Lesson objectives:

Educational: identify trends in the development of scientific thought in Europe in the 19th century, consider the achievements of scientific thought in the 19th century.

Developing: develop the skills of independent work, the ability to fill out a table and highlight the main thing in the text.

Educational: foster respect for the power of the human intellect, faith in the greatness of science that serves man

Lesson type: learning new material

Teaching methods: reproductive and b / n

Forms of work: teacher's introduction, independent work with a textbook, work on filling out the table

1. Organizing time.

2. Learning new material.

1) The reasons for the rapid development of physics and other natural sciences.

Teacher's story.

XIX - early XX century - a special time in the development of science. Great discoveries follow one another. It seemed that some invisible wizard had pulled back the curtain hiding the secrets of nature and man. But this wizard was the human mind.

New discoveries destroy the idea that nature obeys the exact laws of mechanics.

We will consider only a few of them. You will learn a lot in the lessons of mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, etc. And here we will talk about those discoveries in the field of physics and natural sciences, without which the development of an industrial society would have been impossible.

Life itself demanded to know the laws of mechanics and electricity, the properties of materials and substances used in production, to find ways to measure speed, pressure, etc. At the same time, technological progress made it possible to create the instruments necessary for scientific research.

The main feature of natural science discoveries in the second half of the 19th century. was that they radically changed the idea of \u200b\u200bthe structure of matter, space, time, movement, the development of living nature, the place of man in nature, the origin of life on Earth.

2) Scientific achievements of the 19th century.

The filling of the table is organized, see pages 39-44.

Scientific area	Opening year	Scientist (years of life)
Physics		Michael Faraday	Discovered the phenomenon of electromagnetism. This allowed us to start creating an electric motor.
	Maxwell	Developed the electromagnetic theory of light. There are invisible electromagnetic waves in nature that transmit electricity in space.
	Heinrich Hertz	Confirmed the existence of electromagnetic waves, found that they propagate at a speed of 300 thousand km / s
		Created the first wireless telegraph
	J. Stoney	Introduced the term "Electron" into science
		Opened invisible X-rays. Based on this discovery, an X-ray machine was created.
	Pierre Curie and Maria Sklodowska - Curie	Discovered radioactivity. They proved that the atom is not the smallest particle and also divides
Natural science			Evolutionary theory of human origin. Human ancestors - monkeys
	Louis Pasteur	Praise the absurdity with a cowardly soul And make friends with fools ?! I have tasted both the sweetness and the bitterness of love, I believed in sincere friendship early on. Matrons discuss my impulses, And I learned that my friend was a hypocrite. What is wealth ?! It will be destroyed in a day At the request of the tyrant il rock; What is the title to me? - the power of the lying shadow; Only glory I long for deeply! I’m a stranger to lies, I still don’t know how I varnish the truth with fashion, So why endure the hateful supervision And wasting years on stupidity? Byron "On the sea robber" They sit on the golden sand Daggers sharpen, throw a bank, eat And they look, taking their weapons, On a blade dull with blood. Who fixes the boat - steering wheel or oar, Who wanders in thoughts, drooping brow; Who is harder, catching birds in the snare Or dries the net and rules the floats; Glaring into the blue twilight, Awaiting the distant sails carrying the battle; They keep count of things long gone, They wonder, somewhere their luck awaits ... Goodbye joy will be short: The wonderful moment is soon over. Hurry, Juan, take us to the leader! "... To the high tower, gloomy in the gloom, A path carved into the rock Where the ivy winds, where the wild flowers And where are the keys, falling from a height. Flow and splash like streams of tears And five are calling, from cliff to cliff They climb. Who, is lonely Stands between the rocks and looks to the east, Leaning on the sword with a strong hand, Denied joy and peace? .. He looks like a demon by his actions, The hero of the legends was a good person. ".. The face is weathered, on a white forehead A black sheaf of thick curls falls, Arrogant dreams of a proud mouth, By restraining, it still gives out. But there is something that he conceals in himself; Variability of a mobile face Sometimes it attracts, confuses endlessly, And it seems like it is hiding underneath A game of deaf, but furious passions. 2) *CRITICAL REALISM - arises in the 30s. 19th century* *Main features:* ü *Show the world, trying to reveal the causes of the ugly phenomena of life;* ü *Refusal of romanticism and an attempt to look at the world with a sober look* ü *Man is seen as a product of society.* ü *Art should criticize and point out the vices of society and man.* *Example: Honore de Balzac "Gobsek"* “I don’t know if you can imagine from my words the face of this man, which I, with the permission of the Academy, is ready to name lunar face, for his yellowish pallor resembled the color of silver from which the gilding had peeled off. My moneylender's hair was perfectly straight, always neatly combed and heavily streaked with gray - ash gray. Facial features, motionless, impassive, like Talleyrand's, seemed cast in bronze. His eyes, small and yellow, like a ferret, and almost without eyelashes, could not stand the bright light, so he protected them with the large visor of a battered cap. The sharp tip of a long nose, pitted with mountain ash, looked like a gimbal, and the lips were thin, like those of alchemists and ancient old men in the paintings of Rembrandt and Met-su. This man spoke quietly, softly, never got excited. His age was a mystery: I could never understand whether he was old before the time or well preserved and will remain youthful forever and ever. Everything in his room was worn and tidy, from the green cloth on the desk to the rug in front of the bed, just like the cold abode of a lonely spinster who cleaned and waxed furniture all day. In the winter in his fireplace, smoldering smolders, covered with a heap of ash, never burst into flames. From the first minute of awakening to the evening fits of coughing, all his actions were measured, like the movements of a pendulum. It was some kind of machine gun who was turned on every day. If you touch a woodlouse crawling on the paper, it will instantly stop and freeze; just as this man, during the conversation, suddenly fell silent, waiting until the noise of the carriage passing under the windows died down, since he did not want to strain his voice. Following the example of Fontenelle, he saved life energy, suppressing all human feelings in himself. And his life passed as quietly as the sand streams down in a stream in an old hourglass. Sometimes his victims were indignant, raised a frantic cry, then suddenly there was a dead silence, like in a kitchen when a duck is slaughtered in it. By evening, the man-bill of exchange became an ordinary man, and the ingot of metal in his chest became a human heart. If he was pleased with the past day, he rubbed his hands, and from the deep wrinkles that furrowed his face, as if a smoke of gaiety was rising, it is really impossible to portray in other words his grin, the play of facial muscles, which probably expresses the same sensations as and the silent laughter of Leather Stocking. Always, even in moments of greatest joy, he spoke in monosyllables and kept restraint. "