Feudal fragmentation, features of the divided Russian principalities. Comparison of the Novgorod land and the Vladimir-Suzdal principality Comparative table of the principalities of ancient Russia

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Kiev principality during the period of feudal fragmentation. In conditions fragmentation The Kiev table continued to be considered the "oldest" one. Despite the loss Kiev of the all-Russian values, wrestling for the possession of it continued until the invasion of the Mongol Tatars... After death in 1132 eldest son Vladimir Monomakh, Prince Mstislav the Great, the Kiev table passed to the next oldest son of Monomakh - Yaropolk (1132 -1138 ), and then to his younger brother Vyacheslav Turovsky(d. in 1154 ). But the desire of the Monomashiches to consider Kiev as their own " father's"possession met counteraction from the Chernihiv Olgovichi... V 1139 the eldest of them, Vsevolod Olegovich seized the Kiev throne, and before his death in 1146 he bequeathed it to his brother Igor. However, he was soon overthrown as a result of the Kiev uprising. Monomakh's grandson took possession of Kiev - Izyaslav Mstislavich... His reign was disputed by his uncle, the Rostov-Suzdal prince Yuri Vladimirovich Dolgoruky... A long struggle ensued, during which Kiev passed from hand to hand more than once. V 1146 an unsuccessful campaign of the Kiev-Chernigov coalitions on Galich... Only after the death of Izyaslav in 1154 Yuri took over city.

Panorama of ancient Kiev

V 1160 took the Kiev throne Chernigov and Smolensk prince Rostislav Mstislavich who ruled until his death in 1167 ... In the next decade, the princes on the Kiev throne changed 12 times. Suzdal prince Andrey Bogolyubsky, who remained after the death of Rostislav "the oldest" among the descendants of Monomakh, tried to arrogate to himself the right to dispose of Kiev reign but failed. V 1180 in Kiev began to rule Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich Chernigov (before 1194 ). In the context of the all-Russian struggle for Kiev, the local boyars strove with the help of the duumvirate to end strife and to political stabilization in his principality. As more and more princes were drawn into the struggle, the Kiev boyars began to resort to the system princely duumvirate ( dual power), inviting two or more rival groupings than was achieved for a while relative political balance. Boyars invitation 3 MAY 1113 Monomakh to Kiev (bypassing the then accepted order of inheritance) was a precedent used later to substantiate his "right" to choose a strong and pleasing prince and to conclude a "row" with him that protected them territorially. corporate interests... The duumvirate was finally established with 1176 when the Kiev table was occupied by the representative of the Olgovichi prince Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich, and the rest of the territory of the principality began to be owned by the representative of the Smolensk branch of the Monomashiches - Rurik Rostislavich (died in 1212 ; v 1195-1202 ruled in Kiev). In the struggle for Kiev during this period, no participated only Polotsk Izyaslavichi, Muromo-Ryazan Yaroslavich and Tour-Pinsk Svyatopolchichi. The principality achieved a temporary strengthening under Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich of Chernigov, Roman Mstislavich Volynsky... In the XIII century. the principality fell into decay, the ebb of the population began to the north-west. Daniil Romanovich Galitsky, into whose hands Kiev passed shortly before taking it Batu, has already limited himself to assigning his posadnik from the boyars.

In the era of feudal fragmentation, three centers rose, which began the process of collecting land. In the southwest, Vladimir-Volynsky became such a center, in the northwest - Veliky Novgorod, and in the northeast - Vladimir-on-Klyazma. The rise of Veliky Novgorod was associated with its special position during the time of united Russia: before accession to Kiev, many great dukes were governors of their fathers in Novgorod.

The rise of Vladimir-Volynsky and Vladimir-on-Klyazma was associated with the activities of the appanage princes who ruled in these cities: Mstislav Galitsky and Andrey Bogolyubsky. These powerful rulers subjugated neighboring appanage reigns and took part in the struggle for the right to rule in Kiev. However, their power no longer depended much on who was titled the Grand Duke.

Three new centers of Russia began to gather land around them at the beginning of the 12th century, but this process was stopped in the middle of the century by the Mongol-Tatar invasion. Over time, the old centers fell into decay. The centralization of the Russian lands was completed by the middle of the sixteenth century.

Vladimir-Suzdal principality	Kiev principality.	Novgorod principality	Galicia-Volyn principality
	All-Russian "table"	All-Russian "table". Novgorod reign is a step to Kiev.
The consequence of the process of colonization of North-Eastern Russia during the period of feudal fragmentation was: a) increasing dependence of the population on the princely power b) active construction of cities c) intensive development of agriculture and handicrafts Indicate where the main colonization was not sent from Western Russia. Indicate where the main colonization was sent from the flow of newcomers to Northeastern Russia during the period feudal fragmentation and before him. Western Russia. 1) South-Western (Galicia-Volyn) Russia 2) North-Western (Novgorod) Russia 3) South-Eastern (Pereyaslav-Chernigov) Russia		The consequence of the process of colonization of North-Western Russia during the period of feudal fragmentation was: intensive development of agriculture and handicrafts The "northern" path of East Slavic colonization led to the region: Ladoga and Ilmensky lakes	The unification of the Galicia and Volyn principalities into a single Galicia-Volyn principality took place during the years of reign: Roman Mstislavich Volynsky (1199-1205). The "southern" path of East Slavic colonization led to the region: a) Carpathian region b) Middle Transnistria
		The Novgorod version of civilizational development assumed the strengthening of the role of boyar duma	The southwestern version of civilizational development presupposed an increase in the role of boyar duma.
1) Yuri Dolgoruky (1125-1157) - son of V. Monomakh reigned in ... Ryazan principality. He turned the Rostov-Suzdal land into a vast principality.		Reasons for the rise of Novgorod: strengthening trade ties with Europe	Yaroslav Osmomysl
2) Andrey Bogolyubsky (1157-1174 3)) - grandson of V Monomakh. Was a typical prince of the era of feudal fragmentation Andrey Bogolyubsky moved the capital to Vladimir What is the architectural monument in Vladimir-Suzdal Rus, the construction of which dates back to the rule Andrei Bogolyubsky. 1. Bogolyubovsky castle (1158-1160) 2 Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir-on-Klyazma 3. Church of the Intercession on the Nerl Andrey Bogolyubsky reigned in the Ryazan principality.		Control system The head of Novgorod self-government during the fragmented sti of Russia was considered: a posadnik. The main function of tysyatsky in Novgorod during the fragmentation of Russia was: command of the Novgorod "thousand" (militia) the prince was not a full-fledged lord, he ruled the city, but served him. Archbishop: spiritual leader, court, city-wide treasury, "lord's regiment" veche: 1.collection of taxes and the exercise of the merchant court 2) the conclusion of international treaties	1) Igor Seversky Prince Novgorod-Seversky and Chernigov: in 1185 organized an unsuccessful campaign against the Polovtsians. "A word about Igor's regiment"
Vsevolod III The Great Nest (1177-1212) The highest power. Became known as the "Grand Duke" Dmitrovsky Cathedral in Vladimir-on-Klyazma
Name the prince who moved the capital of the Northeast Russia from Rostov the Great to Suzdal.		In the Novgorod Republic of the period of fragmentation, the leading political and leading social roles belonged to: boyars	Igor Svyatoslavich (1150-1202)
Yuri Vsevolodovich			Daniil Galitsky "Do not kill the bees, do not eat honey." Support for the squad in the fight against the nobility.

After the death of the Kiev prince Yaroslav the Wise in 1054, the process of disintegration of the formerly united state began in Russia. Similar events took place in Western Europe. This was a general trend in the feudal Middle Ages. Gradually, Russia was divided into several de facto independent principalities with common traditions, culture and the Rurik dynasty. The most important year for the country was 1132, when Mstislav the Great died. It is this date that historians consider the beginning of the final political fragmentation. In this state, Russia existed until the middle of the XIII century, when it survived the invasion of the Mongol-Tatar troops.

Kiev land

Over the years, the principalities of ancient Russia divided, united, the ruling branches of the Rurik dynasty changed, etc. Nevertheless, despite the complexity of these events, several key destinies can be distinguished that played the most important role in the life of the country. Even after the actual collapse of the de jure, it was the Kiev prince who was considered the eldest.

A variety of appanage rulers tried to establish control over the "mother of Russian cities". Therefore, if the appanage principalities of ancient Russia had their own hereditary dynasties, then Kiev most often passed from hand to hand. After the death of Mstislav Vladimirovich in 1132, the city briefly became the property of the Chernigov Rurikovichs. This did not suit other members of the dynasty. Due to the subsequent wars, Kiev first ceased to control the Pereyaslavskoe, Turovskoe and Vladimir-Volyn princedoms, and then (in 1169) it was completely plundered by the army of Andrei Bogolyubsky and finally lost its political significance.

Chernihiv

Ancient Rus in Chernigov land belonged to the descendants of Svyatoslav Yaroslavovich. They were in conflict with Kiev for a long time. Over the course of several decades, the Chernigov dynasty was divided into two branches: the Olgovichi and the Davydovichi. With each generation, more and more new appanage principalities arose that split off from Chernigov (Novgorod-Seversk, Bryansk, Kursk, etc.).

Historians consider Svyatoslav Olgovich to be the brightest ruler of this region. He was an ally It was with their allied feast in Moscow in 1147 that the history of the capital of Russia, confirmed by the chronicles, begins. When the principalities of ancient Russia united in the struggle against the Mongols that appeared in the east, the appanage rulers of the Chernigov land came forward together with the rest of the Rurikovichs and were defeated in the invasion of the steppe dwellers, which affected not the entire principality, but only its eastern part. Nevertheless, it recognized itself as a vassal of the Golden Horde (after the painful death of Mikhail Vsevolodovich). In the XIV century, Chernigov, along with many neighboring cities, was annexed to Lithuania.

Polotsk Territory

Izyaslavichi (descendants of Izyaslav Vladimirovich) ruled in Polotsk. This branch of the Rurikovich stood out earlier than others. In addition, Polotsk was the first to start an armed struggle for independence from Kiev. The earliest such war happened at the beginning of the 11th century.

Like other principalities of ancient Russia in the period of fragmentation, Polotsk eventually split into several small appanages (Vitebsk, Minsk, Drutsk, etc.). Part of these cities, as a result of wars and dynastic marriages, passed to the Smolensk Rurikovichs. But the most dangerous opponents of Polotsk were undoubtedly the Lithuanians. At first, these Baltic tribes organized predatory raids on the Russian lands. Then they moved on to conquest. In 1307, Polotsk finally became part of the growing strength of the Lithuanian state.

Volyn

In Volhynia (south-west of modern Ukraine), two large political centers emerged - Volodymyr-Volynsky and Galich. Having become independent from Kiev, these principalities began to vie with each other for leadership in the region. At the end of the 12th century, Roman Mstislavovich united the two cities. His principality was named Galicia-Volynsky. The influence of the monarch was so great that he sheltered the Byzantine emperor Alexei III, expelled by the crusaders from Constantinople.

Roman's son Daniel overshadowed his father's successes with his glory. He successfully fought against the Poles, Hungarians and Mongols, periodically entering into alliances with one of the neighbors. In 1254, Daniel even accepted the title of King of Russia from the Pope, hoping for help from Western Europe in the struggle against the steppe inhabitants. After his death, the Galicia-Volyn principality fell into decay. At first it broke up into several appanages, and then it was captured by Poland. The fragmentation of Ancient Russia, whose principalities were constantly at enmity with each other, prevented it from fighting against external threats.

Smolensk region

The Smolensk principality was located in the geographical center of Russia. It became independent under the son of Mstislav the Great Rostislav. At the end of the 12th century, the principalities of Ancient Rus again began a fierce struggle for Kiev. The main contenders for power in the ancient capital were the Smolensk and Chernigov rulers.

Rostislav's descendants reached the pinnacle of power under Mstislav Romanovich. In 1214-1223 he ruled not only Smolensk, but also Kiev. It was this prince who initiated the first anti-Mongol coalition, which was defeated at Kalka. Subsequently, Smolensk suffered less than others during the invasion. Nevertheless, its rulers paid tribute to the Golden Horde. Gradually, the principality found itself squeezed between the gaining influence of Lithuania and Moscow. Independence in such conditions could not last long. As a result, in 1404, the Lithuanian prince Vitovt naturally annexed Smolensk to his possessions.

Outpost on the Oka

The Ryazan principality occupied lands on the Middle Oka. It stood out from the possessions of the Chernigov rulers. In the 1160s, Murom broke away from Ryazan. The Mongol invasion hit this edge painfully. Residents, princes, principalities of ancient Russia did not understand the threat posed by the eastern conquerors. In 1237 Ryazan was the first of the Russian cities to be destroyed by the steppe inhabitants. In the future, the principality fought against Moscow, which was gaining strength. For example, the Ryazan ruler Oleg Ivanovich was an opponent of Dmitry Donskoy for a long time. Ryazan was gradually losing ground. It was annexed to Moscow in 1521.

Novgorod Republic

The historical description of the principalities of Ancient Rus cannot be complete without mentioning the Novgorod Republic. This state lived according to its own special political and social order. An aristocratic republic with a strong influence of a popular veche was established here. The princes were elected military leaders (they were invited from other Russian lands).

A similar political system developed in Pskov, which was called "Novgorod's younger brother." These two cities were centers of international trade. Compared to other Russian political centers, they had the most contacts with Western Europe. After the Baltic was captured by the Catholic military between the knights and Novgorod, serious friction began. This struggle reached its climax in the 1240s. It was then that the Swedes and the Germans were alternately defeated by Prince Alexander Nevsky. When the historical path from Ancient Rus to the Great was almost completed, the republic was left alone with Ivan III. He conquered Novgorod in 1478.

North-Eastern Russia

The first political centers of North-Eastern Russia in the XI-XII centuries. were Rostov, Suzdal and Vladimir. The descendants of Monomakh and his youngest son Yuri Dolgoruky ruled here. Father's successors Andrei Bogolyubsky and Vsevolod the Big Nest strengthened the authority of the Vladimir principality, making it the largest and strongest in fragmented Russia.

Under the children of Vsevolod the Big Nest, a large began to appear. The first appanage principalities began to appear. However, real disasters came to Northeastern Russia together with the Mongols. Nomads ravaged this land, burned many of its cities. During the Horde rule, the khans were recognized as elders in all of Russia. Those who received a special label were put there.

In the fight for Vladimir, two new opponents emerged: Tver and Moscow. The peak of their confrontation came at the beginning of the XIV century. In this rivalry, Moscow turned out to be the winner. Gradually, its princes united North-Eastern Russia, overthrew the Mongol-Tatar yoke and ultimately created a single Russian state (Ivan the Terrible became its first king in 1547).

Table "Features of the Vladimir-Suzdal and Kiev principality": 1. natural conditions; 2. economic features; 3. socio-political features of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality.
1. natural conditions; 2. economic features; 3. socio-political features of the Kiev principality.

Answers and solutions.

Vladimir-Suzdal principality.
1. Natural conditions: fertile lands, vast forests, numerous rivers and lakes, iron ore deposits, warm summers and moderately cold winters.
2. Economic features: the rapid growth of cities determined the development of handicrafts and trade, the main source of income is taxes from the population.
3. Socio-political features: a slower formation of feudal relations, the urban population served as the support of the princely power, the higher clergy played an important role in the life of the state, the underdeveloped boyars.

Kiev principality.
1. Natural conditions: fertile flat lands, forest-steppe zones, the Dnieper river basin (favored the development of agriculture and trade), warm summers and mild winters.
2. Economic features: the basis of the economic development of the Kiev principality was arable farming, the most important trade routes passed through the territory of the principality, Kiev was the craft center of Russia.
3. Socio-political features: a feature of the Kiev principality was a large number of old boyar estates with fortified castles and significant masses of nomads who settled on the territory of the principality.

In the XII-XIII centuries, two ancient Russian principalities were of particular importance for the domestic and foreign policy of the Slavic state. These were the Novgorod and Vladimir-Suzdal lands - vast geographically, rich, different in structure, but equally important for the economy and security of Russia.

Let's compare these two principalities and consider their key features.

Novgorod is a republic within the state and a northeastern military outpost of Ancient Rus

From the Baltic to the Urals, the lands were not very fertile, so agriculture was never of fundamental importance for the Novgorodians. And yet it was the richest principality.

• Novgorod had at its disposal dense forests and deep rivers, which means that the inhabitants of the principality were provided with timber, forest animals, furs, fish and many others. The Novgorodians used their resources themselves and conducted an active trade.
• The most important trade route "from the Varangians to the Greeks" ran through Novgorod. Accordingly, the principality constantly contacted foreign merchants, collected tribute from them, sold its own goods dearly and acquired curiosities.

A unique feature of Novgorod was that the mayor was the head of the city, the elders and the tysyatsky were subordinate to him, and the princes had a purely nominal value. Moreover, the attempts of the princes to take power into their own hands ended in failure.

Novgorod was of major military importance. He defended Russia from invasions from Scandinavia and Northern Europe.

Vladimir-Suzdal land - trade with the East and protection from the peoples of the Steppe

Like Novgorod, it was surrounded by dense forests. However, there were also good lands - therefore, the culture of agriculture was better developed.

• The Vladimir-Suzdal principality also stood on an important trade route - the Volga, which connected Russia and Europe with the East - therefore it was economically in an advantageous position.
• The influx of population into this principality was one of the largest. The devastating raids of nomads did not reach here - therefore the Vladimir-Suzdal land accepted everyone who fled from the border estates.

Unlike Novgorod, these lands were traditionally ruled by a firm princely hand. The Vladimir-Suzdal princes strove to expand their territories at the expense of contiguous estates, and were actively involved in urban planning. It was from here that the separate Tver and Moscow principalities subsequently emerged, competing for the role of the state center.