Academician Sakharov briefly. Star era

He was a professor, teacher of physics of the Moscow Pedagogical Institute (now University) named after V.I. Lenin, the author of popular books and a teacher in physics. Mother, Catherine Sofiano, had noble origin and was a military daughter.

In 1945, he entered the graduate school of Fian, in November 1947 he defended his dissertation. In 1953, Sakharov defended his doctoral dissertation and in the same year was elected a real member of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

In 1948, Andrei Sakharov was included in the research team on the development of thermonuclear weapons led by Igor Tamm, where he worked until 1968. Sakharov offered his own bomb project in the form of layers of deuterium and natural uranium around an ordinary atomic charge. The intensive work of the group ended with a successful testing of the first Soviet hydrogen bomb on August 12, 1953.

In the future, the group led by Sakharov worked on the improvement of the hydrogen bomb. In parallel, Sakharov, along with Tamm, put forward the idea of \u200b\u200bmagnetic retention of plasma and conducted fundamental calculations of installations for controlled thermonuclear synthesis. In 1961, Sakharov offered to use laser compression to obtain a controlled thermonuclear reaction. These ideas marked the beginning of large-scale research of thermonuclear energy.

In 1969, Sakharov returned to scientific work in Fiana. On June 30, 1969, he was enrolled in the Department of the Institute, where his scientific work began, to the post of senior researcher.

Since the late 1950s, Sakharov has been engaged in human rights activities. In 1958, two articles came out about the harmful effects of radioactivity of nuclear explosions on heredity and, as a result, reducing the average life expectancy. In the same year, Sahars tried to influence the extension of the wetrated moratorium on atomic explosions announced by the USSR. In 1966, he signed a letter "25 celebrities" by the XXIII Congress of the CPSU against Stalin's rehabilitation.

The European Parliament established the Sakharov Prize "For Freedom of Thought."

Since 1995, for outstanding works on kernel physics, physics of elementary particles and cosmologies, the Gold Medal named after A.D. Sakharov. Since 2001, Russian journalists have been awarded to the Award named after Andrei Sakharov "For journalism as an act."

Material prepared on the basis of RIA news and open sources

In 1975, "for fearless support for the fundamental principles of the world between nations and for the courageous struggle with the abuse of power and any forms of suppressing human dignity" Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov was awarded the title of the Nobel Prize winner.

Andrei Sakharov's father, Dmitry Ivanovich Sakharov (1889-1961; was the fourth child; total in the family had six children), was a famous physics teacher, the author of textbooks and popular science books. In 1907, he graduated from a silver medal one of the best gymnasiums in Moscow and entered the medical faculty of Moscow University, but in 1908 I was transferred to the Mathematical Department of the Physics and Mathematics Faculty with a degree in physical geography. In March 1911, Dmitry Ivanovich Sakharov was excluded from the university for participating in student houses, but in May Restored and in the spring of 1912 he graduated from learning with a diploma I degree. In the same year he entered the pedagogical institute. Schelaputin, founded in 1911 for the means of industrial and famous patron of Pavel Grigorievich Schalaputin especially for the preparation of university graduates to pedagogical activities. In 1914 he graduated from training, and after the beginning of the First World War, he set off to serve in the operating army by Sanitar (in August 1915). Teaching began in 1912 in the female gymnasium E.N. Dulu: he taught mathematics. Physics began to teach from 1917 in the Gymnasium P.N.Popova, from 1921 - in the Communist University. Ya M. Sverdlova (until 1931). In 1925, the first book was published by D.I. Sakharov ("The struggle for the light. As developed and what was the lighting technique,"). During the Great Patriotic War, remaining in Moscow, he taught in the MGPI. In 1942, Dmitry Ivanovich Sakharov was awarded a scientist The Physics Topics "Collection of Tasks in Physics for Pedagogical Institutes"). In 1956, the USSR Department of Higher Education supported the collective application of teachers of the Mopic and Scientific Council of the Ministry of Internal Affairs to awarding the associate professor, Cand. Ped. Sciences D.I . Sakharov degree of doctor of pedagogical sciences "Without protection of the dissertation, according to the general aggregate of its scientific and methodological works that have a significant impact on the development of the Soviet methodology of physics." "Dad made me physicome, and God knows where I would be listed!" - Andrei Dmitrievich did not write these words, but repeatedly repeated them. After the death of Dmitry Ivanovich, both his son, Andrei and Georgy, who were extremely loved and respected by her father, tried to continue his case. In the years when the name of the Opt Andrei Sakharov was silent or in every way contracted, It began to indulge in the oblivion of his father. The books of D.I. Sakharov ceased to reissue, his name was not mentioned in connection with the consideration of the history of the domestic teaching of physics. The man of high culture, Dmitry Ivanovich Sakharov was not a narrow specialist for whom only one physicist existed. He knew well literature, art, especially deeply loved music. Having an absolute hearing, he, having studied some time at the Music and Pedagogical School named after E. and M. Gnesinic, did not become a professional musician, but a lot and willingly playing "for himself", for friends, during the civil war, he earned a living, playing in a movie The favorite composers were Beethoven, Bach, Mozart, Chopin, Grieg, Scriabin. "(" D.I. Sakharov. 1889-1961. Bibliographic pointer ")

Mom Andrei Sakharov - Ekaterina Alekseevna (to Marriage Sofiano). Education received at the Nobility Institute in Moscow - a privileged educational institution, which gave more upbringing than education. After graduating from him, several years old taught gymnastics in one of the educational institutions in Moscow. Grandfather Andrei Sakharov on the maternal line, Alexey Semenovich Sofiano, was a professional military, artillers. After the Japanese war, he retired with the title of Major General. Among his ancestors were Russian Greeks.

The childhood of Andrei Sakharov "passed in a large communal apartment, where, however, most of the rooms occupied the families of our relatives and only part - outsiders. The house retained the traditional spirit of a big strong family - permanent activity and respect for labor skills, mutual family support, love for Literature and science. For me, the influence of the family was especially big, since I studied at home first of school years. " (A.D. Sakharov, "Autobiography") In 1938, Andrei Sakharov graduated with honors from school and entered the physical faculty of Moscow University. In 1942, being in evacuation in Ashgabat, graduated with honors from Moscow State University.

In the summer of 1942, she worked on logging in a deaf countryside near Meleks. In September 1942, he was sent to a large military plant in Ulyanovsk, where he worked as an inventor engineer to 1945, becoming the author of a number of inventions in the field of product control. In 1945, Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov entered the graduate school of the Physics Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences. P.N. Lebedeva, in November 1947 defended his thesis, and in 1948 he was included in the research and development team on the development of thermonuclear weapons led by Igor Evgenievich Tamm. In 1950, together with I.E. Tammom became one of the initiators of work on the study of a controlled thermonuclear reaction. In 1953, the first test of the Soviet hydrogen bomb was held, and Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov was elected academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

"In 1953-1968, my socio-political views have undergone great evolution. In particular, in 1953-1962, participation in the development of thermonuclear weapons, in the preparation and implementation of thermonuclear tests, was accompanied by becoming more acute awareness of these moral problems." (A.D. Sakharov, "Autobiography") Since the late 50s, Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov, who was considered the "father" of the Soviet hydrogen bomb, actively advocated the termination of the tests of nuclear weapons. In 1961, in connection with his speeches for the restriction of nuclear tests, a conflict with Khrushchev arose, in 1962, with the Minister of Middle Machinery Slavsky. HELL. Sakharov was one of the initiators of the conclusion of the Moscow Treaty of 1963 on the prohibition of tests in three environments (in the atmosphere, in water and in space), in 1967 participated in the Baikal Protection Committee. Trice A.D. Sakharov was assigned the title Hero of Socialist Labor: in 1954, 1956 and 1962.

The first appeals of A.D. Sakharov in defense of the repressed appeared in 1966-1967, and in 1968 an article "reflections on progress, peaceful coexistence and intellectual freedom appeared. "This performance was swivel in the whole of my future fate. In the Soviet press" reflections "for a long time, they were very disapproving about them. Many, even sympathizing, critics perceived my thoughts in this work as very naive, ferry. Since July 1968 , After publishing abroad of my article "Reflections", I was removed from secret works and "otchen" from the privileges of the Soviet "nomenclature". Since 1970 Protection of human rights, the protection of people who have become victims of political violence, goes to the fore. Since 1972 The year has increasingly intensified the pressure on me and my loved ones, the repression grew around. " (A.D. Sakharov, "Autobiography") in 1970 A.D. Sakharov became one of the founders of the Moscow Committee on Human Rights, was expressed on the issue of environmental pollution, for the abolition of the death penalty, for the right to emigration, against the forced treatment of "dissenters" in psychiatric hospitals.

Elena Georgievna Bonnere first met in the fall of 1970. "In October 1971, I decided to get married. Lucy had serious doubts. She was afraid that the official registration of our marriage would put under his children. But I insisted on my own." Regarding her doubts I believed that the preservation of the state of a unformed marriage is still more dangerous. Which of us was right - it is difficult to say, the "test experiment" does not happen in such things. Boots on Tanya, and then in Alya - followed ... Official registration in the registry office took place on January 7 1972. " Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov called his wife "Lucy, as her name was in childhood and her name is all her present friends and relatives" (A.D. Sakharov, "Memories").

In 1975, "for fearless support for the fundamental principles of the world between nations and for the courageous struggle with the abuse of power and any forms of suppressing human dignity" Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov was awarded the title of the Nobel Prize winner. "It was a huge honor for me, recognizing the merit of the entire human rights movement in the USSR." (A.D. Sakharov, "Autobiography")

In December 1979, immediately after entering the Soviet troops to Afghanistan, Sakharov repeatedly performed with the condemnation of the USSR aggression, on January 3 in absentia gave an interview with the correspondent of the German newspaper "Di Welt", and on January 4 - the correspondent of the American newspaper New York Times. Sahars not only condemned the actions of the USSR government, but also expressed in support of the boycott of the Moscow Olympiad in connection with the invasion of Soviet troops to Afghanistan, saying that "according to the ancient Olympic status, during the Olympiad of the war, I believe that the USSR should bring his troops from Afghanistan; This is extremely important for the world, for all mankind. Otherwise, the Olympic Committee should refuse the Olympiad in the country leading war. " (A.D. Sakharov, "Memories")

On January 8, 1980, a decree was adopted on the deprivation of Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov of all governmental awards of the USSR (the Order of Lenin, the title of the Hero of Socialist Labor, the Laureate of the Leninist and State Prizes) "Due to the systematic committing Sakharov A.D. Action Best as awarded, and Taking into account the numerous proposals of the Soviet community. " Sakharov announced this on January 22 and sent bitter to the city (because the city was closed for foreigners). "Unfortunately, my colleagues in the USSR again, as well as in Yuri Orlov, and many others, did not show themselves (if not to talk about such as Academician Fedorov and Academician Blokhin, who made public attacks on me, probably right Performing instructions received by them). Meanwhile, I think that an open public speech of several (five, even three) deserved, those who use the respect of academics would be very important, it could change not only my destiny, but also - that much more significant - the situation In the country as a whole. At the same time (and this is also important) these people would not have threatened: not only the expulsion or arrest, but also a loss of work, the change in their position in the scientific hierarchy. Maximum (maximum!) - for some time were Would be limited to their travel abroad. And nothing else! Completely incommensurable huge possible positive consequences for the whole country, including for science, its authority, for the personal prestige of those who decide for it, and - minimal risk. One There were no such people in the scientific tip of the USSR today. Why - I do not know, but this is a fact, and extremely shameful and sad. Is our intelligentsia so crushed from the times of Korolenko and Lebedev? "(A.D. Sakharov," Memories ", 1983) in Gorky was in conditions of almost complete isolation and under the clock police supervision. In protest against the illegal actions of the authorities in relation to His native Sakharov declared a hunger strike twice - in 1984 and in 1985.

In December 1986, by order of M.S. Gorbachev, Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov was returned to Moscow. The last years of Sakharov's life was actively engaged in human rights activities. In March 1989, Sakharov was elected by the USSR national deputy from the Academy of Sciences, becoming one of the leaders of the group of the most radical deputies. Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov died on December 14, 1989 in Moscow.

Among the works of Sakharov Andrei Dmitrievich - work on the physics of elementary particles, magnetic hydrodynamics, plasma physics, controlled thermonuclear synthesis, elementary particles, astrophysics,

Introduction

HELL. Sakharov - Soviet physicist, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences and a politician, dissident and human rights activist, one of the creators of the Soviet hydrogen bomb, the Nobel Peace Prize winner for 1975. His path was difficult and terrible, filled with the joy of discoveries and faith in the justice and decency of people, bitterness of betrayals and trace. This intelligent, quiet and fragile person made not only the greatest contribution to the development of nuclear physics, but also showed us an example of real courage and mental power.

Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov knows as the largest scientist of modernity as the author of outstanding works on the physics of elementary particles and cosmology. It owns the basic idea of \u200b\u200bthe implementation of thermonuclear synthesis. His idea of \u200b\u200bthe instability of the proton at first seemed unreal, but in a few years the world science proclaimed the search for the colon of the proton "the experiment of the century". In equally, the original ideas, he put forward in cosmology, having daring to penetrate the early history of the Universe.

Also, the whole world knows A.D. Sakharov as an outstanding public figure, a fearless fighter for human rights, for approval on the land of the primacy of universal values. He took a political confrontation with him a lot. A man of deep humanistic beliefs, high moral principles, A.D. Sakharov has always remained sincere and honest.

Life A.D. Sakharov is a unique example of selfless service to man and humanity.

The purpose of this work is to study the biographies and political activities of Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov.

1. Biography Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov

Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov was born on May 21, 1921. in Moscow. A great influence on the formation of a person, his views, attitudes towards other people, the choice of profession, and the family always provides for his position in life.

Mom A.D. Sakharov, Ekaterina Alekseevna (before Marriage Sofiano) was born in December 1893 in Belgorod, Grandfather Alexey Semenovich Sofiano was a professional military, artillers. Among his ancestors there were Russian greeks - hence the Greek surname - Sofiano. Mom was educated at the Nobility Institute in Moscow.

Father's family differed from Mamina. The grandfather of Father Nikolai Sakharov was a priest in the suburb of Arzamas in the village of Exit, and the priests were His ancestors for several generations.

And Mom, and most other relatives A.D. Sakharov were deeply believing people. It certainly had an impact on Andrei Dmitrievich, he himself also visited the church as a child. Consequently, A.D. Sahars gradually came to his, qualitatively new perception of the world and the place of religion in it.

Family A.D. Sakharov had a huge influence on him. He managed to imagine the best features of several generations of his relatives, which manifested themselves both in work and in dealing with people: high intellectual level, education, skill and desire to work in good faith, great responsibility in any business, and, most importantly - humanism , politeness, modesty, kindness and responsiveness.

There is no doubt that besides the family, the nearest environment on a person has a great influence of that historical era, while he grew up and adult.

"The epoch, for which my childhood and youth, was a tragic, tough, terrible - recalled A.D. Sakharov - it was the time also a special mass mindset that had arisen from the interaction of not yet cooled revolutionary enthusiasm and hopes, fanaticism, total propaganda, real enormous social and psychological changes in society, the mass outcome of people from the village - and, of course, hunger, malice, Envy, fear, ignorance, erosion of moral criteria after many days of war, atrocities, murders, violence. It was in these conditions that the phenomenon was developed, which in the USSR called the "cult of personality".

Years of study at school A.D. Sahars at the request of parents alternated with home, individual learning. It was during this period that Andrei Dmitrievich's interest in physics, and accurate sciences developed. He graduated with honors from school in 1938 and then he entered the Faculty of Faculty of Moscow University.

"University years for me are sharply divided into two periods - three pre-war years and one military, in evacuation. At 1-3 courses, I greedily absorbed physics and mathematics, I read a lot in addition to lectures, almost no longer left for me, and even artistic literature I almost did not read. With great gratitude I remember my first professors - Arnold, Rabinovich, Norden, Mlodzeyevsky (younger), Lavrentyeva (senior), Moiseeva, Vlasov, Tikhonov, Associate Professor Bavli. Professor gave us a lot of additional literature, and I spent a lot of hours every day in the reading room. Soon I began to skip the sake of readers more boring lectures. In the first courses most liked the teaching of mathematics. In the general course of physicists I was very tormented by some ambiguities. They, as I think, took place from the insufficient theoretical depth of the presentation of more complex issues. From university items, only with Marxism-Leninism I had trouble - the twos, which I then corrected. Their reason was not ideological. But frustrated by natural philosophical qualities, transferred without any processing in the twentieth century of strict science. The newspaper and polemical philosophy of "materialism and empirioticism" seemed to me sliding on the concern to the essence of the problem. But the main reason for my difficulties was my inability to read and memorize words, not ideas, "recalled A.D. Sakharov.

He graduated from the university, too, with honors during the war, in 1942, in evacuation in Ashgabat.

At the University, Andrei Dmitrievich began to form as a physicist theoretical. This largely contributed to his teachers, lectures and classes who gave fundamental training to young Soviet physicists.

Having received a diploma with a specialty "Defense Metal Science" A.D. Sakharov was sent to a military plant to the city of carpets.

In September 1942, in the direction of the People's Commissariat of Armaern A.D. Sahars arrived at the Patron Plant in Ulyanovsk. Two weeks he had to work on logging in a deaf countryside near Melevance. As Andrei Dmitrievich himself recalled, "my first, the most acute impressions of the life of workers and peasants are connected with these days about the life of workers and peasants. Everywhere there was a huge tension of people associated with the war, with tragic events that took place on the front, with the difficulties of life in the rear.

Returning in September 1942. to the plant in Ulyanovsk, A.D. Sakharov worked there first by the younger technologist in the procurement workshop, and then, from November 10, 1942, an inventor engineer in the central factory laboratory. Here he was engaged in the development of a device for controlling armor-pierced cores on the completeness of hardening, for the presence of longitudinal cracks, magnetic control methods, the optical method of determining steel grades, an express method for determining steel grades based on the use of thermoelectric effect and other developments. All of these inventions greatly facilitated the production of quality products. In 1944 Andrei Dmitrievich became hard to engage in theoretical physics on textbooks.

Then he wrote several articles on theoretical physics and sent them to Moscow to the feedback. As Andrei Dmitrievich himself recalled, "these first works have never been published, but they gave me a sense of confidence in their power, which is so necessary for every scientist."

Of course, this stage in the life of Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov was the starting point for the development of him as a scientist and a public figure. Indeed, it is in children and youthful age that life principles begin to form and develop. Thanks to parents, Andrei Dmitrievich receives a good education and easily enters the university. A significant role in the formation of Sakharov, as the scientist playing university teachers who help him with honors to complete the university and begin work as physicist theorient.

In 1945 HELL. Sakharov entered the graduate school of the physical institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. PN Lebedev. There he immediately struck his supervisor I.E. Tamma (theoretics of the theorist, subsequently academician and laureate of the Nobel Prize in Physics) and other employees of the Institute Non-Standardiness, the freshness and courage of solutions to the tasks offered to him. So, after the first meeting of Andrei Dmitrievich I.E. Tamm spoke to his employees: "This young man independently thought of the fact that while only the biggest shines atomic physics came up with and what else was not published!".

In 1947 HELL. Sakharov successfully graduated from graduate school, defended his thesis, and, having received the degree of a candidate of physico-mathematical sciences, continued his scientific work in Fiana under the leadership of I.E. Tamma.

2. Political views and human rights activities Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov

It was at that time that Sahars expressed the first brilliant ideas relating to the peaceful (and non-live) use of thermonuclear energy, released during the merger reaction of hydrogen nuclei. In 1948 HELL. Sakharov was included in the research team on the development of thermonuclear weapons. The leader of the group was I.E. There M. Subsequent twenty years - continuous work in extensibility and supernature conditions first in Moscow, then in a special research secret center. To create a hydrogen bomb, it was necessary to combine in one face of the talent of physics, chemist, engineer. I needed the ability to take nontrivial solutions and the ability to see the problem as a whole.

Subsequently, Andrei Dmitrievich said that "In the first years of work on new weapons, the main thing for me was the inner conviction that this work is necessary. I could not disagree what terrible, inhuman affairs we did. But just ended the war - also inhuman business. I was not a soldier in that war - but he felt like a soldier of this, scientific and technical. The monstrous destructive force, the huge efforts necessary for the development, funds, tentimation of the country and the hungry, destroyed war of the country, human sacrifices in harmful production and in labor camps of forced labor - all this emotionally strengthened the feeling of tragedy, forced to think and work so that all The victims (implied inevitable) were not in vain. It really was a psychology of war. "

In 1950-1951 Andrei Dmitrievich became known as one of the founders of the project of the controlled Tok-Mac reactor.

In 1951-1952 It was proposed by the principle of obtaining superal magnetic fields using the energy of the explosion and the design of the explosion generators.

In subsequent years (until 1969) A.D. Sakharov was engaged in improving weapons, began to study the theory of the universe, as well as many other major problems of physics. He constantly showed the ability to see not every individual part, but a single harmony, the world as a whole.

The activities of Andrei Dmitrievich was evaluated very high. Already in 1953. He was awarded a scientific degree of Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences. In the same year, he was elected a valid member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, awarded the Order of Lenin. In 1953, 1956,1962 He was awarded the title Hero of Socialist Labor. In 1953 HELL. Sakharov was awarded the Stalin Prize, and in 1956.- Lenin Prize.

It would seem, with such huge scientific successes and achieving such a high position, it should not be disturbed by other problems, except for new accomplishments in the field of physics. However, in 1953-1968. His social and political views have undergone great evolution. In particular, already in 1953-1962. Participation in the development of thermonuclear weapons, in the preparation and implementation of thermonuclear tests was accompanied by becoming more acute awareness of these moral problems. Remembering the tests of 1953, Andrei Dmitrievich wrote: "It is radioactive" traces "that will cover a huge area, are one of the main causes of death of people, diseases and genetic damage (along with the death of millions of people directly from the damage to shock waves and thermal radiation and along With general global atmospheric poisoning as the cause of remote consequences). I thought a lot about it in the following years. Of course, our unrest related not only to the problem of radioactivity, but also to the success of the test. However, if we talk about me, these works moved to the background compared to the alarm of people. I already owned by the whole range of contradictory feelings, "Andrei Dmitrievich wrote about the tests of 1955, - and, perhaps, the main among them was the fear that the released power could exit from under control, leading to innumerable disasters. Accidents have increased this tragic sensation. Specifically, I did not felt guilty of these deaths, but I could not get rid of the relationship from our concern. " Thus, knowing about the terrible destructive power of thermonuclear weapons and the catastrophic consequences of its application, A.D. Since the end of the 50s, Sahars began to actively act over the termination or restriction of nuclear weapons testing.

In early 1958 A conversation was held. Sakharov with the secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU M.A. Suslov about fate unfairly arrested doctor I.G. Barenblata, about which Andrei Dmitrievich wrote to the Central Committee. Some time after the intervention of Andrei Dmitrievich I.G. Barenblat was released. In addition, in a conversation with M.A.Suslov, the question of such a disadvantaged situation in biology would be affected. HELL. Sakharov stressed in connection with this that "genetics is a science of a huge theoretical and practical significance and its denial in our country has fallen tremendous harm."

Thus, A.D. Sakharov was interested in and well understood not only directly in his field of science, but also in other of its important areas and argued expressed his opinion, it was not about himself, but about the welfare of people who should serve as a science.

In 1958 For a while, the USSR stopped unilaterally nuclear tests, but soon it was decided to resume them. Andrei Dmitrievich spoke with decisive objections.

However, despite even support I.V. Kurchatov, who specially flew to N.S. Khrushchev in Yalta, failed to prevent tests. Politicians did not want to listen to the vote of scientists.

In 1959, 1960 and the first Volovina of 1961, the USSR, the United States, the United Kingdom did not test thermonuclear weapons tests: it was the so-called moratorium - a voluntary refusal of tests based on some unofficial agreement. In 1961 Khrushchev made a decision, as always, unexpected for those to whom it was directly attributable - to break the moratorium and test.

In July 1961 At the meeting of the country's leaders and atomic scientists A.D. Sakharov wrote a note N.S. Khrushchev, in which he stressed: "I am convinced that the renewal of the tests is now inexpedient from the point of view of the comparative strengthening of the USSR and the United States. Do not consider you that the renewal of the tests will be difficult to correct damage to negotiations on the termination of tests, the whole cause of disarmament and ensuring peace worldwide? ". Andrei Dmitrievich testified this step of his courage and decisiveness in defending the position, in the correctness of which he was convinced. His note was thoughtful and deeply suspended solving the problem of testing. But N.S. Khrushchev sharply responded in speech on a banquet that "political decisions, incl. And the question of testing nuclear weapons is the prerogative of party leaders and government and do not concern scientists. " Consequently, calling A.D. Sakharov again did not find understanding and was not supported in government circles. Tests were carried out according to the scheduled schedule.

In 1962 The conflict of A.D. Sakharov with Middle Machinery Minister V.G. Slavsky about the test of nuclear weapons of huge power, useless from a scientific and technical point of view and threatening the lives of many people. However, A.D. Sakharov failed to prevent this test, even despite his direct appeal to N.S. Khrushchev. "The terrible crime was accomplished, and I could not prevent it, I recalled Andrei Dmitrievich - a sense of powerlessness, unbearable bitterness, shame and humiliation embraced me. I fell face on the table and cried. I decided that from now on, I will mainly focus my efforts on the implementation of a test plan in three environments. "

In the summer of 1962, Andrei Dmitrievich substantiated the proposal to enter into an international treaty prohibiting nuclear tests in the atmosphere, under water, in space. Andrei Dmitrievich's proposal was approvingly met by the Supreme Soviet leader and put forward on behalf of the USSR.

This contract (on the prohibition of nuclear tests in three environments) was concluded in Moscow in 1963

"I believe that the Moscow Treaty has historical importance - Andrei Dmitrievich wrote - he retained hundreds of thousands, and perhaps millions of human lives - those who would inevitably die when continuing testing in the atmosphere in water, in space. But, perhaps, it is still important that this is a step towards a decrease in the danger of the world thermonuclear war. I am proud of my concern to the Moscow Treaty. "

Thus, A.D. Sakharov managed to convince politicians this time this time, to bring them to listen to the objective opinion of the professional scientist.

He became the initiator of one of the fundamental steps to the salvation of the planet Earth. Already then in the distant 1950s and 1960s. HELL. Sakharov, knowing all the enormous destructive power of nuclear weapons, was one of the initiators of the moratorium on nuclear tests, which was a new step in limiting the nuclear weapon race. Every year, Andrei Dmitrievich was increasingly peeking in Soviet political reality, government mechanisms, in a social life device. The circle of exciting problems was increasingly expanding, knowing about which he could not remain indifferent.

At this life stage, Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov makes a rapid scientific career, his supervisor Igor Evgenievich Tamm helps him. Brilliant protected thesis gives him a ticket to the secret laboratory, where Andrei Dmitrievich becomes a leading employee and becomes one of the creators of the Nuclear Shield of the Fatherland. Andrei Dmitrievich begins to fight against excessive nuclear activity on the landfills, from that moment on his career begins as a public figure, a fighter for peace.

1967 were not only a period of intensive scientific work, but also time when A.D. Sakharov approached the frontier of the gap with the official position in public matters, to turn in (his) activity and fate

december 1966 HELL. Sakharov took part in the demonstration at the monument A.S. Pushkin (annual demonstrations on the day of the Constitution for Human Rights and against Anti-Constitutional Articles of the Criminal Code). He understood that this action would not bring real changes, but could not at least symbolically show no attitude to human rights violations in the USSR, the fate of political prisoners in our country. Sakharov never felt like a "little man", who knows that nothing else to change, and has hesitated responsibility for what is happening. There are situations when it is impossible to be passive. Inaction is also a kind of act and sometimes very dangerous. For Andrei Dmitrievich, such an internal position was part of his personality. Along with public activities, Andrei Dmitrievich continued his scientific work. So, in the same, 1966. He made his best work on theoretical physics, surprising in depth, research on cosmology. In 1967-1968 He published a number of other important work in the field of physics.

In the same 1967 He took part in the work of the Baikal Committee. Consequently, he paid great attention to environmental issues, understood the importance of nature conservation for everything alive on earth. "My participation in the struggle for Baikal was unsuccessful," recalled later about this, Andrei Dmitrievich, - but a lot meant personally for me, forcing it close to come into contact with the problem of habitat environment and especially with how it is refracted in the specific conditions of our country. " .

By early 1968 HELL. Sakharov was internally close to the awareness of the need to make an open discussion of the main problems of modernity. He could not but do it, because "The awareness of personal responsibility contributed to the participation in the development of the most terrible weapon, which threatens the existence of mankind, specific knowledge of the possible nature of the Rocket and thermetic war, the experience of difficult struggle for the prohibition of nuclear tests, knowledge of the characteristics of our country, - wrote A.D. Sakharov. - From literature, from communication with I.E.Tamm (partly with some others) I learned about the ideas of an open society, convergence and the world government. These ideas arose as an answer to the problems of our era and were distributed among the Western intelligentsia, especially after World War II. They found their defenders among such people as Einstein, Bor, Russell, Scylary. These ideas were deeply influenced in me as well as the outstanding people of the West, I saw the hope of overcoming the tragic crisis of our time. "

So, in the year of the Prague Spring and strengthening the authoritarian system in the USSR, which could not not affect A.D. Sakharov, his article appeared "Reflections on progress, peaceful coexistence and intellectual freedom." The article was widely disseminated abroad, in the USSR it spread to samizdat, in the official Soviet press, rare mention of it was only a negative nature.

Andrei Dmitrievich wrote in this article that "the disunity of humanity threatens him with death, all nations have the right to solve their fate with free will."

The main idea of \u200b\u200bthe article is that "humanity approached the critical moment of its history, when the dangers of thermonuclear destruction, environmental self-defense, hunger and unmanaged demographic explosion, dehumanization and dogmatic mythologization were hung on it. These dangers are repeatedly enhanced by the division of the world, the confrontation between the socialist and capitalist camps. The article protects the idea of \u200b\u200bconvergence (rapprochement) of socialist and capitalist systems. The convergence should contribute to overcoming the division of the world, a scientifically managed democratic society, free from intolerance, imbued with concern about people and the future of mankind, which connects the positive features of both systems. "

The very thought of convergence then seemed utopia. Andrei Dmitrievich knew perfectly well, but was convinced: "If there are no ideals, then we hope not to hope at all." HELL. Sakharov was removed from secret work. But, despite the deprivation of privileges, he soon handed over the construction of an oncological hospital and a red cross almost all personal savings (139 thousand rubles), showing, in such a way that he lives according to the principles of good and mercy.

Since 1970, protecting human rights, the protection of people who have become a victim of political violence came out for him "to the fore." In 1970 Andrei Dmitrievich is involved in the creation of a human rights committee. At the same time (together with the physicist and mathematician V.Turchin and the historian R. Medvedev), he published a letter to the Central Committee of the CPSU, the Council of the USSR and the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, which said "On the need for democratization of society for the development of science, economics, culture" .

In the same 1970 HELL. Sakharov first attended the lawsuit against dissenters (trial of the mathematician R. Pimenov and Artist B. Will, accused of spreading samizdat). In December 1970 He made an abolition of the death penalty in the case of E. Kuznetsov and M.Dimshitsa and mitigating the rest of the accused on the "aircraft process". March 5, 1971 Andrei Dmitrievich sent a "memorable note" to L. Brezhneva. Formally, the "memorable note" was built as an abstract or theses of the alleged conversation with the highest leadership of the country: this form was presented (Andrei Dmitrievich) convenient for a brief and clear, without any literary beauty and unnecessary words, presentation in the form of theses of the program of democratic reforms and necessary changes in the economy, culture, in legal and social issues and in matters of foreign policy.

He himself stressed in the letter that "listed questions seem to him urgent." For all affected issues, he expressed his initiatives. So, for example, he suggested "holding a general amnesty of political prisoners, to make a draft law on the press and media for a popular discussion, make a decision on a more free publication of statistical and sociological data, to make decisions and laws on the full restoration of the rights of the nations exiled under Stalin, adopt the laws , ensuring the simple and unhindered exercise by citizens of their right to travel outside the country and for free return, managing the initiative and declare the refusal to apply the first weapons of mass destruction (nuclear weapons, chemical, bacteriological and taxable), allow for its territory inspection groups for affective Disarmament control (in case of concluding an agreement on disarmament or partial limitation of certain types of weapons). "

The reforms that A. Sakharov spoke in the "memorable note", began to be held only after 1985, when negative processes in the country went too far.

In April 1971 Andrei Dmitrievich spoke with the appeal on political prisoners forcibly placed in special psychiatric hospitals. In July 1971, he also wrote a letter to the Minister of the Ministry of Internal Affairs N. Alokkoy about the position of the Crimean Tatars, about which he had a conversation in the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR, where he was given to understand that some cases could be solved "in working order", and a complete decision, If it is possible, the case of the future, and then patience is necessary. In the fall of 1971 Andrei Dmitrievich appealed to members of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on the issue of freedom of emigration and unimpeded return. He wrote, in particular, "On the need for a legislative decision in accordance with the generally accepted international standards reflected in the 13th article, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights." Andrei Dmitrievich has not received an answer. All this testifies to the fact that the range of issues affected by the academician gradually expanded. Along with the global problems of modernity, he was interested in and worried about the problems of each person who turned to him, the problems of those who were persecuted was to resets and worried very difficult moments in his life.

In 1972 Andrei Dmitrievich was appealing to the Supreme Council of the USSR on the amnesty of political prisoners and on the abolition of the death penalty. Then, together with E.G. Bonnere, he participated in the collection of signatures under these documents. The texts of the appeal were transferred to Andrei Dmitrievich to foreign correspondents in Moscow, and reports were conveyed by foreign radio stations.

Leading huge public and human rights activities, A.D. Sakharov successfully continued its work in the field of physics. He participated in the preparation of the collection "Problems of theoretical physics" dedicated to I.E. Tamm, worked on the article "The topological structure of elementary charges and the CPT - symmetry".

In 1973-1974. HELL. Sakharov continued his social activity, wrote articles, appeals, gave numerous interviews.

Angry campaign in the Soviet press unfold against Academician Sakharov. Writers, composers, workers, scientists, in particular, a large group of academics collapsed on him collectively and alive. The members of his family were also attacked in print and various persecution. His wife E. Bonnere several times was called for interrogations in the KGB.

The social activity of Academician Sakharov has increasingly contradicted the views of the Soviet leadership, and, therefore, his politics. Therefore, in 1974-1975, and in subsequent years, threats as the Andrei Dmitrievich himself and his wife E.G. Bonnere and their family, many of which, because of these threats, who followed them, had to emigrate from the Soviet Union. However, the debt of a scientist, a citizen, highly moral person did not allow A.D. Sakharov Terminate its activities in the humanitarian sphere, in the field of human rights, retreat in an unequal struggle against the totalitarian system in the USSR, as well as in other countries.

october 1975 HELL. Sakharov was awarded the Nobel Prize of the World. He said that it was "a vast honor to recognize the merit of the entire human rights movement in the USSR."

In 1976 Academician Sakharov was elected vice-president of the International League of Human Rights.

In 1977-1979. HELL. Sakharov successively continued its human rights activities.

In November 1977 HELL. Sakharov made a statement in connection with the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on Amnesty, he demanded the spread of amnesty on political prisoners.

In December 1979 An event occurred, which became a tragic fact in the history of our Motherland - the Soviet Union introduced his troops to Afghanistan. Soviet people most of their majority have not yet realized the possible consequences of this step of the USSR government. However, A.D. Sakharov immediately understood well what happened. "Began 1980, under the sign of the warring war, to which thoughts were continuously treated," he repelled. "" There was a danger here for the whole world, which the closed totalitarian society carries in itself, "said A. D. Sakharov.

In January 1980 HELL. Sakharov gave an interview with Western correspondents about the introduction of Soviet troops to Afghanistan. Expressing his opinion on this issue, Andrei Dmitrievich said that "the USSR should bring his troops from Afghanistan; It is extremely important for the world, for all mankind. " January 22, 1980 A.D. Sakharov was detained on the street and was taken to the USSR Prosecutor's Office, where the Deputy Prosecutor General A. Reunkov was read by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of January 8 on the deprivation of A. Sakharov government awards and premiums. After that, the Reununs announced that "the decision was made on the expulsion of A.D. Sakharov from Moscow to the place, excluding his contacts with foreign citizens. Such a place was chosen by the city of Gorky, closed to visit foreigners. "

So began a new period in the life of Academician Sakharov and E.G. Bonnere is the period of the Gorky reference, which lasted for almost 7 years (before returning to Moscow 23 December 1986). Being in Gorky A.D. Sakharov tried to protest against his violent reference. He made a statement of the illegality of the reprisals taken, demanded the analysis of the charges nominated against him in court.

In May 1980 HELL. Sahars wrote an article "Anxious Time", in which he expressed his thoughts on international issues, about internal problems and repression in the USSR. The USSR he described as "a closed totalitarian state with actually militarized economies and bureaucratic-centralized management, which make its strengthening relatively more dangerous."

In Gorky, academician of Sakharov was "in conditions of almost complete isolation and under the clock police supervision." Andrei Dmitrievich wrote about it that "from the moment they grabbed and brought to the prosecutor's office on January 22, 1980, he lives in a bitter under arrest, a 24-hour militia post close to the door of the apartment, except for his wife practically not allowed to him, the KGB officers penetrate In the apartment, all mail passes through the KGB and its insignificant part comes to it. " The persecution was not only A.D. Sakharov, but also his wife, relatives and friends. Many of them lost their jobs, underwent abuse, provocations, could not move freely within the USSR and go abroad.

Nevertheless, all the years links in Gorky A.D. Sakharov continued to fight the Soviet leadership for humanism in politics and the rights and freedoms of people. The authorities did everything in order for Andrei Dmitrievich as soon as possible forgot, they tried to inspire as much bad as possible, deliberately distorting the views and sentences of A.D. Sakharov.

Academician of Sakharov also continued its social activity

In 1984 - 1985 HELL. Sakharov was forced to hold the hunger strikes against discrimination against his wife E.G. Bonnere, who did not give permission to travel to the United States for the operation before the eyes and heart, and against the attitude towards them as a whole, against the violation of their legitimate civil rights. However, the pressure on Andrei Dmitrievich was only intensified, life in bitter for him and E.G. Bonner became completely unbearable. After hunger strike and as a result of forced feeding, the health of A.D. Sakharov deteriorated sharply. While scientists, political and public figures, various organizations and many people who did not have any attitude to politics and science were opposed to his defense, and the etching of this outstanding scientist, thinker, Humanist increased in the USSR. Academy represented by President A.P. Alexandrova refused to help the hospitalization of Sakharov in his hospital in May 1983, declared the mentally ill in June 1983. Later, in August 1983 it repeated the American senators Yu.V. Andropov.

Thus, A.D. Sakharov was subjected to their views and beliefs with various persecution and illegal repression. All this was applied to a person who stood at the origins of Soviet nuclear physics, made a huge contribution to the strengthening of the country's defense capability, all his deeds proved his commitment to democracy, stubbornly searched for an exit from a difficult situation, which has ever made itself felt in our country .

Only during the period of reorganization of A.D. Sakharov received freedom and returned to Moscow (December 23, 1986). Since that time, a new period of his life and activity began.

In February 1987 HELL. Sakharov took part in the Moscow International Forum for the nuclear-free world, for the survival of mankind. He spoke on this forum three times. Andrei Dmitrievich spoke out for the refusal of the USSR from the tough condition of agreements to reduce thermonuclear weapons to the conclusion of the agreement on soybean. Mind, the policy of new thinking, proclaimed by M.S. Gorbachev, managed this time to prevail over political ambitions, and the ideas of A.D. Sakharov began to be implemented. Soon academician Sakharov was elected to the members of the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Thus, A.D. Sakharov actively joined social activities, giving her a lot of time and effort.

january 1988 He passed M.S. Gorbachev List in conclusion, link and mental hospitals of prisoners of conscience. March 20, 1988 Andrei Dmitrievich sent M.S. Gorbachev Open letter about the problem of the Crimean Tatars and the problem of Nagorno-Karabakh, in which he supported the "Requirements of the Armenian population of Nagorno-Karabakh on the transition of NKAO to the Armenian SSR, and as a first step - about the conclusion of the area from the administrative subordination of the Azerbaijan SSR, and also demanded" free and organized return of the Crimean Tatars to their homeland, i.e. Returns to all those who want with state help. "

HELL. Sakharov successfully combined active social activities with scientific work, while experiencing a huge burden, which contributed to the weakening of his already undermined health.

In January 1989 HELL. Sakharov was nominated by a candidate for people's deputies about 60 scientific institutions of the Academy of Sciences. However, on January 18, his candidacy was not approved at an expanded meeting of the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. On January 20, a pre-election meeting was held in Fiana, on which A.D. Sakharov was nominated by a candidate for deputies from the Oktyabrsky district of Moscow. In the following days, Academician Sakharov was nominated by a candidate for people's deputies at the Moscow National-Territorial District, in many other territorial districts.

In February 1989 HELL. Sakharov recalled his consent to run through all the territorial and national territorial districts, where he was nominated, deciding to run only from the Academy of Sciences.

In March-April 1989 About 200 institutes nominated A.D. Sakharov candidate for people's deputies from the USSR Academy of Sciences, and he won the repeated elections on April 12-13, 1989. From this time began the activity of A.D. Sakharov as a People's Deputy of the USSR.

During a number of their speeches, especially at the final meeting of the congress, he was exposed to open attacks, humiliation and even injury. But showed their vital necessity of the "Decree on Power", proposed by A.D. Sakharov, the abolition of "Article 6 of the Constitution of the USSR", limiting the functions of the KGB "Tasks for the Protection of International Security of the USSR" and many others.

In June-August 1989 He traveled abroad (visited Holland, Great Britain, Norway, Switzerland, Italy and the USA). On June 28, a solemn reception was held in Oslo, established by the Norwegian Nobel Committee in honor of A.D. Sakharov - 14 years after awarded to him the Nobel Prize of the World. In July, Andrei Dmitrievich (in absentia) was elected one of the co-chairs of the interregional group of deputies. Soon he spoke at the 39th Paguch Conference in the United States with a call to condemn the repression in China.

Being in the USA, A.D. Sakharov worked on the draft constitution and ended the second book of memories. The draft Constitution of the USSR is the last work of A.D. Sakharov as a member of the Constitutional Commission, formed by the I Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR. In this project, the views and position of the author are consistently traced. HELL. Sakharov offered to call the state Union of Soviet republics of Europe and Asia: "The goal is happy, full of meaning, life, freedom, material and spiritual, well-being, peace and security for citizens of the country, for all people on a 3 leisure, regardless of their race, nationality, gender, age and social status. " HELL. Sakharov continued to work on the draft constitution until the last days of life.

In the fall of 1989 HELL. Sakharov traveled to Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk. In Chelyabinsk, he was at the invitation of the local initiative group "Memorial". In the Urals, dozens of thousands of people were reset in pits with mass executions, A.D. Sakharov told the remarkable phrase there, that "we forget when we argue how many millions killed, that one human life is important, for nothing about what is ruined."

In the fall of 1989 HELL. Sakharov attended the forum of Nobel laureates in Japan. He also took an active part in the work of the II session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, where there were 9 legislative proposals.

december 1989 Andrei Dmitrievich spoke in an interregional group, calling for a universal political strike on December 2 demanding the abolition of the 6th article of the Constitution.

december A.D. Sakharov performed at the II Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR. He suggested discussing the issue of exclusion from the USSR Constitution of those articles that impede adoption in the Supreme Council of property and land laws. In addition, Andrei Dmitrievich handed over the telegrams, which he received regarding the abolition of 6 of the Constitution article to the Presidium. Taking part in the work of the I and II Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR, A.D. Sakharov spoke on behalf of those killed in camps and held there for many years. And on behalf of the very idea of \u200b\u200blaw, justice, humanity, on behalf of common sense.

december 1989 HELL. Sakharov last made a member of the Kremlin at the meeting of the Interregional Deputy Group. He said that MDH should be organized by the political opposition in relation to the ruling power. After this speech, he gave an interview for the film about the Semipalatinsky Polygon. Andrei Dmitrievich spoke out against the continuation of the tests in Semipalatinsk.

In the evening of the same day A.D. Sakharov suddenly died. This news stirred up the whole country, penetrated into the souls and hearts of millions of people. HELL. Sahars devoted his whole life to man and humanity, he was and remains for all moral guidelines, continued by authority.

sugar nuclear human rights

Conclusion

The most large figure of the dissident movement was Academician Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov - one of the creators of the hydrogen bomb in the Soviet Union. He first felt and realized the possibility of a universal catastrophe - the inevitable result of an arms race based on the confrontation of ideological systems.

The awareness of this danger became for A.D. Sakharov the most important incentive of appeal to the analysis of the internal problems of the Soviet society. And although he was not a sociologist by profession, but the general scientific methodological plant helped him to formulate his own theoretical concept of the state of social relations in the Soviet society, which he relied when evaluating certain specific facts and events.

Humanity and unique, inborn conscientiousness (kind and fearless), roving in the protection of prisoners of conscience in the Totalitarian USSR, the struggle and confrontation between the Commow-Soviet regime, its monstrous ideology, throughout the prosperous lies, cynically wondering lawlessness, defending recognized in the world the basic principles of democracy and Liberal values \u200b\u200bhave become the main thing and the meaning of the spiritual life of A.D. Sakharov - a brilliant scientist, academician, the Nobel Prize winner of the world and many international premiums, recognized leader of the human rights movement and the dissident of the Soviet era.

Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov for the past, current and future generations of people was, and forever will remain in their memory of the intelligent of the first magnitude, the reference of conscientiousness and the measure of justice. He will remain in the memory of people by a citizen of the planet of the 20th century and the forerunner of free Russia.

Bibliography

1.Bonner E.G. Rings bell .. year without Sakharov / E.G. Bonner [Text] - M.: Progress, 1991. - 286c.

2.Geshevsky A.D. Sahars and Physics / A.D. Gaschevsky [Text] - M.: Juven, 2003. - 521c.

Sakharov A.D. Fragments of biographies / A.D. Sakharov [Text] - M.: Panorama, 1991. - 412С.

Sakharov A.D. Anxiety and Hope / A.D. Sahars [Text] - M.: Press, 1990.-341c.

Sakharov A.D. Draft Constitution of the Union of Soviet republics of Europe and Asia. // Star. 1990. №3.

Sakharov A.D. Speech at the I Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR. // Star. 1990. №3.

Sakharov A.D. Open letter to the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR L.I. Brezhnev. // Star. 1990. №3.

His father Dmitry Ivanovich Sakharov is a physics teacher, the author of the prisoner known to his time and many scientific and popular books. Grandfather Ivan Nikolaevich. Sakharov, the son of the Arzamas priest, was a jury of the Moscow District Court, as the defender participated in many criminal and political processes, was a member of the Cadet Party and the elector from her in the 2nd State Duma, one of the compilers of the collection "against the death penalty". Grandmother Maria Petrovna Sakharov (Ur. Domukhovskaya) was born in the estates of the Parents-nobles in the Smolensk province.

Mother A. D. Sakharov Ekaterina Alekseevna Sakharov (Ur. Sofiano) - the daughter of the hereditary military Alexey Semenovich Sofiano, who retired, in 1917, in the age of Greek, the Greek Island, who accepted the Russian citizenship and received Nobility in the reign of Catherine II.

Grandmother from the mother's side of Zinaida Evgrafovna Sofiano (Ur. Mukhanova) came from the old nobility of Mukhanov, known in generic painting from the XVII century. The godfather of A.D.S. There was a famous musician Alexander Borisovich Goldenveyor. (More about the ancestors of A.D.S. See "Banner", 1993, No. 12.)

Childhood and early youth Andrei Dmitrievich took place in Moscow. The family lived in the apartment that once removed his grandfather and who after the revolution became communal. Primary education A.D.S.: got at home, physics and mathematics with him a father was engaged. In school, he studied from the seventh grade; After graduating from her in 1938, he entered physical faculty Moscow University. In the summer of 1941 as a state of health, A.D.S. Not adopted in the Military Academy, where many of his classmates were enrolled. After graduating from the University with honors in 1942 in Ashgabat in evacuation, he was aimed at the disposal of the Armament People's Commissariat. From 1942 A. D.S. worked on a cartridge factory in Ulyanovsk in office engineer-inventorhad a number of inventions in the field of product control methods. In 1943, Andrei Sakharov married Claudia Alekseevna Vigiryova (1919-1969), in 1972 He married Elena Georgievna Bonnere (born in 1923).

At the end of 1944 A.D.S. entered the correspondence postgraduate Fiana (Physical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR named after P.N. Lebedev), in early 1945 was translated into full-time graduate school. His supervisor was Igor Evgenievich Tamm , Subsequently, academician, Nobel laureate. Soon after the protection of the candidate thesis in 1948 A.D.S. was enrolled in the research team engaged in the problem of thermonuclear weapons. Sakharov is often called the "father of the hydrogen bomb", but he believed that these words very inaccurately reflect the complex situation of collective authorship. Since 1950 A.D. Sakharov and I.E. Tamm began to work together on the problem of a controlled thermonuclear reaction (the idea of \u200b\u200bthe magnetic retention of plasma and the fundamental calculations of the installations on the controlled thermonuclear synthesis). These works were reported in 1956. I.V. Kurchatov at the conference in Haruell (United Kingdom) and are considered pioneer. In 1952, Sakharov put forward the idea of \u200b\u200bmagnetic cumulation to obtain superal magnetic fields and in 1961 - the idea of \u200b\u200blaser compression to obtain a pulsed controlled thermonuclear reaction. Sakharov belongs to several key works in cosmology ("Barionic Asymmetry of All-Lenal", "Multilant Models of the Universe", "cosmological models of the Universe with a turn of the boom of time"), work on field theory and elementary particles. In 1953 A.D.S. He was elected a full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

The beginning of his social activities of Sakharov considered the speeches in 1956-1962. Against nuclear tests in the atmosphere. A.D.S. - One of the initiators of the conclusion in 1963 of the Moscow Treaty on the prohibition of nuclear tests in three, media (atmosphere, space and ocean). In 1964, Sahars opposed Lysenko and his schools. In 1966, he took part in a collective letter against the revival of the cult of Stalin. In 1968 he wrote a big article "Reflections on progress, peaceful coexistence and intellectual freedom"In which substantiated the need for convergence - counter rapprochement of socialist and capitalist systems - as the basis of the progress and conservation of peace on the planet. The overall circulation of this article in the West reached 20 million after its publication of Sakharov was removed from secret work in the closed city of Arzamas-16, where he spent 18 years. In 1969, he returned to scientific work in Fiana. At the same time, Sahars handed its savings - 139 thousand rubles. - Red Cross and on the construction of an oncological center in Moscow.

IN november 1970 Sakharov became one of the founders Human Rights Committee. In subsequent years, he defended the prisoners of conscience and fundamental human rights - the right to receive and disseminate information, the rights to freedom of conscience, the right to leave their country and return to it and the right to choose residence within the country. At the same time, a lot acted on disarmament issues, being the only independent professional expert in this area in the countries of the socialist camp. In the summer of 1975, published the book "About the Country and World". IN october 1975 HELL. Sakharov was awarded Nobel Peace Prize: "Sahars uncompromisingly and effectively fought not only against the abuse of power in all their manifestations, but with equal energy, he defended the ideal of a state based on the principle of justice for all. Sakharov convincingly expressed the idea that only human rights integrity could serve as a foundation for genuine and a durable system of international cooperation "(definition of the Nobel Norwegian Storting Committee of October 10, 1975).

In his Nobel lecture, read in Oslo E.G. Bonnere on December 10 of the same year, Sakharov claimed: "The world, progress, human rights - these three goals are inextricably linked, one cannot achieve any one of them, neglected by others."

January 22, 1980 Sahars without trial was exiled in Bitter. At the same time by Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, he was deprived of the title three times of the Hero of Socialist Labor (195.3, 1956, 1962) and Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR - the title of the Laureate of State (1953) and Leninsky (1956) awards. The link Sakharov was, apparently, was associated with its sharp speeches against the invasion of December 1979. Soviet troops in Afghanistan.

In bitter, despite the most severe isolation, he continued public speeches. Large resonance in the West had article "The danger of thermonuclear war", Letter Leonid Brezhnev about Afghanistan and appeal to Mikhail Gorbachev on the need to exemplate all prisoners of conscience. In Gorky A.D.S. Four times declared indefinite hunger strikes due to the pressure of K.GB per family. There, twice he was stolen by the organizers of the KGB manuscript of his memories, scientific and personal diaries. For the "Gorky years" A.D.S. Made and printed four scientific work. He was returned from Gorky in December 1986

In February 1987, Sakharov at the International Forum "For the Non-Free World, for the survival of mankind" spoke on the problem of disarmament - proposed the principle of separation of the "package" (i.e., consideration of the issue of reducing the number of Eurobette separately from soybean problems), which in two weeks He was accepted Gorbachev. On this forum, A.D.S. He also made a reduction in the USSR Army and on Nuclear Energy Safety.

IN 1988 HELL. Sakharov was elected honorary chairman of the Company "Memorial" And put a lot of strength for his recognition by the authorities. IN march 1989 He was chosen people's Deputy of the USSR. As a member of the Constitutional Commission, Sahars prepared and on November 27, 1989 presented a draft new Constitution; The basis of its concept is the protection of the rights of the individual and the right of all nations to equal with other statehood.

A. D.S. He was a foreign member of US Academy, France, Italy, Netherlands, Norway and the Honorary Dr. of many universities in Europe, America and Asia.

Andrei Dmitrievich died December 14, 1989 And buried in the Vostrikovsky cemetery in Moscow.

During the life of Sakharov, only his articles and interviews 1987-1989 were published in the USSR for public issues. 1990 was the year of the first acquaintance of our society with memoirs and the journalistic heritage of Andrei Sakharov. But to an even greater extent, it was 1991 - the year of the seventieth anniversary of Andrei Sakharov. In these years, his memoirs of "Memories" ("Banner", 1990, №№ 10-12; 1991, №№ 1-5) and "Gorky - Moscow, further everywhere" ("Banner", 1991, Nos. 9 -10), book E.G. Bonnere about the Gorky link "Postscriptum" (M.: Interbuch, 1990), collections of articles and speeches "Peace, Progress, Human Rights" (M.: Soviet Writer, 1990) and "Anxiety and Hope" (M.: Inter-Verso , 1990), printed interviews ("Star", 1991, №№ 1, 5, 10). The collections "Constitutional ideas of Andrei Sakharov" (M.: Novella, 1990), "Andrei Dmitrievich. Memories of Sakharov" (M.: Terra, 1990), "Andrei Sakharov. For and against" (M.; Peak, 1991 ), "A. D. Sakharov with the eyes of colleagues and friends. Etudes to the scientific portrait. Volnisten" (M.: Mir, 1991), "Sakharov Collection" (M.: Book, 1991), "and one in the warrior field" ( Yerevan; Luis, 1991), published brochure "Man and Legend." The image of A.D. Sakharov in public opinion. All-Union survey of the VS and Ohm. March! 991 "(M.: Inform. Date, 1991). The books of Andrei Sakharov "Memories" and "Gorky - Moscow, then everywhere" translated into English, German, French, Italian, Danish, Dutch and Japanese.

Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov (1921-1989) - Russian physicist and public figure, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1953). One of the creators of the hydrogen bomb (1953) in the USSR. Proceedings on magnetic hydrodynamics, plasma physics, controlled by thermonuclear synthesis, elementary particles, astrophysics, gravity. A. Sakharov, together with the Russian physicist-theorist Igor Evgenievich Tamm, proposed the idea of \u200b\u200bthe magnetic retention of high-temperature plasma. Since the end of the 50s, actively advocated the termination of the tests of nuclear weapons. From the late 60s - early 70s, Andrei Dmitrievich is one of the leaders of the human rights movement.

In the work "Reflections on the progress, peaceful coexistence and intellectual freedom" (1968), Sakharov considered the threat of humanity related to his disunity, the confrontation of socialist and capitalist systems: nuclear war, hunger, environmental and demographic catastrophe, dehumanization of society, racism, nationalism, dictatorialism Terrorist modes. In democratization and demilitarization of society, the approval of intellectual freedom, social and scientific and technological progress leading to the rapprochement of two systems, Sakharov saw an alternative to the death of humanity. The publication of this work in the West served as a reason for the removal of Sakharov from secret works; After protest against the entry of troops in Afghanistan Sakharov in January 1980, all state awards were deprived of all state awards (Hero of Socialist Labor (1954, 1956, 1962), Leninist Prize (1956), USSR State Prize (1953)) and Soslated in the city of Gorky, where continued Human rights activities. Returned from reference in 1986.

In 1989, Andrei Sakharov was elected by the People's Deputy of the USSR; Suggested a draft new Constitution of the country. "Memories" (1990). In 1988, the European Parliament was established by the International Prize named after Andrei Sakharov for humanitarian activities in the field of human rights. Nobel Prize of the World (1975).

Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov was born May 21, 1921, in Moscow. Russian physicist and public figure, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1953), Nobel Peace Prize (1975) laureate (1975), one of the authors of the first work on the implementation of thermonuclear reaction (hydrogen bomb) and the problem of controlled thermonuclear synthesis.

Sakharov Andrei Dmitrievich

Family and school years. A.D. Sakharov

Andrei Sakharov took place from an intelligent family, according to his own words, quite high intact. Father, Dmitry Ivanovich Sakharov (1889-1961), the son of a famous lawyer, was a musical gifted person, received a musical and physical and mathematical education. He taught physics in Moscow universities. Professor of the Moscow Pedagogical Institute named after V. I. Lenin, the author of popular books and a teacher in physics.

Mother, Ekaterina Alekseevna, nee Sofiano (1893-1963), noble origin, was a military daughter. From her Andrei Dmitrievich inherited not only the appearance, but also some character traits, for example, persistence, nonconptact.

The childhood of Andrei Dmitrievich passed in a large, crowded Moscow apartment, "impregnated with a traditional family spirit." For the first five years he studied at home. This contributed to the formation of independence and the ability to work, but led to the impairment, from which Sahars suffered almost all his life.

Oleg Kudryavtsev who had learned deep influence on him, who made a humanitarian beginning to the world of Sakharov and who discovered entire industries of knowledge and art for him. In the next five years of study at school, Andrei, under the leadership of the Father, the physics was in-depth, did a lot of physical experiences.

Sakharov Andrei Dmitrievich

University. Evacuation. The first Sakharov invention

In 1938, Sakharov entered the Faculty of Faculty of Moscow State University. The first attempt of independent scientific work in the second year ended unsuccessfully, but the disappointments in their own powers did not experience. After the start of the war, he together with the university was evacuated to Ashgabat; Seriously engaged in the study of quantum mechanics and relativity theory. At the end in 1942, with honors from Moscow State University, where he was considered the best student who had ever studied at the Faculty of Faculty, refused to offer Professor Anatoly Alexandrovich Vlasov to remain in graduate school.

Having received the specialty "Defense Metal Studies", was sent to a military plant first to the city of Kovrov Vladimir Region, and then to Ulyanovsk. Working conditions and life were very heavy. However, the first invention of Sakharov appeared here - the instrument to control the hardening of armor-piercing cores.

Marriage Andrei Sakhrova

In 1943, Andrei Dmitrievich married Claudia Alekseevna Vigiryova (1919-1969), a native of Ulyanovsk, a laboratory checker of the same plant. They had three children - two daughters and son. Because of the war, and then the birth of children Claudia Alekseevna did not complete higher education and after moving the family to Moscow and later on the "object" was leaning to the fact that it is difficult for her to find a suitable job. To some extent, this uconstitution, and possibly, the warehouse of their characters was caused by some separation of sugar from families of colleagues.

Sakharov Andrei Dmitrievich

Postgraduate Studies, Fundamental Physics

Returning to Moscow after the war, Sakharov in 1945 entered the graduate school of the Physical Institute named after Peter Nikolayevich Lebedev to famous theoretical physicist Igor Evgenievich Tammu to engage in fundamental problems. In her candidate thesis on non-radically nuclear transitions presented in 1947, he proposed a new selection rule for charging parity and a method for taking into account the interaction of an electron and positron at the birth of steam. At the same time, he came to the thought (without publishing his research on this problem) that a small difference between the two levels of the hydrogen atom is caused by the difference in the interaction of the electron with its own field in the associated and free states. A similar fundamental idea and calculation were published by the Physico theorient Hans Albrecht Bethe and were awarded in 1967 by the Nobel Prize. The idea and calculation of the Mu-meson catalysis of the nuclear reaction in the deuterium proposed by Sakharov and were published only in the form of a secret report.

Sakharov work over a hydrogen bomb

Apparently, this report (and to some extent and the need to improve housing conditions) were the basis for the inclusion of Sakharov in 1948 into a special group of Tamm on checking a particular project of the hydrogen bomb, which worked on the Physician-theorist Jacob Physicist B. Borisovich Zeldovich. Soon Andrei Sakharov proposed his own bomb project in the form of layers of deuterium and natural uranium around an ordinary atomic charge.

I ... forced to record attention on negative phenomena, since it is precisely the state propaganda that is silent, and since they are the greatest harm and danger.

Sakharov Andrei Dmitrievich

When an atomic charge explosion, ionized uranium significantly increases detection density, increases the rate of thermonuclear reaction and is divided under the action of rapid neutrons. This "first idea" - the ionization compression of the deuterium - was significantly supplemented by the Physico-theorist Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg "the second idea", consisting in the use of deuteride lithium-6. Under the action of slow neutrons from lithium-6, tritium is formed - very active thermonuclear fuel.

With these ideas in the spring of 1950, the Tamm Group almost in full force was aimed at the "object" - a super secret atomic enterprise with a center in the city of Sarov, where it increased significantly due to the inflow of young theoretics. The intensive work of the group and the entire enterprise ended with a successful testing of the first Soviet hydrogen bomb on August 12, 1953. A month before the test of Sakharov, he defended his doctoral thesis, in the same year he was elected an academician, awarded the medal of the hero of the Socialist Labor and Stalinist (State) Prize.

In the future, led by Andrei Dmitrievich, the Group worked on the implementation of the collective "third idea" - the compression of thermonuclear fuel by radiation from an atomic charge explosion. A successful testing of such an improved hydrogen bomb in November 1955 was overshadowed by the death of a girl and a soldier, as well as serious injuries of many people who were away from the landfill.

The awareness of the danger of nuclear tests

This circumstance, as well as a massive removal of residents from the landfill in 1953, forced Sakharov seriously think about the tragic consequences of atomic explosions, about the possible output of this terrible force due to control. A tangible impetus for such thoughts was the episode on a banquet, when in response to his toast - "so that the bombs exploded only over the polygons and never over the cities" - he heard the words of the prominent commander of Marshal Mitrofan Ivanovich, the meaning of which was that the task of scientists was "Strengthen" weapons, and "send" it (military) and will be able to themselves. It was a whisk blow to Sakharov's pride, and at the same time on his hidden pacifism. Success in 1955 brought Sakharov to the second medal of the hero of socialist labor and the Leninist Prize.

Sakharov Andrei Dmitrievich

Controlled thermonuclear synthesis

In parallel with the work on the bombs, Andrei Sakharov, together with Tamm, put forward the idea of \u200b\u200bthe magnetic retention of plasma (1950) and conducted fundamental calculations of the installations on the controlled thermonuclear synthesis. It also owns the idea and calculations for the creation of super-high magnetic fields with a magnetic flux with a conductive cylindrical shell (1952). In 1961, Sakharov offered to use laser compression to obtain a controlled thermonuclear reaction. These ideas marked the beginning of large-scale research of thermonuclear energy.

In 1958, two articles of Sakharov appeared on the harmful effects of radioactivity of nuclear explosions on heredity and, as a result, reducing the average life expectancy. According to a scientist, each megaton explosion leads in the future to 10 thousand victims of oncological diseases. In the same year, Sakharov unsuccessfully tried to influence the extension of the moratorium on atomic explosions announced by the USSR. The next moratorium was interrupted in 1961 by testing the heavy duty 50 megaton hydrogen bomb rather than a political than military destination, for the creation of Sakharov was awarded the third medal of the Hero of Socialist Labor. This contrary to the development of weapons and the prohibition of his tests, which in 1962, to acute conflicts with colleagues and government authorities, had in 1963 and a positive result is the Moscow Treaty of Nuclear Weapons Testing in three environments.

Start open public speeches

The interests of Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov was already not limited to nuclear physics. In 1958, he opposed the plans for Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev to reduce secondary education, and several years later, he was able to save Soviet genetically from the influence of Trofim Denisovich Lysenko with other scientists.

In 1964, Sakharov successfully performed at the Academy of Sciences against the election of the biologist N. I. Duddykov Academician, considering it, as well as Lysenko responsible for "shameful, heavy pages in the development of Soviet science." In 1966, he signed a letter "25 celebrities" to 23 CPSU Congress against Stalin's rehabilitation. The letter noted that any attempts to revive the Stalinist politics of intolerance to dissent "would be the greatest disaster" for the Soviet people. Acquaintance in the same year with a public and politician, historian and publicist Royal Alexandrovich Medvedev and his book about Stalin noticeably influenced the evolution of the views of Andrei Dmitrievich.

In February 1967, Sakharov sent the first letter Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev in defense of four dissenters. The answer to the authorities was to deprive him of one of the two posts occupied on the "object".

In June 1968, a large article was a big article - Manifesto Sakharov "Reflections on progress, peaceful coexistence and intellectual freedom" - about the dangers of thermonuclear destruction, environmental self-defense, dehumanization of humanity, the need to bring the socialist and capitalist systems, the crimes of Stalin and the absence of democracy in the USSR . In his manifesto, Sahars made the abolition of censorship, political courts, against the content of dissidents in psychiatric hospitals.

The reaction of the authorities did not make himself wait: Andrei Sakharov was completely removed from work on the "object" and dismissed from all posts associated with military secrets. On August 26, 1968, he had a meeting with Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn, which revealed the difference between their views on the necessary public transformations.

I am for the pluralism of power, for the convergence, for the economy of mixed type, for the "human face of society", and how it will be called - not so much for me.

Sakharov Andrei Dmitrievich

Death of his wife. Return to Fian. Barium asymmetry of the world

In March 1969, Andrei Dmitrievich's wife died, leaving him in a state of despair, replaced by a long soul empty. After the letter I. E. Tamma (at the time of the head of the theoretical department of Fian), the President of the An Mstislav Vsevolodovich Keldyshu and, apparently, as a result of sanctions, over Sahars was enlisted on June 30, 1969 at the Department of the Institute, where his scientific work began to Senior Researcher is the lowest, which Soviet academician could occupy.

From 1967 to 1980, Andrei Sakharov published more than 15 scientific works: On the Baryon Asymmetry of the Universe with the prediction of the colon decay (according to Sakharov, this is its best theoretical work that influenced the formation of scientific opinions in the next decade), on the cosmological models of the Universe, about communicating with quantum fluctuations of vacuum, on mass formulas for mesons and bariones, etc.

Activation of social activities

During the same years, Sakharov's socialism intensified, which was increasingly dispersed with official circles policies. He initiated appeals to liberation from psychiatric hospitals of human rights activists Petpa Gpigigyevich Grigorenko and J. A. Medvedev. Together with the physicist V. Turchin and R. A. Medvedev wrote a "Memorandum of Democratization and Intellectual Freedom". I went to Kaluga to participate in the picketing of the courtroom, where he passed the process over dissidents R. Pimenov and B. Web.

In November 1970, together with Physicists V. Chalidze and A. Srotchichlebov organized the human rights committee, which was to embody the principles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. In 1971, together with Academician Mikhail Alexandrovich, Leontovich actively opposed the use of psychiatry for political purposes and then for the right to return the Crimean Tatars, freedom of religion, freedom to choose the country of residence and, especially for Jewish and German emigration.

Science establishes the truth, more precisely, strives to an increasingly complete, accurate and universal knowledge of it. In this sense, it is one. The use of science is ambiguous.

Sakharov Andrei Dmitrievich

Second marriage. Further social activities

In 1972, Andrei Sakharov married Elena Georgievna Bonnere (born in 1923), which met in 1970 in the process in Kaluga. Becoming a true friend and a companion of her husband, she focused Sakharov's activities to protect the rights of concrete people. Software documents were now considered as a subject for discussion. Nevertheless, in 1977, Andrei Dmitrievich signed a collective letter to the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on the amnesty and the abolition of the death penalty, in 1973 he gave an interview to the Swedish Radio W. Stenkholma about the nature of the Soviet system and, despite the prevention of the Deputy Prosecutor General, held a press -conference for 11 Western journalists, during which he condemned not only the threat of persecution, but also called "discharge without democratization." The reaction to these statements was a letter of 40 academics published in the Pravda newspaper, which caused an evil campaign with the condemnation of Sakharov's social activities, as well as performances on his side of human rights defenders, Western politicians and scientists. A. I. Solzhenitsyn made a proposal to award Sakharov Nobel Prize of the World.

Intensifying the struggle for the right to emigration, in September 1973, Andrei Sakharov sent a letter to the US Congress in support of Jackson's amendment. In 1974, during the stay of President Richard Milghaus Nixon in Moscow, held his first hunger strike and gave a television interview to attract the attention of the world community to fate of political prisoners. On the basis of the E. G. Bonnere received by the Sahah Republic of the French Humanitarian Award, the fund of assistance to children of political prisoners organized.

In 1975, Sakharov met with the German writer G. Belle, together with him he wrote an appeal to protect political prisoners, in the same year published a book "About the country and the world" in the west, in which the ideas of convergence (see the theory of convergence), disarmament, Democratization, strategic equilibrium, political and economic reforms.

Scientists ... should be able to stand on a universal, global position - higher than the egoistic interests of the "their" state ... "of their" social system and its ideology - socialism or capitalism - anyway.

Sakharov Andrei Dmitrievich

Nobel Peace Prize

In October 1975, Dmitry Andreevich was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, which he received his wife, who was treated abroad. Bonnere announced the spent spectacle of Sakharov, which was called to "true discharge and genuine disarmament", to the "universal political amnesty in the world" and "liberating all prisoners of conscience everywhere." The next day, Bonner read the Nobel lecture of her husband "Peace, Progress, Human Rights", in which Sakharov argued that these three goals were "inextricably linked one on the other," demanded "freedom of conscience, existence of informed public opinion, pluralism in the education system, freedom Print and access to information sources ", and also put forward proposals to achieve discharge and disarmament.

In April and August 1976, December 1977 and early 1979, Andrei Sakharov went to Omsk, Yakutia, Mordovia and Tashkent to support human rights defenders. In 1977 and 1978, the children and grandchildren of Bonnere, whom Andrei Dmitrievich considered the hostages of his human rights activities, emigrated to the United States.

In 1979, Sakharov sent a letter to Leonid Brezhnev in defense of the Crimean Tatars and removal of secrecy from the case of an explosion in the Moscow metro. 9 years before deportation to the city of Gorky, he received hundreds of letters with a request for help, accepted more than a hundred visitors. The lawyer S. V. Kalistratova helped him in drafting the answers.

Whatever high targets are the terrorists as an exclusion ... - Their activities are always criminal, always destructive, throwing humanity to the times of lawlessness and chaos ...

Despite the open opposition to the Soviet regime, Sakharov did not file official accusations until 1980, when he sharply condemned the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. On January 4, 1980, he gave an interview to the New York Times correspondent on the situation in Afghanistan and his correction, and on January 14, the television interview of the company Ey Bi-si.

Sakharov was deprived of all government awards, including the title of Hero of Socialist Labor, and on January 22, without any trial, he was expelled in the city of Gorky (now Nizhny Novgorod), closed to foreigners, where he was placed under house arrest. At the end of 1981, the hunger strike of Sakharov and Bonnere for the right to leave E. Alexeva in the United States to the bridegroom, son Bonnere. Departure was allowed by Brezhnev after a conversation with the President of the Academy of Sciences A. P. Alexandrov. However, even close Andrei Dmitrievich believed that "personal happiness cannot be purchased by the price of the sufferings of the Great Man."

In June 1983, Andrei Sakharov published a letter to famous physics S. Drelel in the American journal "Forin Affers" about the danger of the thermonuclear war. The reaction to the letter was the article of four academics in the newspaper Izvestia, depicting Sakharov a supporter of thermonuclear war and the arms race and caused a noisy newspaper campaign against him and his wife.

In the summer of 1984, Sakharov conducted an ineffective hunger strike for the right of his wife for a trip to the United States to meet with family and treatment (terminated on August 6). The hunger strike was accompanied by violent hospitalization and painful feeding. The motives and details of this hunger strike of Sakharov told autumn in the letter A. P. Alexandrov, in which he asked to assist in obtaining permission to travel his wife, and also stated a release from the Academy of Sciences in case of refusal.

April - September 1985 - the last hunger strike of Sakharov with previous goals; Again the room in the hospital and violent feeding. The departure of Bonnere was issued only in July 1985 after Sakharov's letter to Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev with a promise to focus on scientific work and stop public speeches if the wife's trip will be resolved. In a new letter, Gorbachev on October 22, 1986, Sakharov asks to stop his deportation and the link of his wife, again promising her social activity.

On December 16, 1986, M. S. Gorbachev announced Sakharov by telephone about the end of the reference: "Return and proceed to your patriotic activities." A week later, Sakharov, together with Bonnare returned to Moscow.

Modern international terrorism, trying to destroy democratic legal states - to a large extent, the generation of ideology, strategies and tactics of totalitarianism, and in some cases - direct support for the secret services of totalitarian states.

Sakharov Andrei Dmitrievich

last years of life

In February 1987, Andrei Dmitrievich spoke at the International Forum "For the Non-Free World for the Survival of Humanity" with a proposal to consider the reduction of the number of eurobaste separately from the problems of soybeans, about the reduction of the army, the safety of nuclear power plants. In 1988, he was elected Honorary Chairman of the Memorial Society, and in March 1989 - People's Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. Many reflecting on the reform of the political structure of the USSR, Sakharov in November 1989 presented the draft of the new Constitution, which is based on the protection of the rights of the individual and the right of all peoples to statehood.

Sakharov was a foreign member of US Academies, France, Italy, Netherlands, Norway and the Honorary Dr. of many universities in Europe, America and Asia.

Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov died December 14, 1989, in Moscow, after a busy day of work at the congress of people's deputies. His heart, as the autopsy showed, was completely worn out. Hundreds of thousands of people came to say goodbye to a great man. A great scientist is buried in the Vostrivsky cemetery in Moscow.

Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov - Quotes

The disunity of humanity threatens him with death ... In the face of danger, any action that increases the disunity of mankind, any preaching of the incompatibility of world ideologies and nations - madness, a crime.

Speaking in defense of the victim of lawlessness and cruelty ... I tried to reflect the whole of my pain, concern, indignation and persistent desire to help suffering.

I believe that some kind of sense exists in the universe, and in human life too.

I ... forced to record attention on negative phenomena, since it is precisely the state propaganda that is silent, and since they are the greatest harm and danger.

I feel in non-demand debt in front of bold and moral people who are prisoners of prisons, camps and psychiatric hospitals for their struggle in defense of human rights.