The economy of the countries of a large seven. Activity "Big Seven"

The greatest fame of informal intergovernmental organizations has "G-7" - a group of seven largest economies of the world: USA, Canada, France, Germany, United Kingdom, Italy, Japan. In fact, it is an elite club at the level of the heads of state that emerged in the 70s. XX century During the collapse of the Bretton Woods currency system. The main goal of it is to avoid global imbalance in the world. In 1998, mainly for political considerations, the club take Russia. In July 2006, the G-8 summit was held in Russia in St. Petersburg. Experts note that the main result of the summit can be called the final transformation of an organization from the elite club of developed countries that have consisted consolidated decisions on major international issues into a discussion club that forms the global agenda. But this agenda is impossible without the participation of China and India. In St. Petersburg, they attended as guests, however, they have all the grounds to become full members of the club of world leaders.

In addition to intergovernmental organizations, the number of non-governmental voluntary public organizations (NGOs) is increasing. Thus, about 15 thousand representatives of non-governmental organizations gathered to the World Summit on Earth's problems in Rio de Janeiro.

There are widely known such associations as "Greenpeace", "Roman Club", "Third World". With all the diversity of such organizations, their activities are usually aimed at protecting human rights, ecology, women's rights, solving problems of developing countries and often wears anti-globalistic orientation.

In this regard, the concept of "network of global public policy" has arisen - a joint initiative of NGOs, business circles, national governments, international organizations. As part of these initiatives, participants develop public opinion, international standards and standards for specific controversial issues: for example, the effectiveness of the construction of large dams. Globalization makes NGOs are increasingly influential and involves the creation of a transnational NGO network capable of influencing formal agreements. The thesis is becoming their main argument that the established international administration institutions suffer from a deep deficit of democracy. The activities of these organizations are beyond the will of the population - the system of direct democratic elections is absent, and information, social control and discussion is extremely limited. This means that the decisions made can meet the narrow commercial interests of individual groups of persons or countries.

The G8 (G8) or the G8 group is a forum for the Government of the eight largest national economies of the world both by nominal GDP and the Higher Index of Human Development; It does not include India in the 9th place in GDP, Brazil - on the seventh and China - on the second. The forum originated at the 1975 Summit, which was held in France and collected representatives of six governments: France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Great Britain, as well as the United States, which led to the appearance of the Abbreviation "Big Six" or G6. The summit became known as the "big seven" or G7 next year in connection with the addition of Canada.

"Big Seven" (G7) consists of 7 most developed and rich countries on earth and its work remains active, despite the creation in 1998 "G8" or G8. In 1998, Russia was added to the group of the most developed countries, which then became known as the "G8" (G8). The European Union is presented in G8, but can not accept or watch the summits.

The term "G8" (G8) may refer to Member States in the aggregate or to the annual summit meeting G8. The first term, G6, is now often applied to six most densely populated countries within the European Union. The G8 ministers are also found during the year, for example, the G7 / G8 finance ministers are found four times a year, meetings of the Foreign Ministers of the G8 countries or the Ministerial Environment G8 are also held.

In the aggregate of the country G8 produce 50.1% of world nominal GDP (according to 2012) and 40.9% of world GDP (PPP). Each calendar year, responsibility for organizing the G8 summit and the chairmanship is transferred between Member States in the following order: France, USA, United Kingdom, Russia, Germany, Japan, Italy and Canada. The chairman of the chairman determines the agenda, conducts the summit for the current year, and determines which ministerial meetings will take place. Recently, France and the United Kingdom expressed a desire to expand the group and include five developing countries in it, which are referred to as Outreach Five (O5) or plus five: Brazil (7th country in the world on nominal GDP), China People's Republic or China (2nd country in the world in GDP), India (9th country in the world in GDP), Mexico and South Africa (South Africa). These countries participated as guests on previous summits, which are sometimes called G8 + 5.

In connection with the advent of the "big twenty" G20, groups of twenty largest economies in the world, in 2008 at the Washington summit, the leaders of the G8 countries announced that in the following summit of September 25, 2009 in Pittsburgh, G20 will replace G8 as the main economic council of the rich countries.

One of the main activities in G8 on a global scale since 2009 are world food supplies. At the Summit in Aquile in 2009, the G8 members promised to contribute to $ 20 billion on food assistance to poor countries for three years. True, since then only 22% of the promised funds have been allocated. At the 2012 Summit, President of the United States Barack Obama appealed to the G8 leaders to make a policy that would privatize global investments in the production and supply of food.

History of the G8 (G8)

The concept of the forum for leading industrialized world democracies appeared in front of the 1973 oil crisis. On Sunday, March 25, 1973, Minister of Finance George Schulz convened an informal meeting of finance ministers from West Germany (Germany Helmut Schmidt), France Valerie Zhiscar D'ESten) and the United Kingdom (Anthony Barber) before the upcoming meeting in Washington.

When starting the idea of \u200b\u200bthe former President of Nixon, he noted that it is better to spend it outside the city, and suggested using the White House; The meeting was subsequently conducted in the library on the first floor. Taking its name from the area, this original group of four has become known as the "library group". In the middle of 1973 at the meetings of the World Bank and the IMF, Schulz proposed to add Japan to the initial four nations, and everyone agreed. The informal assembly of senior financial officials from the USA, Great Britain, Germany, Japan and France became known as the "five".

The year that followed the formation of the "fives" was one of the most turbid after World War II, and the heads of states and governments in the top ten industrialized countries lost their posts due to illness or scandal. The elections in the UK were held twice, three German Chancellors, three French Presidents, three Prime Ministers of Japan and Italy, two US President and the Prime Minister of Canada Trudo were forced to go to early elections. From the members of the "five", everyone was in beginners for further work, with the exception of the Prime Minister of Trudo.

When began 1975, Schmidt and Giscard were now heads of states in West Germany and France, respectively, and since they both spoke freely in English, then they, British Prime Minister Harold Wilson and US President Gerald Ford could gather in informal retreat and Discuss the results of the elections. In the late spring of 1975, the President of GIKAR invited Heads of Governments of West Germany, Italy, Japan, Great Britain and the United States for the Summit in Chateau de Rambuy; The annual meeting of the six leaders was organized under his chairmanship, and a group of six (G6) was formed. Next year, Wilson, as Prime Minister of Great Britain, Schmidt and Ford, felt that a carrier of English was needed with extensive experience, therefore was invited to join the group Prime Minister Canada Pierre Trudo, and the group began to be called a "big seven" (G7). The European Union was represented by the President of the European Commission and the country's leader, which holds the chairmanship of the Council of the European Union. The President of the European Commission took part in all meetings, since he was first invited to the United Kingdom in 1977 and the Chairman of the Council currently visits the meeting regularly.

After 1994, at the G7 Summit in Naples, Russian officials held separate meetings with the leaders of the G7 after the summit of the group. This unofficial agreement was called "Political Eight" (P8) - or, in the surprise, G7 +1. At the invitation of the British Prime Minister Tony Blair and US President Bill Clinton, President Boris Yeltsin was invited first as a guest and observer, and then as a full participant. Invitation was viewed as a way to encourage Yeltsin for its capitalist reforms. Russia officially joined the group in 1998, as a result of which "G8", or G8 formed.

Structure and activity of the G8 (G8)

In accordance with the project, G8 intentionally does not have an administrative structure as international organizations such as the UN or the World Bank. The group has no permanent secretariat, or offices for its members.

The chairmanship in the group is transferred annually among member countries, while each new chairman takes office from January 1. The presiding country is responsible for planning and conducts a series of ministerial meetings leading to the summit in mid-year with the participation of heads of government. The President of the European Commission participates in equal rights in all the highest levels.

Ministers are going to ministers responsible for various portfolios to discuss issues of mutual interest or a global concern. The circle of discussed issues includes health care, the work of law enforcement agencies, the prospects for the labor market, economic and social development, energy, environmental protection, foreign affairs, justice and internal affairs, terrorism and trade. There is also a separate set of meetings known as G8 +5, created at the Summit in 2005 in Glenigles in Scotland, in which the Ministers of Finance and Energy Ministers are taken part of all eight member countries in addition to five countries, which are also known as the Five - Brazil, People's Republic of China, India, Mexico and South Africa.

In June 2005, the Ministers of Justice and Internal Affairs of the G8 countries agreed to create an international database on pedophiles. G8 officials also agreed to combine terrorism databases, taking into account restrictions on confidentiality and security laws in individual countries.

Characteristics of G8 countries (as of 2014)

Country	Population, million people	The size of real GDP, billion US dollars	GDP size per capita, thousand US dollars	Inflation,%	Unemployment rate, %	Trade Balance, billion US dollars
Great Britain	63.7	2848.0	44.7	1.5	6.2	-199.6
Germany	81.0	3820.0	47.2	0.8	5.0	304.0
Global Energy and G8 (G8) In Highigandamma in 2007, G8 recognized the EU offer as a worldwide initiative to efficiently use energy. They agreed to explore, together with the International Energy Agency, the most effective means to improve energy efficiency at the international level. A year on June 8, 2008 in Aomori (Japan) at a meeting of the Ministers of Energy, organized by Japan, the G8, along with China, India, South Korea and the European Community, created an international partnership for cooperation in the field of energy efficiency. Ministers of Finance G8, as part of preparation for the 34th meeting of the heads of G8 and Government in Toyako, Hokkaido, met on June 13 and 14, 2008 in Osaka, Japan. They agreed to "G8 Action Plan due to climate change to expand the participation of private and public financial institutions." In conclusion, the ministers supported the formation of a new climate investment fund (CIFS) of the World Bank, which will help existing efforts until the new structure of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (RCCC) will not be fully implemented after 2012.

State University of Office

Economy "Big Seven"

Performed:

Information Management III-1

Moscow - 2002.

"Big Seed" - the country's most economically developed: USA, Japan, United Kingdom, Germany, France, Italy, Canada. In the early 1990s They accounted for more than 50% of the global GNP and industrial production, over 25% of agricultural products. From 1975 at regular meetings, "in the top" produces an agreed interstate economic, financial, currency policy. Based on the overall analysis of the global economy of the country "Big Seven" determine the ways of impact on the pace and proportions of its development.

The "Big Seven" includes economically developed countries and in the mid-1990s Russia joined these countries.

Modern world economy seems inhomogeneous. The role in it of individual national economies differ significantly. The UN statistical data given below clearly indicate that Wednesdays of the World Economy are found countries of North America (USA and Canada), Western countries (United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, France) and Japan. But the economy, Russia is in decline, although it is part of the "G8", (see section Russia)

The last decades of the world's world economy is equipped with the United States of America.

At the present stage, the US leadership in the global economy is mainly ensured by their superiority on, other countries on the scale and wealth of the market, the degree of development of market structures, the level of scientific and technical potential, a powerful and branched system of world-economic relations with other countries on the trade, investment and banking Capital.

An extraordinary high capacity of the domestic market provides the United States a unique place in the global economy. The highest level of GNP in the world means that the United States spends more than any other country on current consumption and investment. In this case, the factor characterizing consumer demand in the United States is a general high level of income relative to other countries and a large layer of middle class-oriented consumption-oriented consumption. In the United States, the construction of 1.5 million new houses is laid annually, more than 10 million new cars are sold and many other long-term goods.

The modern US industry consumes about one-third of the whole raw material produced in the world. Saran has the most capacious market of machinery and equipment in the world. It accounts for over 40% of mechanical engineering products being implemented in developed countries. Having the most developed engineering, the United States has simultaneously become the largest importer of machine-technical products. The United States is now taking over one-quarter of world exports of machinery and equipment, producing procurement in almost all types of equipment.

By the beginning of the 90s. The United States has developed a steady progressive structure of the economy in which the prevailing share belongs to the production of services. In GDP, they account for over 60%, for material production - 37% and about 2.5% - on agricultural products. The role of services in employment is even more significant: in the first half of the 90s, more than 73% of the amateur population is employed here.

At the present stage, the United States has the world's largest scientific and technical potential, which is now a decisive factor in the dynamic development of the economy and competitiveness in the world economy. Annual R & D Allocations in the United States exceed similar expenses of Great Britain, Germany, France and Japan together (in 1992, the total R & D costs in the United States exceeded 160 billion US dollars). More than half of the state allocations on R & D are sent to the work of the military, and in this respect the provision of the United States is much more burdened than that of competitors such as Japan and the EU, spending the prevailing part of the funds for civilian work. But the United States is still essentially ahead of Europe and Japan on the general potential and R & D, which allows them to conduct scientific work on a wide front and seek to quickly transform the results of fundamental research in applied developments and technical innovations.

US Corporations firmly hold the championship in the world in such directions of NTP as the production of aircraft and spacecraft, heavy duty computers and their software, the production of semiconductors and the latest powerful integrated circuits, the production of laser technology, a means of communication, biotechnology. The US share is over 50% of major innovations generated in developed countries.

Today, the United States is the largest manufacturer of high-tech products, or as it is customary called - high-tech products: their share in the global production of these products was at the beginning of the 90s. 36%, in Japan - 29%, Germany - 9.4%, Great Britain, Italy, France, Russia - about 20%.

Robust positions hold the United States and in the processing of accumulated knowledge arrays, providing information services. This factor plays a very significant role, since the rapid and qualitative information support in an increasing degree determines the efficiency of the entire production unit. Currently, 75% of data banks available in developed countries are concentrated in the United States. Since in Japan, as in Western Europe, there is no equivalent system of data banks, for a long time their scientists, engineers and entrepreneurs will continue to draw knowledge mainly from American sources. This strengthens their dependence on the United States affects the commercial and production strategy of the consumer of information.

It is extremely important that the basis of the US scientific and technical capacity is the staff of highly qualified scientists and engineers engaged in scientific research and development. So, in the early 90s. The total number of researchers in the United States exceeded 3 million people. The United States is leading on the specific weight of scientists and engineers in the working sieps. A high educational level is characterized by the entire contingent of labor in the United States. In the early 90s. 38.7% of Americans aged 25 years and older had completed secondary education, 21.1% - complete higher and 17.3% - unfinished higher education. Only 11.6% of adult Americans have an education below average, which is 8 or less years of study at school. The powerful scientific and technical potential of the country and the overall high level of education and vocational training of Americans serves as a factor of force for American corporations in their competitive opponent in the domestic and world markets.

The continuing leadership of the United States in modern world-economic relations is a legitimate result of their previous development and represents the next step in the process of integrating the United States to the world economy. The United States belongs to a special role in the formation of the global economic complex, especially in the second half of the XX century. The relations of leadership and partnership in the field of world trade, investments and finances, which develop between the United States, Western Europe, Japan and the catching-up of their new industrial countries are detected by a certain pattern. Initially, there was an absolute prevalence of the United States, but as the economies of other participants are strengthened, these relations moved to a competitive partnership, in which the United States is forced to partially give up their share of the influence of rivals by moving the leader's function to a higher level.

The United States consistently prevailed in world trade, exports of loan capital, direct and portfolio foreign investments. Now this prevalence is implemented mainly on the scale of economic potential and the dynamics of its development, scientific and technological progress, foreign investment and impact on the global financial market.

At the present stage of the United States, the largest global investor and at the same time the main object for foreign investment. The most significant investments in the United States made the United Kingdom ($ 12 billion). In total, in the United States received from abroad as direct investments over $ 560 billion. American firms still remain the world's largest investors in the world, the total amount of their direct capital investments abroad exceeds all global investments and amounted to approximately $ 706 billion. . USA.

In addition, American corporations have incorporated in recent years in the boom of investment due to the hardening of the dollar. Profits of corporations in a percentage of national income are much higher than in the 80s. Costs per unit of workforce did not increase in 1995 compared with average annual growth of 4.1% in the 80s, which serves as an explicit sign of increasing economic efficiency.

Such successes are due to a powerful increase in productivity, which in the 90s. In the Neefermer sector rose 2.2% annually, which is half higher than the same pace of previous two decades. If you save the current rate of 2%, national performance will increase by almost 10% next decades.

In the post-war period, the internationalization of economic life took place. At the same time, in the world economy, the US economy was transition from superiority over weak partners to competitive partnership and strengthening the interdependence of strong partners, among which the United States retains a leading position.

Another richest country of the North American continent, which has more than a century of history, - Canada.

But the real incomes of the population of Canada decreased in l991 by 2%. A slight expansion of employment and minor wage gains in the state and in the private sector of the economy traded the growth of labor revenues, which are 3/5 of the total incomes of the population. In a row, investment income decreased three times, first due to the reduction of payments for dividends, and in 1993 - mainly due to the fall in interest rates. 8 The result - real consumer spending in 1993 increased by only 1.6% against 1.3% in 1992.

Statistics show that the reduction in the scale of production in the early 90s. It was not significant, but it happened in the conditions of the most serious over the past three decades of structural restructuring, which had the affected industry of two possesses the most developed industrial potential of provinces - Ontario and Quebec.

Economic growth, the revival of the Canadian economy occurs since 1992, when GDP growth rates amounted to 0.6%; In 1993, they rose to 2.2%. In 1994, at the rate of economic growth (4.2%), the country of maple leaf for the first time since 1988 was the leader in the "big seven" and retained this position in 1995, increasing real GDP in 1995. by 3.8%.

There is also a sharp jump in the increase in the volume of private investments - from 0.7% in 1993 to 9% in 1994 and 8.0% in the first quarter of 1995. Approximately twice the consumer expenses began to grow - by 3% compared from 1.6% in 1993

The growth of production in Canada is due to an increase in the incomes of the population and corporations. If during the recession 1990-1991. Real incomes of the population (after paying taxes, taking into account prices) decreased, in 1994 they increased by 2.9%, and in 1995 - by 4.0%. At the same time, the profits of Canadian corporations increased by 35% in 1994 and by 27% in 1995. Such growth is maintained by the expansion of domestic demand, increasing export stream and increasing commodity prices in the global market. We are talking about high energy prices, chemical raw materials, metals, paper, wood.

An important role in the growth of corporate income is played by structural restructuring in the Canadian industry, measures to reduce costs and technical rearmament, which led to an increase in labor productivity, which in manufacturing industries exceeds 5%.

The new federal government, trying to solve the most acute problems of the intraocomic situation, in February 1995 proposed a reform plan, testifying to the radical revision of the role of the state in the socio-economic life of the country. So, envisage:

reduced costs of federal ministries by 19% over the coming three years, reducing subsidies to Entrepreneurs by 50%;

support for small business (but the forms of assistance to small businesses will be less preferential and more appropriate regime of cruel budget savings);

commercialization of government agencies and privatization.

This means that there will be a transfer to commercial foundations or transfer to the private hands of state institutions and corporations in all cases when it seems almost possible and effective. The program includes the possibility of complete or partial privatization of state-owned enterprises.

Canada, the export and import of which make up 2/3 of the GNP, very noticeably depends on the situation in the global market. Over the past three years, its exports rose by 31.6%, and imports - by 31.3%. Suite positive shifts are due to the low course of the Canadian dollar in relation to the American, structural restructuring of the economy and its increasing competitiveness, Canadian products, as well as Economic revival in the United States, whose market, in fact, oriented the products of the country of maple leaves.

Today, Canada seriously needs broad exports to the United States to achieve even modest economic growth. Any sudden "cooling" "in the economy south of the Canadian border causes a strong flow of" cold air "in the northern direction. Now Canada is tied to the United States, she has a weak consumer growth and the same growth of personal income. The only thing that will be able to promote its economy. - This is the expansion of exports, and most of it falls on the United States.

In general, the pace of economic growth in Canada hide serious problems experienced by Canadians. Among them: high unemployment (about 9.5%), record consumer debt, low savings and severe consequences caused by a reduction in tens of billions of dollars of the budgets of the federal government and the government of the provinces.

As you know, many European countries have stabilized their currencies, "attaching" them to the German brand. In Canada, a freely floating course of the national currency remained. The Central Bank of the Clench Sheet Country is only occasionally interventions for smoothing the fluctuations in the Canadian dollar exchange rate, but does not support it at a certain level. So, not taken any active actions to prevent the fall of the national currency in early 1994, because it is fairly counting on the fact that this fall, on the one hand, stimulates exports, and on the other, the demand for consumer goods of Canadian production.

The government's change in Canada (in 1993) did not create any significant obstacles to the implementation of the Agreement on the formation of the North American Free Trade Zone, which included three countries of North America. Therefore, the prospects for its economic growth and increasing the role of Canada in the modern world economy are very defined.

European countries "Big Seven" occupy a special place in the global economy.

In terms of economic development, the nature of the structure of the economy, the scale of economic activity, Western European countries are divided into several groups. The main economic power of the region accounts for four large highly developed countries in the country - Germany, France, Italy, the United Kingdom, which focus 50% of the population and 70% of gross domestic product.

At the present stage, the potential of scientific and technical research is very great in Western Europe. European G8 countries spend big funds for new research. But the overall effect is reduced by duplication of studies, so the real value of this indicator will be below the nominal value. Nevertheless, the European part of the G8 stand out for civil studies by 16% less than the United States, but twice as much as Japan. At the same time, the expenses of Western European countries are largely focused on fundamental research. These countries are lagging behind in key industries as integrated circuits and semiconductors, the manufacture of microprocessors, super computer, biomaterials. This is not surprising, since so far they have been allocated for research in the field of microelectronics almost as much as one large IBM company allocates in the United States.

Among the factors that negatively affect the course of the economic development of Western Europe, mass unemployment is distinguished - up to 20 million people. More than 80% of the unemployed focuses in the EU countries. The unemployment rate in them was 11.4% of the workforce in 1996 in comparison with 5.5% in the United States and 3.3% in Japan.

The modern economic development of Western European countries proceeds under the sign of structural changes. These changes reflected general trends in the development of production and public division of labor in the conditions of the new stage of NTP, and were also a consequence of structural crises and crises of overproduction of the 70s and early 90s.

At the present stage, the structural crisis has survived shipbuilding, ferrous metallurgy, textile and coal industry. Such industries that were not so long ago stimulants of growth, as an automotive industry, chemistry, electrical engineering, have collided with a reduction in domestic demand, changes in the international division of labor. The most dynamic industries include the electronic industry, in which the production of industrial and special purpose equipment received preferential development, first of all, computer. New sectors and production related to the manufacture of robots, CNC machines, atomic reactors, aerospace technology, new means of communication have been distinguished. However, they were not only not able to provide high growth rates of the economy, but also in their development lagging behind the United States and Japan. Domestic companies provide only 35% of the regional consumption of semiconductors, 40% of electronic components, even less integrated circuits. The Western European Industry for the issuance of information technology provides 10% of the needs of world and 40% of regional markets.

The past decade is characterized by some lag of Western Europe from major competitors in the progressiveness of the industry structure. The products using high demand are 25% of the products of the manufacturing industry of the European part of the G8 in about 30% in the United States and almost 40% in Japan. Recently, in the Western European economy, the modernization of the cost-effective operational industrial apparatus was held in the Western European economy, and not its fundamental update on the basis of the new technique.

According to country comparisons on the structure of the manufacturing industry, mechanical engineering and heavy industry have developed in the leading countries of the region. The share of chemistry is also significant. Many Western European countries are large manufacturers of consumer products. The share of sectoral light industry in Italy is 18-24%.

For most countries in the region, an increase or stabilization of the role of the food industry is characterized - both in production, and in employment.

The most significant differences in the structural indicators for the share of agriculture in the formation of GDP are from 1.5 to 8%. Highly developed countries have reached a practically limit on this indicator (2-3% of GDP). With decreasing employment up to 7% of the working-age population (I960. -17%), an increase in production volumes occurred. Western Europe accounts for about 20% of global agricultural production. Today, leading producers of agricultural goods in the EU France (14.5%), Germany (13%), Italy (10%), United Kingdom (8%). A relatively high growth rates of this industry contributed to an increase in the self-sufficiency of Western European countries in agricultural products and supply to foreign markets the main way to implement the "excessive" product of the region.

Over the past years, serious changes have occurred in the fuel and energy balance of Western European countries. As a result of the implementation of integrated power standards aimed at maximum savings and improving energy efficiency, there has been a relative reduction in energy consumption, and oil consumption has decreased absolutely. Reducing energy consumption proceeded in the region with different intensity and continued a tendency to increase it. Shifts in the structure of the energy balance are associated with the fall in the proportion of oil (from 52 to 45%), a significant increase in the specific weight of atomic energy, ascending the role of natural gas. The most widely natural gas is used in the Netherlands, where it is half the energy consumed, and in the UK. Atomic energy is performed and consumed in 10 countries. In a number of countries, it accounts for a significant part of the energy consumed, in France - over 75%.

The shifts in recent years in the economy of Western European countries were in one direction - a reduction in their GDP of the specific gravity of the industries and raising the share of services. This sector is currently largely determined by the growth of national production, investment dynamics. It accounts for 1/3 of the economically active population.

This increases the importance of Western European countries as a financial center, the center for the provision of another service.

The structural restructuring of large capital led to a significant strengthening of the positions of Western European companies in the world economy. For the 70-80s. Among the 50 largest companies in the world, the amount of Western European-European increased from 9 to 24. All major companies have an international character. There were changes in the ratio of forces between Western European giants. Forward, Germany's corporations were reached, to a lesser extent - France and Italy.

Positions of British companies weakened. Western European leading banks retained their positions, 23 of them are among the largest 50 banks of the world of German and 6 French).

Modern monopolization processes in Western Europe have differences from such processes in North America. The most strong positions of the largest Western European companies are occupied in traditional industries, significantly lagging in the newest high-tech. The sectoral specialization of the largest associations of Western Europe is less mobile than the US corporations. And this, in turn, inhibits the structural restructuring of the economy.

As the forecasts show, the market for a lesser extent will make demand for massive types of products with a lower level of cost. Therefore, the role of companies that rely on a wide production program with frequent change of output models and effective adaptation to changing market conditions. The "economy of possibilities" comes to the change of "economy of scale". The process of decentralization of production management is gaining force, the intra-profit division of labor is growing. The progressive crushing of the markets as the specialization of consumer demand is deepened, the development of the service sector contributes to the growth of small entrepreneurship, which accounts for up to 30-45% of GDP. The growth of small entrepreneurship increases the flexibility of economic structures in relation to the needs of the market.

Eastern Asia is the most dynamically developing region in the global economy.

It is not by chance that the first among the countries of the region made a transition to the modern economic growth of Japan. Expansionist influence of the West gave Japan in the postwar period impetus for the transition of a model of modern economic growth, which was carried out much faster and painless than, say, in China.

Even at the end of the XIX century, starting with the reform of Maidi, the Japanese government created the conditions for free entrepreneurship and initiated the implementation of the modernization of the economy. A feature of the Japanese modernization of economic activity was that foreign capital occupied a minor share in the creation of a modern economy, as well as the fact that a considerable role in modernization is played by a patriotic movement initiated by the state.

As a result, in the post-war period (throughout the life of one generation), Japan raised the economy from the ruins to the situation of equality with the richest countries of the world. She did it in the context of democratic board and in the distribution of economic benefits among wide circles of the population.

A considerable role was played by the thrift and enterprise Japanese. From the 50s. The rates of savings in Japan were the highest in Miren often two or more times exceeded the savings of other large industrial countries. In 1970-1972 Savings of Japanese families and business not included in the corporation amounted to 16.8% GNP, or 13.5% after depreciation, the corresponding figures for American se-me4 were 8.5% and 5.3%. Clean savings of Japanese corporations amounted to 5.8% of GNP, American corporations - 1.5%. Clean savings of the Japanese government - 7.3% GNP, the American government - 0.6%. The total net savings of Japan amounted to 25.4% GNP, USA - 7.1%. These exceptionally high rates of savings have been preserved for many years and all this time supported very high rates of investment.

Throughout the past 40 years, Japan is a phenomenal pace. From 1950 to 1990, the real per capita income increased (in the 1990 prices) from $ 1230 to 23970 dollars., I.e. growth rates amounted to 7.7% per year. During the same period, the United States was able to achieve income growth by only 1.9% per year. The post-war economic achievements of Japan were unsurpassed in world history.

The modern economy of Japan is in an amazing degree depends on small entrepreneurs. Almost one third of the workforce constitutes working on themselves and unpaid members of their families (compared with less than 10% in the UK and the USA). In the early 80s. In Japan, there were 9.5 million enterprises with less than 30 workers, of which 2.4 million are firms, and 6 million - not united in the corporation business enterprises that are not related to agriculture. More than half of the labor force were employed in these firms. In industry, almost half of the workforce operates at enterprises with less than 50 workers. This proportion is repeated in Italy, but in Britain and the USA, this indicator is about 15%.

The government encourages savings and the growth of small enterprises through tax benefits, financial and other assistance. From small businesses are formed huge networks of suppliers and subcontractors of large monopolies "First", "Second" and "Third" levels. Their hands are created, for example, half the cost of cars, which manufactures Toyota firm.

Japan became the first country, in the economy of which the model of balanced growth was realized. In 1952, the stage of modern economic growth was completed in Japan with the annual growth rate of GNP to 5%. From 1952 to 1972, Japan held a stage of the ultrafast pace with an indicator of the annual GNP increase of up to 10%. From 1973 to 1990 - the next stage is the stage of gradual attenuation of the ultrafast increase in GNP (up to 5%). Since 1990, this country is also the first and so far the only one has entered the last stage in the implementation of the same economic model of balanced growth. This is the stage of moderate increase in the GNP of a mature market economy. And this means that "the high growth rates of the Japanese economy will replace the annual increase in the GNP at an average of 2-3%. The beginning of this stage coincided with a four-year depression of the global economy, which after seven-year prosperity joined in 1990 to a serious economic crisis from which Japan It is still selected. This is confirmed by statistics, and in the mid-90s. In the Economy of Japan, the fourth year has continued

"Big Seven"
- A group of the most developed countries (United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, Canada, USA, France, Japan), which have a significant impact on social processes in the modern world.

Big seven

The greatest fame from informal intergovernmental organizations has"G-7" - a group of seven major economies of the world: USA, Canada, France, Germany, United Kingdom, Italy, Japan. In fact, it is an elite club at the level of the heads of state that emerged in the 70s. XX century During the collapse of the Bretton Woods currency system. The main goal of it is to avoid global imbalance in the world. In 1998, mainly for political considerations, the club take Russia. In July 2006, first summit"G-8" passed in Russia in St. Petersburg. Experts note that the main result of the summit can be called the final transformation of an organization from the elite club of developed countries that have consisted consolidated decisions on major international issues into a discussion club that forms the global agenda. But this agenda is impossible without the participation of China and India. In St. Petersburg, they attended as guests, however, they have all the grounds to become full members of the club of world leaders.

Are widely known such associations like"Greenpeace", "Roman Club", " Third World Network». With all the diversity of such organizations, their activities are usually aimed at protecting human rights, ecology, women's rights, solving problems of developing countries and often wears anti-globalistic orientation.

In this regard, the concept« global Public Policy Network» -- joint NGO Initiative, Business Circles, National Governments, International Organizations. As part of these initiatives, participants develop public opinion, international standards and standards for specific controversial issues: for example, the effectiveness of the construction of large dams. Globalization makes NGOs are increasingly influential and involves the creation of a transnational NGO network capable of influencing formal agreements. The thesis is becoming their main argument that the established international administration institutions suffer from a deep deficit of democracy. The activities of these organizations are beyond the will of the population - the system of direct democratic elections is absent, and information, social control and discussion is extremely limited. This means that the decisions made can meet the narrow commercial interests of individual groups of persons or countries.

Content

1. The story of "Big Seven"

2. The need to create an informal club

3. Membership in a large seven

4. The role of "big seven" in the world

5. Topics and meeting places"Big Seven"

6. Calculated list of participants"Big Seven"

7. England - Prime Ministers

Germany - Federal Chancellors

Italy - Chairmen of the Council of Ministers

Country Sheet - Prime Ministers

USA - presidents

France - presidents

Country of the Rising Sun - Prime Ministers

Large seven is regular meeting at the highest level of heads of seven most developed countries in the US, the countries of the Rising Sun, Germany, France, Italy, England, the country of the maple leaf.

History "Big Seven"

The history of this international informal forum dates back to November 1975, when, on the initiative of French President V.Zhiscar D "Estenna, the first meeting of the leaders of six countries, to which the country of the maple leaf was joined. Since 1977, EU leadership representatives have been involved in meetings: Chairman of the European Commission and the Head of the State Chairmaning in the EU.

The purpose of the creation: acceleration of integration processes; developing and conducting anti-crisis policies; coordination of ecoyomime, financial ties; allocation of priorities in the field of economics and policies; Search for ways to overcome arising contradictions between countries"Sevenki" and others. Decisions made at meetings are implemented both through the system of international economic organizations, such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) (IMF); World Trade Organization (WTO); Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and through state institutions"Sevenki".

In June 1997 At the Summit in the city of Denver (USA), it was to decide on joining the Russian Federation. Consequently,"Seven" transformed B."Eight." At the Summers "Eight" Russia, however, does not yet participate in the discussion of some issues. In recent years, Russia is trying to enter this elected composition and thereby turn it into« Large eight». While Russia has fully participated in meetings on which political issues were solved: Meetings"Eight" for the fight against terrorism in Egypt in December 1995, on nuclear safety in Moscow in April 1996, however, when discussing economic issues, the President of the Russian Federation was invited only for informal negotiations during meetings"Big Seven", but not at the meeting.

In April 1996, the Special Summit Summit on Nuclear Safety with the full participation of the Russian Federation took place in Moscow. In 1998, in Birmingham (Britain), the club leaders of industrial countries finally became the "G8". In 2006, Russia presides in the club, which indicates the strengthening of the position of the Russian Federation as an equal participant in the G8 in the international political arena.

The need to create an informal club

The forum of the leaders of industrialized countries is obliged by a series of major international events that led to crisis phenomena in the World Economy in the early 1970s:

The collapse of the Bretton Wood Financial System and unsuccessful attempts of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the International Regional Development Bank to reform the global monetary system;

The first EU expansion in 1972 and its consequences for the economy of the West;

The International Oil crisis of October 1973, which led to the serious disagreements of the Western powers regarding the development of a general approach to OPEC countries;

Inflation and growth of unemployment in countries belonging to the organization of economic cooperation and development, as a consequence of the oil crisis.

Membership in "Big Seven"

Each of the members of Great Seven is included in it not only on the principle of GDP size - its place is determined by the logic of post-war history and global economic development. It is clear that the United States is a global superpower with a huge industrial and, most importantly, military potential, should be No. 1 in any "seven", "eight" or "dozen". Perfect in the same way as England is unlawful number 2 in the Western Hierarchy (and for some positions and No. 1) - the economic and once organizational metropolis of tremendous territories, which preserved its influence in one way or another. Australia, the country of the maple leaf, as well as New Zealand and about the fifty minor island states to this day are its dominions. There is officially the head of state - the British Queen. Even India, acquiring full political independence for more than half a century ago, retained the close economic ties with England. The entire elite of Indian society has been educated on the shores of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, and flights to London are from Delhi International Airports, Bombay and Calcutta, as the subway train.

France is also a country with rich colonial traditions. Its special services still define political vectors and economic realities in many African regions, and sometimes the former metropolis simply sends its "limited contingent" to bring order in one or another "independent" African state. In addition, France has a certain influence in the world of culture and education, especially in the field of sociology and political science.

Germany, of course, as a country, losing in World War II, was initially a strong dependence on the first three seven members, which predetermined her more "modest" place in the Western hierarchy. Which, in principle, continues to persist in spite of the fact that today it is the most populated country of Western Europe and the most powerful industrial power of the continent.

The Sumurai country is the main and first of the "Asian Tigers", personifying the "showcase of the achievements of capitalism in Asia", like Germany, originally opposed to Asian socialist countries. At the same time, the economy of the Samurai country after the Second World War was very dependent on the United States - its main trading partner and a political supervision (no need to forget that American bases still posted in the rising sun countries). Plants of Japanese companies are located in Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, the People's Republic of China (PRC) and other countries of Southeast Asia. At the same time, the Japanese elite is isolated from the influential circles of the remaining countries of Southeast Asia due to historical and cultural reasons, and this also makes it the safest Asian partner for the United States and Europe. In fact, the country of the rising sun in the "big seven" is an economic trailer of the United States.

Italy is a country with great economic potential and suitable for use in highly profitable areas of workforce. For example, Italy up to this day dresses and shoes "the highest middle class" and secured people of the whole of Europe. Huge Italian diasporas have a great influence in the United States and other countries. In addition, Italian aristocratic clans have long and tightly integrated into the world elite.

The country of the maple leaf is an industrial and agricultural country with huge resources. In addition, being simultaneously the next US neighbor and the British Dominion, the country of the maple leaf serves as an economic laying between these powers.

But still the most important factor is the one that these seven states occupy the first places in the number of transnational corporations created by them (TNC). And although lately, in order to reduce taxation, the head offices of many TNK and subsidiaries are recorded in off-shores, the real brain centers of the overwhelming majority of corporations are located in the "Big Seven" countries. The notorious globalization, both trading and financial, concerns primarily "seven" countries. It can be said that the "big seven" is the business center of the metropolis under the general name "Western civilization".

The role of "big seven" in the world

The role of "big seven" in the world is exceptionally large. In addition to the fact that there are permanent meetings of ministers and the so-called "Sherpov" - assistants of the leaders of the countries of the world - every year she is going to his summit (usually it happens in June-July), and this summit, the economic session of the auction of this summit announces, accepts Economic communiqué, which actually defines the rules of the game for the World Economy for the next year.

This is such a kind of peculiar reconciliation hours between world leaders. And although the "big seven" is an absolutely informal club, in the economy she plays a role that is quite close to the one that the UN Security Council is played in politics and in military matters.

There are no formal mechanisms for matching interests. But, let's say, the United States of America does not have such a predominant position, which they have in NATO or in the International Monetary Fund (IMF). They cannot achieve any decision, at least without neutrality from the country of samurai and Germany.

The value of the annual economic communiqué consists not only that this is the Declaration of the largest countries of the world about intentions - they fulfill its personal example, i.e., when two thirds of the economy play in advance all the other rules, if someone in the world begins Do not comply with these rules, it turns out to be in the position of the Lieutenant itself, who steps in the leg at the time when the rest of the company is not in the leg.

It must be said that despite the natural inertia for such a large structure, well, it is impossible to avoid a bureaucratization when seven governments work simultaneously. "Big Seven" is an extremely effective mechanism for overcoming already arising crises. She can't, at least, still could not, predict those crises that are only expected and act preventively.
etc.................

The so-called group of seven was formed in the 70s of the twentieth century. It is difficult to call a full-fledged organization. This is rather a simple international forum. Nevertheless, the list of which is given in this article, have an impact on the global political arena.

Briefly about G7.

"Big Seven", "group of seven" or just G7 - in the world this club leading states is called differently. To call this forum international organization erroneously, since this community does not have its own charter and the secretariat. And decisions taken by the "big seven" are not required to be fulfilled.

Initially, the G7 abbreviation was invested by a decryption group of seven (in the original: Group of Seven). However, Russian journalists in the early 1990s interpreted it as Great Seven. After that, the term "big seven" was entrenched in Russian journalism.

Our article lists all the "big seven" countries (the list is presented below), as well as their capital.

HISTORY OF EDUCATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL Club

Initially, the "group of seven" had the G6 format (Canada joined the club a little later). The leaders of the six leading states of the planet first met in this format in November 1975. The initiator of the meeting was French President Valerie Zhiscar D "Esten. The main topics of that meeting were the problems of unemployment, inflation, as well as the world energy crisis.

In 1976, Canada joined the group, and in the 1990s G7 also replenished with Russia, transforming gradually in

The idea of \u200b\u200bcreating a similar forum was heightened in the air in the early 70s of the last century. The strengths of this will pushed the energy crisis to such thoughts, as well as the aggravation of relations between Europe and the United States. Since 1976, G7 holds his meetings annually.

The next section lists all the countries "big seven". The list includes the capitals of all these states. Representatives from each country are also indicated (as of 2015).

"Big Seven" countries of the world (list)

What states enter today?

Below are all countries "Big Seven" (List) and their capital:

USA, Washington (representative - Barack Obama).
Canada, Ottawa (Justin Labor).
Japan, Tokyo (Sinzo Abe).
United Kingdom, London (David Cameron).
Germany, Berlin (Angela Merkel).
France Paris
Italy, Rome (Mateo Renzi).

If you look at a political map, we can conclude that countries included in the "big seven" are concentrated exclusively in the northern hemisphere of the planet. Four of them are in Europe, one - in Asia, two more states are located in America.

Summits "Big Seven"

Countries included in the "big seven" are found annually on their summits. Meetings alternately pass in the cities of each state from among the members of the Group. This unknown rule is valid until today.

A number of famous cities took the "big seven" summit: London, Tokyo, Bonn, St. Petersburg, Munich, Naples and others. Some of them managed to take leading global politicians twice or even three times.

Themes and meetings of the "Seven Group" are different. In the 1970s, inflation and unemployment issues were most often raised, the problem of rapid growth in oil prices was discussed, a dialogue between East and West was established. In the 1980s, G7 was disturbed by the problems of AIDS and the rapid growth of the population of the Earth. In the early 1990s, the world experienced a lot of major geopolitical cataclysms (the collapse of the USSR and Yugoslavia, the formation of new states, etc.). Of course, all these processes have become the main topic for discussion on the summits of "Big Seven".

The new millennium has delivered new global problems: climate change, poverty, local military conflicts and others.

"Big Seven" and Russia

In the mid-1990s, Russia begins to actively implement the work of "Big Seven". Already in 1997, G7, in essence, changes its format and turns into G8.

The Russian Federation remained a member of the Elite International Club until 2014. In June, the country was even preparing to accept the G8 summit in Sochi. However, the leaders of the remaining seven states refused to take part in it, and the summit was postponed to Brussels. The reason for this was the conflict in Ukraine and the fact of joining the Crimean Peninsula to the territory of the Russian Federation. The leaders of the United States, Canada, Germany and other countries "Big Seven" until they see the ability to return Russia to the G7.

Finally...

Countries of "Big Seven" (a list of which is presented in this article), no doubt, have a significant impact on the entire history of their existence of the "group of seven" held several dozen meetings and forums, which discussed pressing issues and global problems. G7 members are USA, Canada, Japan, United Kingdom, Germany, France and Italy.