Connections of the bones of the upper limb. The bones of the upper limb and their compounds of Korakoid and its role in the phylogenesis of vertebrate animals

1. Breast-cleaned joint, Articulatio Sternoclavicularis, It is formed by the sternum end of the clavicle and the clavical cutting of the sternum. In the cavity of the joint is located discus Articularis Discus. The articular capsule is strengthened with bundles: in front and rear ligg. Sternoclavicular Anterius ET Posterius bottom - lig. Costoclavicularis. (to cart I edges) and on top lig. Interclaviculare.(between the clavicle, over Incisura Jugularis).

The joint reminds to a certain degree a spherical joint, but its surfaces have a saddot shape. However, due to the presence of a disc, movements in this joint are made around three axes; Consequently, only on the function he approaches the ball.

The main movements are made around the sagittal (front-hand) of the axis - lifting and lowering the clavicle, and the vertical - the movement of the clavicle back and forth. In addition to these movements, it is possible to rotate the clavicle around its axis, but only as a friendly ending with the flexion and extension of the limb in the shoulder joint.

Together with the clavicle, the blade moves, and therefore comes to move the entire belt upper limb on the appropriate side. In particular, the movements of the blades take place up and book, back and forth, and finally, the blade can turn around the axis of the axis, and its bottom corner The dinner is shifting, as it happens when the hand is raised above the horizontal level.

2. Acromine-cleaned joint, ARTICULATIO ACROMOCLAVICULARIS, Connects acromion of the blades and the acromial end of the clavicle coming into contact with each other by ellipsoid surfaces, which are often separated by the articular disk, Discus Articularis. The articular capsule is supported Lig. Acromioclaviculare., and all articulation is powerful lig. Coracoclaviculare.stretched between the lower surface of the clavicle and processus Coracoideus Scapulae.. In the deepening of the bundle made by loose fiber, often there is a synovial bag.

X-ray articular gap articulatio Acromioclavicularis. Limited by clear contours of the articular parts of the clavicle and the blades having a very thin line of the cortical layer on the radiograph. The articular end of the clavicle exceeds in size the corresponding end of the acromion, as a result of which the upper surface of the clavicle is located above the similar surface of the acromion. The lower surfaces of the clavicle and acromion are on the same level.

Therefore, normal relations in the acryal-key joint are judged by the contours of the lower surfaces, which normally should be located at one level (with a sublifting or dislocation, the lower surfaces of the clavicle and acromion are at different levels, the distance between the articular ends increases).

3. Bundles of the blade. In addition to the ligament apparatus connecting the collar with a spatula, this latter has three own bundles that are not related to the joints. One of them, lig. Coracoacromiale., stretches in the form of an arch over the shoulder joint from the front edge of the acromion to Processus Coracoideus, the other, lig. TRANSVERSUM SCAPULAE SUPERIUS, stretches over the cutting blade, turning it into the hole and, finally, the third bunch, Lig. TRANSVERSUM Scapulae Inferius, weaker, comes from the base of the acromion through the neck of the blade to the rear edge of the depression; Under it passes a. Suprascapularis..

The bones of the upper limb are represented by the belt of the upper limb (the blade and the clavicle) and the free upper limb (shoulder, elbow, radiation, pre-luminous, tie bones and phalanges of the fingers, Fig. 42).

Belt of the upper limb (Shoulder belt) is formed on each side with two bones - a clavicle and spatula, which are attached to the skeleton of the body with the help of muscles and the breast-clearable joint.

Collarbone It is the only bone fastening the upper limb with the skeleton of the body. The clavicle is located in the upper department chest And all over the whole is good. Above the clavicle is large and small included Jams, and below, closer to its outdoor end - subclavian Yamca. The functional value of the clavicle is large: it retracts the shoulder joint to the proper distance from the chest, determining the greatest freedom of the movements of the limb.

Fig. 42. Skeleton of the upper limb.

Fig. 43. Clavicle: (A - top view, b - bottom view):

1-acromic end, 2-body, 3-sneaked end.

Collarbone - pair S-shaped bone, the body and two ends are distinguished in it - medial and lateral (Fig. 43). A thickened medial or sneaker end has a saddled articular surface for articulation with sternum. The lateral or acromial end has a flat joint surface - the articulation place with an acromion of the blade. On the lower surface of the clavicle there is a tubercle (a trail attaching ligaments). The body of the clavicle is curved in such a way that the medial part of it, the closest to the sternum, convex a kepenta, and the lateral - the stop.

Shopper (Fig. 44) is a flat triangular bone, somewhat curved back. The front (concave) surface of the blade fit at the level of II-VII ribs to the back surface of the chest, forming podlopharynaya Yamk.. In the sublocking hole is the muscle of the same name. The vertical medial edge of the blades is facing the spine.

Fig. 44. Shovel (rear surface).

The lateral angle of the blade with which the upper epiphysis is tested shoulder bone, ends shallow articular cavityhaving an oval shape. On the front surface, the joint wpadina is separated from the subband neck shock. Above the upper edge of the depression is overshadic tubercle (The place of attachment of the tendon of the long head of the shoulder double muscle). The bottom edge of the articular depression has insista tubercleFrom which the long head of the three-headed shoulder muscles originates. Above the necks from the top edge of the blade, the curved cravoid process, protruding on the shoulder joint in front.

On the rear surface of the blade passes a relatively high comb, called astay shovel. Above the shoulder joint is formed a wide process - acromionwhich protects the joint on top and rear. It contains the articular surface for articulation with a clavicle. The most protruding point on the acromic process (acromial point) is used to measure the width of the shoulders. Recesses on the rear surface of the blade, located above and below the area are called respectively supervisory and sipplanial pits and contain the muscles of the same name.

Skeleton of the free upper limb educated shoulder bones, forearm and brushes. In the shoulder area there is a shoulder bone, on the forearm two bones - radiation and elbow, brush is divided on the wrist, stain and fingers (Fig. 42).

Brachial bone (Fig. 45) refers to long tubular bones. It consists of diaphysis and two epiphysis - proximal and distal. In children between the diaphysia and epiphysees there is a layer of cartilage tissue - metaphizwhich is replaced with age bone tissue. Upper end ( proximal epiphysis) It has a spherical joint headwhich is tested with the articular depressing blades. The head is separated from the rest of the bone narrow groove, called anatomical cervical. The anatomical neck is two tubercles(apophysis) - big and small. The big tubercle lies laterally, small - a little kaperi from him. From the tubercles there are bone ridges (for attaching muscles). Between the tubercles and the ridges passes the groove, in which the tendon of the long head of the two-headed muscles of the shoulder is located. Below baccorps on the border with diaphysia is located surgical Shayk (Place the most frequent shoulder fractures).

Fig. 45. Shoulder bone.

In the middle of the body of the bone on its lateral surface is deltaida bugnessto which the deltoid muscle is attached, furrow passes along the rear surface radiant nerve. Advanced and slightly swept Kepende the bottom end of the shoulder bone ( distal epiphiz) Ends on the sides of rough protrusions - media and lateral supermarketsserving to attach muscles and ligaments. Between the screws is the articular surface for articulation with bones of the forearm - mysterok. It distinguishes two parts: medially lies blockhaving a view of a transversely located roller with a recess in the middle; It serves to articate with elbow bone and covered by it with cutting; above the block are located in front crown YamcaBehind - pet of elbow process. Laterally from the block is the articular surface in the form of a segment of a ball - shoulder Bone Mathhead, serving for articulation with radiation bone.

Bones of the forearm are long tubular bones. Their two: the elbow bone lying medially, and the radiation, located on the lateral side.

Elbow bone (Fig. 46) - Long tubular bone. Her proximal epiphysis Thickened, there is block-shaped clippingserving for articulation with a shoulder bone block. Ahead of the cutting ends crown processBehind - lokton. Here is located rady clippingforming a joint with the articular circle of the radial bone head. Nizhny distal epiphysis There is a joint circle for articulation with the elbow cutting of the radial bone and the medially located shiloid process.

Radius (Fig. 46) has a more thickened distal end than the proximal. At the upper end it has headwhich is articulated with the head of the mouse of the shoulder bone and with the radial cutting of the elbow bone. The head of the radial dice is separated from the body shaika, below which from the front-temperature side is visible beam bugish - The place of attaching the two-headed muscles of the shoulder. At the bottom end are located articular surface for articulation with a laden, semi-lunged and trigger wrist bones and elbow clipping For articulation with elbow bone. The lateral edge of the distal epiphyse continues in shiloid process.

Bones brushes (Fig. 47) are separated on the dice of the wrist, incurred and bones that are part of the fingers - phalanxies.

Fig. 47. Brush (back surface).

Wrist It is a combination of eight short spongy bones located in two rows, each of the four bones. Proximal or first pit wrist, nearest to the forearm, is formed if you consider from thumb, The following bones: Pondeland, semi-lunged, triangular and pea. The first three bones, connecting, form an elliptical, convex towards the forearm the articular surface for articulation with radial bone. Gorokhovoid bone is seamovoid and does not participate in articulation. Distal or the second series of wrist It consists of bones: a trapezoid, trapezoid, head and hooked. On the surfaces of each bone there are articular areas for articulation with adjacent bones. On the palm surface of some wrist bones there are tubercles to attach muscles and ligaments. The dice of the wrist in their aggregate represent the genus of the arch, convex on the back side and concave on the palm. The man's bone bone is firmly strengthened with ligaments that reduce their mobility and strength reinforcement.

Pyat It is formed by five pieces, which belong to short tubular bones and are called in order from 1 to 5th, starting from the side of the thumb. Each metalliac bone has base, body and head. The bases of the psyat bones are tested with the bones of the wrist. The heads of the Metatar bones have articular surfaces and are articulated with proximal phalanges of the fingers.

Bones of fingers - Small short tubular bones that bear the name of the phalange. Each finger consists of three Falang.: proximal, medium and distal. The exception is a thumb, having a proximal and distal phalanx. Each phalanx has a middle part - the body and two ends - proximal and distal. At the proximal end is the base of the phalanx, and on the distal - the head of the phalanx. At each end of the phalanx there are articular surfaces for articulation with neighboring bones.

Completion of bones of the belt of the upper limb (Table 2). The belt of the upper limb is connected to the skeleton of the body by means chest; At the same time, the clavicle as it would move the upper limb from the chest, thereby increasing the freedom of its movements.

Bescardian (Fig. 48) formed sifter end of clavicle and clavish cutting sternum. In the cavity of the joint is located articular disk. Susta fortified bundles: Breast-clear, edge-clearable and intercouctor. In the form of the joint saddle, however, due to the presence of a disc, movement It is made around three axes: around the vertical - the movement of the clavicle forward and backward, around the sagittal - lifting and lowering the clavicle, around the frontal - rotation of the clavicle, but only when flexing and extension in the shoulder joint. Together with the clavicle, the blade is moving.

Acromic-crook (Fig. 49) flat in shape with minor freedom of movements. This joint form the articular surfaces of the acromion of the blade and the acromial end of the clavicle. The joint is strengthened with powerful visual-cranched and acrase-clavical ligaments.

Fig. 48. Breast-crooking joint (front view, on the left

the side of the joint is opened with a front-cut):

1-clavicle (right), 2-front beast-cleaned bunch, 3-interconnect bunch, 4-sneaked clavicle end, 5-intra-articular disk, 6-first edge, 7-rib-cleaned bunch, 8-breast-roar joint ( 11th rib), 9-intra-articular breast-riding bunch, 10-cartilages of the 11th edge, 11-sync handle of the sternum, 12-radiant breast and ribbie.

Fig. 49. Acromic-crooking joint:

1-acromic end of the clavicle; 2-acromic-crooking bunch;

3-bertow-cleaned bunch; 4-acromion of the blade;

5-beak-shaped process; 6-bezvoid-acromic bunch.

table 2

The main joints of the upper limb

Title Sustav	Articular bones	Sustain shape, rotation axis	Function
Bescardian	Entry Clavicle and Clashing Breasts	Saddoid (there is an intra-articular disk). Axis: Vertical, Sagittal, Frontal	Movement of the clavicle and the entire belt of the upper limb: up and down, back and forth, circular motion
Shoulder joint	Shoulder bone head and articular vpadina blades	Globular. Axis: vertical, transverse, sagittal	Shoulder movements and all free upper limbs: bending and extension, discharge and alignment, supination and pronation, circular motion
Elbow joint (sophisticated): 1) Plecer Taova, 2) Cheva shoulder, 3) proxy Malya	Mysteries of shoulder bone, block-shaped and radial cutting of the elbow bone, radial bone head	Blocking. Axis: transverse, vertical	Flexion and extension, pronation and supinal forearm
White-torn joint (sophisticated)	Cristointed articular surface of the radial bone and the first row of wrist bones	Ellipsoid. Axis: transverse, sagittal.	Flexion and extension, bringing and disagreement, pronation and supination (simultaneously with the bones of the forearm)

The movements of the blade occur up and down, back and forth. The blade can be rotated around the sagittal axis, while the lower angle shifts the dinner, as it happens when the hand is raised above the horizontal level.

Connections in the skeleton of the free part of the upper limb Presented with a shoulder joint, elbow, proximal and distal brass joints, a ray-based joint and joints of the skeleton of the brush - medium-uplifted, custodial-mill, interpital, plump-phalange and interphalating joints.

Fig. 50. Shoulder joint (front-up section):

1-Capsule joint, 2-articular blades, 3-head of the shoulder bone, 4-articular cavity, 5-tendon of the long head of the shoulder double muscle, 6- articular Guba, 7-lower brain of the synovial shell of the joint.

Shoulder joint (Fig. 50) connects the shoulder bone, and through it the entire free upper limb with the belt of the upper limb, in particular with the spatula. Surmination is formed head of the shoulder bone and articular depressing blades. Around the circumference of the depression is cartilage articular Gubawhich increases the volume of the depressions without reducing mobility, and also softens the shock and shaking when the head moves. The articular capsule is thin and large in size. It is strengthened by a beak-shoulder bunch, which comes from the beak shovel of the blades and is woven into the joints capsule. In addition, the fibers of the muscles passing near the shoulder joint (supervolored, suitable, sublock) are woven in the capsule. These muscles not only strengthen their shoulder joints, but when driving in it, they pull it off its capsule, preventing it from infringement.

Thanks to the spherical shape of the articular surfaces, in the shoulder joint possible moves around three mutually perpendicular axes: Around the sagittal (lead and bail), transverse (flexion and extension) and vertical (pronation and supination). Circular motions (circumduction) are possible. The flexion and assignment of the hand are possible only to the level of shoulders, since further movement is inhibited by the tension of the articular capsule and the upper end of the shoulder bone in the acromion. Further lifting the hand is carried out due to movements in the breast joint.

Lock Susta (Fig. 51) is a complex joint formed by the compound in the total shoulder bone capsule with the elbow and radiation. In the elbow joint, three articulations are distinguished: there are pleucheloktevoy, a shoulder and proximal arctic.

Blockid plecelox articulation Form a block of shoulder bone and block-shaped elbow dice (Fig. 52). Globular plecelucheus Sust Make up the head of the mystery of the shoulder bone and the head of the radial bone. Proximal bravery joint Connects the articular circumference of the radial bone head with the radial cutting of the elbow bone. All three joints are enclosed in a common capsule and have a common articular cavity, therefore combined into one complex elbow joint.

The joint is fixed with the following ligaments (Fig. 53):

- elbow collateral ligamentcoming from the medial shoulder immane to the edge of the block-shaped elbow bone;

- radial collateral ligamentwhich starts from the lateral supervision and attached to the radial bone;

- ring Bound Boundwhich covers the beam of the radial bone and is attached to the elbow bone, thus fixing this connection.

Fig. 52. Plecelokteva joint (vertical section):

4-block-shaped elbow bone, 5-corn-rone elbow bone.

Fig. 53. Bundles of the elbow joint:

1-articular capsule, 2-elbow collateral bunch, 3-radial collateral bunch, 4-ring bundle of radial bone.

In the complex elbow block-shaped joint, bending and extension, the pronation and supination of the forearm are carried out. Plecelokteva joint provides bending and extension of hands in the elbow. Pronation and supination occur due to the rotational motion of the radial bone around the elbow, carried out simultaneously in the proximal and distal flavored joints. At the same time the radiation bone rotates along with the palm.

The bones of the forearm are related to the combined joints - proximal and distal brass joints,which functions simultaneously (combined joints). Over the rest of the rest, they are connected by the intercepical membrane (Fig. 19). The proximal flare joint is included in the cable of elbow joint. Distal beamlokteva joint rotational, cylindrical shape. It is formed by the elbow clipping radiation and articular circumference of the head of the elbow bones.

White Susta (Fig. 54) is formed by the radial bone and bones of the proximal series of wrists: a varnish, semi-lunged and triangular, intercepted interceptable ligaments. The elbow bone to the surface of the joint does not reach, between it and the wrist bones is the articular disk.

By the number of participating bones, the joint is complex, and in the form of the articular surfaces - ellipsoid with two axes of rotation. In the joint, bending and extension, the lead and bringing the brush are possible. Pronation and supination of the brush occurs with the same names of the bones of the forearm. Movement in the ray-tank joint are closely related to movements in medium-Saved Sustainwhich is located between the proximal and distal rows of wrist bones, excluding a pea-shaped bone.

Fig. 54. Sustaines and ligaments brush (back surface):

4-articular disk, 5-beamy joint, 6-medium-uplighted joint,

7-intermittent joints, 8-crew-mill joints, 9-interpital joints, 10-pine bones.

Connections of bones brushes. In the brush there are six types of compounds: medium-uplifted, interface, custodial-mill, interpital, plug--phalange and interphalating joints (Fig. 54).

Medium-speaking jointhaving an S-shaped joint gap, formed by the bones of the distal and proximal (except in the pea bone) of the wrist rows. The joint is functionally combined with a ray-tailed joint and allows you to somewhat expand the degree of freedom of the latter. Movements in the mid-maritime joint occur around the same axes as in the ray-exciting (flexion and extension, lead, and bringing). However, these movements are inhibited by ligaments - collateral, tile and palm.

Mean-based joints Connect the side surfaces of the cuffling bones of the distal row and the connection of the radiant bundle is reinforced.

Crowded-faded joints Connect the bases of the foam bones with the bones of the casting row of the wrist. Except for the articulation of the trapezoidal bone with the Metal Bone of the Bolshoi (i) finger, all the custodial-fastest joints are flat, the degree of their mobility is small. The compound of the trapezoidal and pulp bones provides significant mobility of the thumb. Capsule of the crew-milling joint is reinforced with palm and rear custodial-mill, so the volume of movements in them is very insignificant.

Interpital joints Flat, with low mobility. They are compiled by the side joint surfaces of the bases of the Metatar Bones (II-V), are strengthened with palm and rear mills.

Pickly Falangie joints Ellipseed, combine the bases of the proximal phalanges and the heads of the corresponding mills, are strengthened by collateral (side) ligaments. These joints allow the movement around the two axes - in the sagittal plane (lead and bringing a finger) and around the front axis (bending-extension).

Ground-finger joint It has a saddot shape, it is possible to lead and bring to the indexing finger, the opposition of the finger and the opposite movement, circular movements.

Interphalange Sustainesblock-shaped, connect the heads of the above-mentioned phalanges with the bases below, they are bending and extension.

The musculoskeletal system consists of bones, joints, ligaments and muscular fabric. Together they work as a single system. The skeleton includes various departments. Among them are distinguished: cranial box, belt with attached limbs.

Vacade - element of the top belt. The article will study in detail with the structure adjacent parts and functions of this bone.

The skeleton of man consists of various types of bones: flat, tubular and mixed. They differ from each other in shape, structure and functions.

The blade refers to flat bones. The features of its structure are such that inside there is a compact substance of two parts. Between them breaks the spongy layer with bone marrow. Such a type of bones provides reliable protection internal organs. In addition, a variety of muscles are attached to their smooth surface with the help of ligaments.

Anatomy of the vane man

What is a blade? This is the component of the belt of the upper limbs. These bones provide the joint of the shoulder bone with the clavicle, on the outer form - triangular.

It has two surfaces:

front edge;
dorzalnaya, in which the spatula is located.

Axis is a protruding element in the form of a ridge passing through a dorzal plane. It rises from the median edge to the lateral angle and ends with an acromion of the blades.

Interesting. The acromion is the bone element that shape the highest point in the shoulder joint. Its process has a triangular shape and becomes more flat to the end. Located on top of the articular depression, to which deltoid muscles are attached.

Three edges differ in dice:

top with a hole for vessels with nerves;
medium (medial). The edge runs closer than all to the spine, in a different way they call the vertebral;
slottal - extensive than the rest. It is formed by small bulges on the surface muscle.

Among other things, these corners of the blade are distinguished:

acromial process

upper;
lateral;
lower.

The lateral angle is located separately from the rest of the elements. This is due to the narrowing of the bone - cervix.

In the space between the neck and deepening from the upper edge runs the beak arc. The name was given to him by analogy with the bird's beak.

The photo shows an acromic process.

Bundles

The connection of the parts of the shoulder joint occurs with the help of ligaments. Total three of them:

Kryvoid-acromic bunch. It is formed in the form of a plate, in shape resembles a triangle. It is extended from the front top of the acromion to the beak handflow. With this bundle, the shoulder joint is formed.
Cross bunch of shovel, placed on the mercenary surface. It serves to connect the articular depression and the bodies of the acromion.
Top transverse bunch Unifying edges of tenderloin. Represents a bundle, if necessary, turns out.

Muscles

A small thoracic muscle required for moving the blades both down and ahead or to the side is also joined to the bezvoid process, a short biceps element is also joined.

The long element of the biceps is attached to the bulge, which is above the articular cavity. The double muscle is responsible for bending the shoulder in the joint and the forearm in the elbow. Kryvoy-shaped shoulder muscle is attached to the process. She is connected with the shoulder and is responsible for his lifting and small rotational movements.

A deltoid muscle is attached to the protruding part of the acromion and the clavinary bone. It covers the bevoid process and the sharp part is attached to the shoulder bone.

Muscles with the same name are attached to the sublock, supervoloral, suitable fossa. The main function of these muscles is to maintain the shoulder joint, which has an insufficient number of ligaments.

Nerves

Three types of nerves are broken through the shovel:

upmindacious;
subscapular;
dorsal.

The first type of nerve is placed along with blood vessels.

The sublocking nerve permeates the nerves of the back muscle (under the blade). It innervates the bone and the muscles located nearby, thereby providing communication with the central nervous system.

Functions of the blade

The blade bone in the human body performs a number of functions:

protective;
connecting;
supporting;
motor.

We clarify where the blades are. They act as a binder element of the shoulder belt with the upper limbs and sternum.

One of the main functions is to maintain the shoulder joint. This is due to the muscles from the blades.

Two processes - the beak and acromion protect the top of the joint. In aggregate with muscle fibers and numerous bundles, the blade protects the lungs and aorta.

From the blade directly depends on the motor activity of the upper belt. It helps in rotations, leading and bringing the shoulder and rising hands. With the injuries of the blade, the mobility of the shoulder belt is broken.

Detailed structure of the dice of the blade in the photo.

Conclusion

Wide, pair bone, called a spatula, is an important component of a human shoulder belt. Thanks to its form, there are many functions, including protective. In addition, it provides a full operation of the upper belt - in particular, the shoulder joint.

From all sides, the blade is surrounded by muscles that fix and lead shoulder. It acts only due to the chest and spinal muscles.

The belt of the upper limb (Cingulum Membri Superioris) is formed by the cloculatory paired bones (Clavicula) (Fig. 20, 21) and the blades (Scapula) (Fig. 20, 22).

The clavicle is a long tubular bone S-shaped. The top surface of the body of the clavicle (Corpus Claviculae) is smooth, and the bottom has roughness, to which the ligaments are attached connecting the clavicle with the bevisoid process of the blade and with the I edge (Fig. 21). The end of the clavicle, conjugated with the handle of the sternum, is called sternum (Extremitas Sternalis), and the opposite, connecting with the spatula, is acromic (Extremitas Acromialis) (Fig. 21). In the sifted end, the body of the clavicle is drawn by convexity forward, and in the acromial - back.

The blade is a flat bone of a triangular shape, a slightly curved back. The front (concave) surface of the bladed bone is adjacent at the level of II-VII ribs to the back surface of the chest, forming a subclosure yam (Fossa Subscapularis) (Fig. 22). In the subband, the muscle simply attached the same name. Vertical medial edge of the blades (margo medialis) (Fig. 22) addressed to the spine. The horizontal top edge of the blades (Margo Superior) (Fig. 22) has a clipping of the blade (Incisura Scapulae) (Fig. 22), through which a short upper transverse bundle of the blade passes. The lateral angle of the blade with which the upper epiphysis of the shoulder bone is tested, ends with a shallow articular depression (Cavitas Glenoidalis) (Fig. 22), having an oval shape. On the front surface, the articular wp palin is separated from the subband pocket of the cervical blade (Collum Scapulae) (Fig. 22). Above the necks from the top edge of the blade departures a curved beak-shaped process (Processus Coracoideus) (Fig. 22), protruding above the shoulder joint in front.

On the rear surface of the blade, almost parallel to the upper edge is a relatively high comb, called the ust of the blades (Spina Scapulae) (Fig. 22). Above the shoulder joint is formed a wide process - acromion (Acromion) (Fig. 22), which protects the joint on top and rear.

Between the acromion and the bezvoid process, a wide beak-acromic bunch, protecting the shoulder joint from above, passes. The recesses on the rear surface of the blades, located above and below the asset, are called respectively supervoloral and suitable foxes and contain the muscles of the same name.

Scapula, - flat bone. Located between the back muscles at the level of II to the VIII ribs. The shovel has a triangular shape and, accordingly, three edges differ in it: the upper, medial and lateral, and three angle: the upper, lower and lateral.

The top edge of the blades, Margo Superior Scapulae, thinned, in its external department there is a blade cut, Incisura Scapulae: the top transverse bundle of the blade, Lig is stretched over it on a non-target bone. TRANSVERSUM Scapulae Superius, forming together with this clipping hole, through which the head-free nerve is passed, n. Suprascapularis.

Visual videos

Exterior deposits of the top edge of the blade are moving to the beak-shaped process, Processus Coracoideus. Initially, the process is heading upwards, then bent forward and a few duck.
Medial edge of the blades, Margo Medialis Scapulae. It is facing the vertebral pillar and is good forgive with the skin.

Lateral edge blades, Margo Lateralis Scapulae is thickened, directed toward the axillary depression.

Top corner, angulus superior, rounded, turning up and medial.

Nizhny angle, angulus inferior, grungy, thickened and addressed down.

Lateral angle, angulus lateralis, thickened. It is located on its outer surface, a flattened articular wpadin is located, Cavitas Glenoidalis, which articulate the articular surface of the head of the shoulder bone. From the rest of the blade, the lateral angle is separated by a small narrowing - the neck of the blade, Collum Scapulae.
In the neck of the neck, above the top edge of the articular depression, there is an overshop tubercle, tuberculum supraglenoidale, and below the articular depressure - an insertion tubercle, Tuberculum Infraglenoidale (tracks of the muscles).

The root surface (front), Facies Costalis (Anterior), concave, is called the subband pits, Fossa Subscapularis. It is filled with the sublock muscle, m. Subscapularis.

The rear surface of the Facies Posterior, by the ush, spina scapulae, is divided into two parts: one of them, smaller, is located above the asset and is called a supervoloral fossa, Fossa Supraspinata, the other, large, occupies the rest of the rear surface of the blade - this is a sociable fossa. Fossa infraspinata; In these holes begin the same muscles.

Axular blades, spina scapulae, is a well-developed comb, which crosses the rear surface of the blade from its medial edge towards the lateral angle.

The lateral dial of the spawood is stronger and forming an angle of acromion, Angulus Acromialis, enters the process - acromyoi, Acromion, which is sent to the dust and a bit forward and carries on its front edge the articular surface of the acromion, Facies Articularis Acromialis, for joints with the clavicle.