Lymphatic system functions. Lymphatic system
22. General principles of the structure and function of the lymphatic system.
Lymphatic system (systemalymphaticum) includes branched capillaries in organs and tissues, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, which are biological filters for tissue fluid, as well as lymphatic trunks and ducts. Through the lymphatic vessels, lymph (tissue fluid) from the place of its formation flows to the confluence of the internal jugular and subclavian veins, forming a venous angle on the right and left in the lower parts of the neck.
The lymphatic system performs the most important protective functions in the body - it filters the tissue fluid (through the lymph nodes) and returns it (purified) into the blood, and then back to organs and tissues. With the help of the lymphatic system, particles of dead cells and other tissue elements, coarse proteins that are unable to pass through the walls of blood capillaries, as well as foreign particles and microorganisms trapped in the human body are removed from organs and tissues.
According to the structure and functions in the lymphatic system, lymphatic capillaries (lymphocapillary vessels). They absorb tissue fluid, which, together with the crystalloids dissolved in it, metabolic products in the lymphatic capillaries is called lymph(from Latin lympha - clean water). By its composition, lymph practically does not differ from tissue fluid. It is colorless, it contains a certain amount of lymphocytes, and macrophages are found.
By lymphatic vessels lymph from the capillaries, together with the substances contained in it, flows to the regional corresponding to this organ or part of the body lymph nodes, and from them - to large lymphatic vessels - trunks and ducts. Lymphatic vessels can serve as pathways for infection and tumor cells.
Lymphatic trunks and lymphatic ducts - these are large collector lymphatic vessels through which lymph from areas of the body flows to the lower parts of the neck - to the end parts of the subclavian or internal jugular vein or into the venous angle - the place of confluence of these veins. As a result of this fusion, the right (left) brachiocephalic vein is formed.
Lymph flowing through the lymphatic vessels to the lymphatic trunks and ducts passes through the lymph nodes, which perform barrier-filtration and immune functions. In the sinuses of the lymph nodes, lymph is filtered through the loops of the reticular tissue.
23. Thoracic duct: formation, parts, topography, tributaries.
The largest and most important lymphatic vessel is thoracic duct. Lymph flows through it from the lower extremities, walls and pelvic organs, abdominal cavity, the left half of the chest cavity. From the right upper limb, lymph is directed to right subclavian trunk, from the right half of the head and neck - in right jugular trunk, from the organs of the right half of the chest cavity - in right broncho-mediastinal trunk(tnincus bronchomediastinalis dexter), which flows into right lymphatic duct or independently into the right venous angle (Fig. 46). From the left upper limb, lymph flows through left subclavian trunk, from the left half of the head and neck - through left jugular trunk, and from the organs of the left half of the chest cavity - in left broncho-mediated trunk (tnincus bronchomediastin Alis sinister), which flows into the thoracic duct.
Thoracic duct (ductus thoracicus) is formed in the abdominal cavity, in the retroperitoneal tissue, at the level of CP of the chest - II lumbar vertebrae as a result of fusion right and left lumbar lymphatic trunks (triinci lumbales dexter et sinister). These trunks, in st< ю очередь, образуются из слияния выносящих лимфатических сосудов соответственно правых и левых поясничных лимфатических узлов. Примерно в 25 % случаев в начальную часть грудного протока впадает один-три выносящих лимфатических сосуда брыжеечных лимфатических узлов, которые называют кишечными стволами (tninci in- testinales). В грудной проток впадают выносящие лимфатические сосуды предпозвоночных, межреберных, а также висцеральных (предаортальных) лимфатических узлов грудной полости. Длина грудного протока составляет 30-40 см.
The abdominal part (p £ rs abdominalis) of the thoracic duct is its initial part. In 75% of cases, it has an extension - the cistern of the thoracic duct (cisterna chyli, milky cistern) of a cone-shaped, ampull-shaped or fusiform shape. In 25% of cases, the beginning of the thoracic duct looks like a reticular plexus formed by the outflowing lymphatic vessels of the lumbar, celiac, mesenteric lymph nodes. The walls of the thoracic duct cistern are usually adhered to the right crus of the diaphragm, which, during breathing, compresses the thoracic duct and promotes lymph flow. Of
in the abdominal cavity, the thoracic (lymphatic) duct passes through the aortic opening of the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity, into the posterior mediastinum, where it is located on the anterior surface of the spinal column, behind the esophagus, between the thoracic aorta and the azygos vein.
The thoracic part (pars thoracica) of the thoracic duct is the longest. It extends from the aortic opening of the diaphragm to the superior aperture chestwhere the duct passes into its upper cervical part (pars cervicalis). In the lower parts of the thoracic cavity, behind the thoracic duct, there are the initial parts of the right posterior intercostal arteries and the end parts of the veins of the same name, covered by the intrathoracic fascia, and the esophagus in front. At the level of VI-VII of the thoracic vertebrae, the thoracic duct begins to deviate to the left, at the level of II-III of the thoracic vertebrae it comes out from under the left edge of the esophagus, rises up behind the left subclavian and common carotid arteries and the vagus nerve. Here, in the upper mediastinum, to the left of the thoracic duct is the left mediastinal pleura, to the right is the esophagus, and behind is the spinal column. Lateral to the common carotid artery and behind the internal jugular vein at the level of the V-VII cervical vertebrae, the cervical part of the thoracic duct bends and forms an arc. The arc of the thoracic duct (arcus ductus thoracici) bends around the dome of the pleura from above and somewhat behind, and then the mouth of the duct opens into the left venous angle or into the final section of the veins forming it (Fig. 47). In about 50% of cases, the thoracic duct is dilated before entering the vein. Also, the duct often bifurcates, and in some cases, in the form of 3-4 trunks, it flows into the venous angle or into the end sections of the veins forming it.
At the mouth of the thoracic duct there is a paired valve formed by its inner membrane, which prevents the throwing of blood from the vein. Throughout the thoracic duct, there are 7-9 valves that prevent lymph flow back. The walls of the thoracic duct, in addition to inner shell (tunica interna) and outer shell (tunica externa) contain well-defined middle (muscular) membrane (tunica media), capable of actively pushing the lymph along the duct from its beginning to the mouth.
In about a third of cases, there is a doubling of the lower half of the thoracic duct: an additional thoracic duct is located next to its main trunk. Sometimes local splitting (doubling) of the thoracic duct is found.
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Lymphatic system is another transport system of the body, responsible for the movement of water and substances dissolved in it (nutrients, regulators and "slags"). It includes lymphatic capillaries, lymphatic vessels, trunks and ducts, and the lymph nodes (fig. 4.9). Unlike the circulatory system, it lacks a "pump", and the vessels do not form a closed system.
Figure: 4.9.
The importance of the lymphatic system and lymph circulation:
- provides an additional outflow of fluid from the intercellular spaces and its entry into the bloodstream;
- maintains the constancy of the volume and composition of tissue fluid;
- takes part in the humoral regulation of functions, transporting biologically active substances (for example, hormones);
- absorbs various substances and transports them (for example, absorption of nutrients from the intestines);
- participates in the synthesis of immune cells, in immunological reactions, neutralizes various antigens (bacteria, viruses, toxins, etc.).
The lymph flowing through the lymphatic vessels is a yellowish liquid containing high molecular weight compounds and lymphocytes. It is formed from other body fluids: from tissue fluid, fluid from the pleural, pericardial, abdominal and synovial cavities.
Lymphatic capillaries blindly begin in tissues, collecting tissue fluid, and, merging, form a lymphatic network. The wall of such a capillary consists of one layer of endothelial cells, between which there are large pores, through which excess tissue fluid, which forms lymph, goes into the vessel. Lymphatic capillaries are wider and more permeable compared to blood capillaries, they are especially abundant in the lungs, kidneys, serous, mucous and synovial membranes. A person produces from 1.5 to 4 liters of lymph per day.
Merging, the lymphatic capillaries form small lymphatic vessels, which are gradually enlarging. Lymphatic vessels, like blood vessels, have a three-layer structure and, like veins, are equipped with valves. They have more valves, they are located close to each other. In the places where the valves are located, the vessels narrow, resembling beads. The valve is formed by two leaflets with a layer connective tissue between them, it is an active organ and not only prevents the reverse flow of lymph, but also contracts 8-10 times per minute, pushing the lymph through the vessel. All lymphatic vessels collect in the thoracic and right lymphatic ducts, which have the same structure as the veins.
In the path of the lymphatic vessels are accumulations of lymphoid tissue - the lymph nodes. They are most numerous in the neck, armpit, groin and near the intestines, are completely absent in the skeleton, bone marrow, on the hands and feet, on the limbs, nodes are located in the joints. The total number of nodes in humans is about 460.
Lymph nodes are rounded formations (Fig. 4.10). The arteries and nerves enter the gate of the node, and the veins and outflowing lymphatic vessels exit. The supplying lymphatic vessels enter from the opposite side. Outside, the node is covered with a dense connective tissue capsule, from which partitions — trabeculae — extend inward. Lymphoid tissue is located between them. In the node on the periphery there is the cortical substance (lymph nodes), and in the center - the medulla (cords and sinuses). Between the cortex and the medulla lies the paracortical zone, where T-lymphocytes are located (T-zone). In the cortex and in the cords there are B-lymphocytes (B-zone). The basis of the lymph node is the reticular tissue. Its fibers and cells form a network, in the cells of which there are lymphocytes, lymphoblasts, macrophages, etc. In the central zone of the nodules of the cortical substance, the centers of reproduction are located, where the multiplication of lymphocytes occurs. When an infection enters the body, the central zone increases in size; with a weakening of the infectious process, the nodules acquire their original appearance. The emergence and disappearance of breeding centers occurs within 2–3 days. Lymph nodes neutralize toxic substances, trap microorganisms, i.e. serve as a biological filter.
Figure: 4.10.
A special function of the lymphatic system is the formation of special immune cells - lymphocytes - and moving them around the body. The lymphatic system, together with the circulatory system, takes an active part in immunity - the protection of the body from foreign proteins and microorganisms. In addition to the lymph nodes, the tonsils, intestinal lymphatic follicles, spleen and thymus are involved in the immune function of the lymphatic system. The protective function of the lymphatic system is described in more detail in the chapter on immunity.
The lymphatic system still remains one of the least studied systems of the body, but its functions play a colossal role in the life of the body. The development of the lymphatic system in ontogenesis begins at the 2nd month of intrauterine life, continues intensively throughout the first year and acquires a structure similar to that of an adult organism by the age of 6 years.
Lymph is a clear fluid that circulates throughout the body. Its main function is to cleanse the body of toxins and infectious agents by supplying intercellular fluid to the lymph nodes, as well as transporting nutrients from the lymph nodes to the human circulatory system. The lymphatic system, through which lymph flows, is a complex structure, similar to the circulatory system. There are a number of diseases of the lymphatic system, which are very dangerous, therefore, must be identified in a timely manner.
The efficiency of the whole organism depends on the health of the lymphatic system.
The lymphatic system serves to cleanse the body. It ensures the maintenance of metabolism and tissue trophism, and also removes toxins, infections and disease-causing agents from tissues and organs.
The lymphatic system is a complex structure, the structure of which is similar to the structure of the circulatory system. However, unlike the circulatory system, the lymphatic system is not closed, so the lymph does not circulate in a circle, but moves strictly from the bottom up.
Passing through the lymph nodes, the lymph is cleansed and moves on. At about the level of the collarbones, it enters the circulatory system, thus supplying the necessary substances to the blood.
The anatomy and structure of the lymphatic system are quite complex, the movement of lymph is carried out due to the smooth muscle structures of the lymphatic vessels, since there is no “pump” like the heart in this system.
The movement of lymph is carried out throughout the body. The main function of the lymphatic system is the production of immune cells - lymphocytes. Passing through the lymph nodes, the lymph is saturated with these cells and removes them into the circulatory system, ensuring the normal functioning of the immune system.
Any disturbances in the body's work immediately affect the functioning of the lymphatic system. So, diseases accompanied by a decrease in immunity, and systemic infections can lead to an increase and inflammation of the lymph nodes.
The lymphatic system can malfunction in case of autoimmune diseases, infections, SARS and flu, etc.
The efficiency of the whole organism depends on the health of the lymphatic system, since local disturbances in the movement of lymph lead to its decrease, and also cause a number of severe symptoms... In order to timely recognize a malfunction in the lymphatic system, you should know how it works, its functions and the symptoms of various disorders.
Lymphatic capillaries
The lymphatic system begins with the lymphatic capillaries that run through the entire human body. They are rather large formations in comparison with the blood capillaries.
Features of lymphatic capillaries:
- large diameter - up to 0.2 mm;
- the contours are uneven, protrusions of the walls of the capillaries are observed;
- the walls are thin, permeable to the intercellular fluid.
Lymphatic capillaries “collect” the intercellular fluid, transport it to the vessels, and from there to the lymph nodes. The liquid literally passes through the walls of the capillaries, due to the peculiarity of their structure.
Capillaries can form lymphocapillary networks. Such networks are located near large organs and help to collect intercellular fluid.
The main function of the capillaries of the lymphatic system is to collect tissue fluid and supply it to the lymphatic vessels. Tissue fluid that enters the lymphatic system is called lymph.
Lymphatic vessels bend around the joints, bifurcating in front of them
The fusion of the lymphatic capillaries forms a lymphatic vessel. The main difference between a vessel and a capillary is thicker walls and a larger diameter. If the capillary wall is formed by one layer of endothelial cells, the vessel walls consist of three layers:
- connective tissue sheath (outer layer);
- smooth muscle tissueforming the middle layer;
- endothelial cells that form the inner layer of the vessel wall.
It is the cells of smooth muscle tissue that provide the movement of lymph through the lymphatic vessels. The vessels have valves that ensure the movement of lymph from the periphery to the center.
The location of the vessels of the lymphatic system largely repeats the structure of the blood vessels. Deep lymphatic vessels are located in the muscles and near internal organs, most of them run parallel to the blood vessels. Superficial lymphatic vessels run parallel to all large saphenous veins. Lymphatic vessels bend around the joints, bifurcating in front of them, and collecting in a large vessel after the joint - this ensures the continuity of the lymphatic system.
Interesting! Large lymphatic vessels have nerve endings in the walls.
The vessels of the lymphatic system, like lymphocapillaries, can be connected to form networks.
The lymph nodes
The lymph node is the most important organ of the lymphatic system. It is this organ that performs the main function - cleansing and saturating the lymph with immune cells. It is a round, oval or bean-shaped formation with a complex structure.
Lymph nodes are located in all parts of the body except the back, as well as near important internal organs. In general, there can be anywhere from 400 to 800 lymph nodes in the human body. Their sizes range from a few millimeters to two centimeters in diameter.
Large lymph nodes are located superficially. These are the so-called sentinel lymph nodes, which are located in the neck, groin and armpits. With any violations of immunity, they can noticeably increase in size.
The largest number of lymph nodes are located in the abdominal cavity and along the intestines. Different people can have anywhere from 100 to 400 lymph nodes in this area. Various toxins and by-products of digestion are absorbed from the intestine into the lymph in large quantities, therefore, a large number of lymph nodes "work" in this zone at the same time to ensure the normal functioning of the digestive system and the whole organism as a whole.
Lymph nodes are the most vulnerable part of the lymphatic system. They are the maturation of immune cells (lymphocytes) and the accumulation of antibodies produced by the body to fight various infections. When the lymph enters the node, it goes through several stages of purification, and all "impurities" remain in the lymph nodes. If there are too many of them, they can accumulate in these organs, causing inflammation of the lymph nodes (lymphadenitis).
In addition, sentinel lymph nodes are a kind of health marker for the whole organism. They increase against the background of severe infectious processes, inflammation, autoimmune reactions, and oncopathologies.
Lymphatic trunks and ducts
The thoracic duct is the largest in the body
The lymph nodes connect and form the main pathways for the movement of lymph in the body - the lymphatic trunks and ducts.
In total, there are 6 such trunks and ducts in the human body, three per left and right venous node. The thoracic duct is the largest. It receives lymph from lower limbs, abdominal cavity, mediastinum. Then, through the thoracic duct, the lymph enters the bloodstream.
In order to avoid the reverse movement of lymph, the ducts and trunks are equipped with valves that let fluid in only one direction, so that the lymph moves only from the bottom up.
Lymph flow diagram
The movement of lymph is carried out from the lower extremities to the head. The lymph flow in the body is ensured by the well-coordinated work of the entire lymphatic system. Lymph enters the vessels and lymph circulation occurs according to the following scheme:
- lymphocapillaries collect intercellular fluid from surrounding organs and tissues;
- capillaries form vessels through which lymph moves to the lymph node;
- in the lymph nodes, lymph is cleared, after which it is saturated with immune cells;
- from the lymph node, lymph flows into large vessels called trunks;
- lymph moves along the trunks into the ducts, penetrating into the circulatory system.
The lymphatic system does not have a pump to move the lymph. The circulation of lymph is supported by the vessels themselves, which expel fluid thanks to the smooth muscle cells of the walls.
To understand how the human lymphatic system works, the diagram will help the best, since the movement of lymph can only be explained in general terms. In general, lymph in the human body moves from bottom to top, from the periphery to the center, and then enters the circulatory system.
What is lymph?
Lymph serves to transport nutrients into the blood
Having figured out how the lymphatic system works, you should take a closer look at what lymph is and why it is needed. Lymph is a clear fluid that passes through the entire body. The colloquial name for lymph is ichor.
Despite the fact that few people know how the lymphatic system works, a person encounters lymph very often. For example, a clear liquid protruding from a wound after blood stops is lymph.
Lymph and lymph circulation are very important concepts to understand. Thanks to this liquid, the regulation of immunity is ensured. In other words, if it were not for lymph, the human body would be less able to cope with various infections and harmful compounds that enter the air through the respiratory tract.
The main properties of lymph are to cleanse the body and ensure the transport of immune cells into the circulatory system.
At the same time, lymph cells can pose a serious danger to the entire body in the case of especially severe diseases. The lymphatic system serves to transport nutrients into the blood, but it can also function as a kind of highway for infections and cancer cells in the event of a strong weakening of the body. So, if the immune system is significantly weakened, the lymphatic system cannot cope with the load, therefore the intercellular fluid is not completely cleared, and infectious agents settle in the lymph nodes. Through the movement of lymph, they can be carried throughout the body.
Where does lymph come from?
Lymph formation occurs directly with the penetration of interstitial fluid into the lymphatic system. This fluid is a blood by-product that enters the intercellular space through the blood capillaries. In this way, blood and lymph are really strongly connected and complementary.
This fluid washes every cell in the body. It collects all harmful substances, including infections and toxins, and then literally seeps through the lymphatic capillaries into the lymphatic system. At this stage, the interstitial fluid becomes lymph, and its further transformation occurs at the expense of the lymph nodes. Blood and lymph are related in the following way. Tissue fluid is formed when blood pressure rises, as a result of which some of the fluid enters the intercellular space. This fluid then enters the lymphatic system and, after some transformation, becomes lymph. The functions of lymph include the transport of nutrients into the circulatory system, therefore, after a short period of time, lymph enters the blood, again becoming part of it.
Composition
Lymph is composed primarily of water and immune cells. The composition of lymph is approximately 96-97% water or intercellular fluid. There are no erythrocytes in the ichor, however, it contains a large number of lymphocytes, the maturation of which is carried out in the lymphatic system. In addition to lymphocytes, lymph contains a small amount of other leukocytes - monocytes and granulocytes.
Important! The main cells of the lymph are represented by lymphocytes or immune cells, thanks to which humoral immunity is supported.
However, when asked what lymph is, one cannot simply say that it is water. In small amounts, lymph contains:
- proteins;
- glucose;
- lipids;
- minerals.
The chemical composition of lymph contains three types of proteins - albumin, fibrinogen, globulin.
Functions
Lymph functions include transport of nutrients into the circulatory system.
Having figured out what lymph consists of and what it is, you should dwell in more detail on the functions of lymph in the body. Together with tissue fluid, not only harmful compounds enter the lymphatic system, but also proteins, minerals, electrolytes necessary for the body. These substances are needed by the body, so they must return to the blood - this is precisely the function that lymph performs.
In addition, lymph itself is needed in order to transport immune cells and antibodies into the blood from the lymph nodes. After the lymph passes through the lymph nodes, it is cleared of harmful substances, and everything useful that is contained in the lymph must return back to the circulatory system. Thus, the following functions of this fluid can be distinguished:
- transport of electrolytes, proteins and water into the blood from the intercellular space;
- transport of enzymes into the blood;
- protection of the body from infection of injuries and wounds.
With any damage to the skin, blood first comes out of the wound, and then lymph. This fluid collects red blood cells and bacteria in damaged tissues, thereby protecting against inflammation.
Some enzymes can enter the bloodstream only through the lymph - these are histaminase and lipase. This is how the metabolic function of the lymph and the lymphatic system as a whole manifests itself. In addition, through the lymph, a constant connection is maintained between tissues and organs, as well as between the lymphatic and circulatory systems.
The exact speed of lymph movement is unknown, however, on average, a person's body produces from two to four liters of this fluid per day. The process of release of lymph from tissues is continuous, so the loss of this fluid is replenished soon enough.
Knowing everything about lymph and the peculiarities of the lymphatic system, each person will be able to better understand how his own body works.
What are the differences between blood and lymph?
The difference between the lymphatic and circulatory systems is the presence of the second “pump” (heart)
On the one hand, blood and lymph are different fluids required the human body... On the other hand, they are closely related. Without loss of water in the blood, with an increase in pressure, lymph will not be formed, since it is this process, which is natural for every organism, that leads to the appearance of intercellular fluid. Having figured out how lymph is formed (from water that penetrates into the intercellular space from the blood), and where it is located, it becomes clear that without blood it cannot function. Lymph is obtained from the blood and then incorporated into the blood. However, the composition of these two liquids is different. Lymph consists mainly of water, blood is plasma and a suspension of cellular components (erythrocytes, leukocytes). There are a lot of proteins in the blood plasma, so it is more viscous and dense than lymph.
Like blood, lymph clots. However, this process is much slower. This can be noticed in the place of small wounds - after a while the ichor becomes denser, instead of a freely flowing liquid, a small transparent and yellowish clot appears.
The main difference between the lymphatic and circulatory systems is the presence of the second “pump”, the function of which is performed by the heart. Thanks to this, the blood circulates in a circle, but the lymph always moves in only one direction.
The main function of blood is to transport oxygen to tissues and organs, while lymph serves to supply nutrients to the blood, thereby supplementing it. The main differences between lymph and blood can be summarized:
- Blood supplies oxygen and useful material, lymph serves to cleanse the body or drain.
- Blood moves much faster than lymph. Moreover, the blood speed changes with fluctuations blood pressure, while the speed of movement of lymph is constant.
- The difference between lymph and blood is in composition, functions, speed of movement, however, both fluids are closely interrelated.
- The kidneys and liver are involved in blood purification, and lymph nodes are responsible for lymph purification.
- The volume of circulating blood is 4-5 liters, the amount of lymph in the human body is on average 2-3 liters.
In addition, for clarity, you can compare the tables of the composition of lymph and blood in order to clearly see the differences between these fluids.
The value of lymph in the human body can hardly be overestimated. Having understood what lymph and blood are made of, it becomes clear that they are inextricably linked and complement each other's functions.
Lymph movement after surgery
As mentioned, the location of the lymph is the entire body. Lymph is located in the lymphatic capillaries and blood vessels, through which it moves to the lymph nodes for cleansing. Despite the fact that this liquid serves to remove excess from the body, disturbances in the speed of its movement have negative consequences for health.
Normally, the lymph flow is constant. It can get worse if the lymphatic vessels, ducts and nodes are damaged. So, the speed of movement of lymph after surgery may decrease. Such a disease of the lymph is called lymphostasis, the main symptoms are severe swelling and pain at the site of vascular damage.
In the overwhelming majority of cases, the deterioration of lymph outflow occurs after breast surgery - radical mastectomy... Such surgical interventions are the main treatment for breast cancer, with the deterioration of lymph flow due to the removal of lymph nodes located around the breast and in the armpit. Removal of the lymph node in this case is carried out due to the spread of metastases from the mammary glands, or to prevent this process in case of further progression of cancer.
Analysis of the composition of lymph
For a general assessment of the state of the lymphatic system, there is no need to take lymph - a blood test is enough
The composition of the lymph is determined by puncturing the lymph node (biopsy) and taking a small amount of fluid for analysis. Indications for such an analysis are inflammation of the lymph nodes, prolonged enlargement of the lymph nodes, suspicions of oncology.
A healthy person does not need to take a prophylactic lymph test; you can assess the health of the lymphatic system by a biochemical blood test.
A lymph node biopsy is a rather traumatic procedure that is prescribed only if there are strict indications. In other cases, the assessment of the lymphatic system is carried out according to the general and biochemical blood test. By the nature of the change in the number of lymphocytes, a diagnosis can be made in case of suspicion of pathology of the lymphatic system. Moreover, a biochemical blood test can detect lymphoma at an early stage.
Diseases of the lymphatic system
Knowing what the lymph looks like, where it comes from and how it flows in the body, it becomes clear that the lymphatic system is subjected to an enormous load every day, providing cleansing of the body and supporting immunity. Accordingly, there are a number of pathologies of this system, in which the movement of lymph is disrupted. There are three main groups of diseases:
- lymph node pathology;
- lymphomas;
- lymphostasis.
Lymph node pathologies are associated with pathogenic bacteria and infections that are absorbed into the lymph from the affected surrounding tissues and organs. In addition, antibodies and immune cells formed in the lymph nodes cannot always cope with the disease, so the lymph nodes become infected and inflamed, and the lymph can spread the infection throughout the body.
Lymphadenitis and lymphadenopathy
The causes of lymphadenitis - any infectious diseases organs (ARVI, influenza) located near the affected lymph node
Most often, there are two pathologies of the lymph nodes - lymphadenopathy and lymphadenitis. Lymphadenopathy is an enlarged lymph node. This is not an independent disease, but rather a symptom, which means that something is going wrong in the body. Most often, the lymphatic system reacts by enlarging lymph nodes to episodes of a weakened immune system. Lymphadenopathy causes:
- infections;
- inflammatory diseases ENT organs;
- pathology of the digestive system;
- diseases of the mediastinal organs;
- tuberculosis;
- sexually transmitted diseases;
- allergic reactions;
- post-vaccination reactions;
- autoimmune processes.
As a rule, lymphadenopathy is observed in those groups of lymph nodes that are most close to the diseased organ. So, with tonsillitis, cervical lymph nodes increase, with mastopathy - chest and axillary, with diseases of the genitourinary system - inguinal. Lymph nodes of the abdominal cavity increase against the background of gastrointestinal diseases, including exacerbation of chronic diseases. The only specific symptom of lymphadenopathy is swollen lymph nodes.
Lymphadenitis is an inflammation of the lymph node. If lymphadenopathy is not a disease and therefore does not require treatment, lymphadenitis is very dangerous. With an inflammatory process, the lymph node noticeably increases, the skin around it turns red, pain appears on palpation and at rest. The causes of lymphadenitis are any infectious diseases of organs located near the affected lymph node. The infection enters the lymph nodes with lymph flow when they are unable to cope with lymph cleansing due to the large number of pathogenic bacteria and toxic compounds.
The causes of lymphadenitis are predominantly bacterial, the disease can cause:
- staphylococcus;
- streptococcus;
- pneumococcus;
- pale treponema;
- koch's wand.
All of these bacteria cause inflammatory diseases. Treponema pale is the causative agent of syphilis, Koch's bacillus is a Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Treatment of lymph in this case consists in taking antibacterial agents... The drugs are selected by the doctor after conducting a series of appropriate tests to accurately identify the causative agent of the disease.
It should be remembered that with pathologies of the lymph nodes, it is important not only to eliminate the symptoms, but also the disease that caused the inflammation or enlargement of the organs of the lymphatic system.
Lymphomas
Lymphomas are groups of diseases of the lymphatic tissue. They are divided into two types - Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Hodgkin's lymphoma (lymphogranulomatosis) is a malignant pathology of the lymphatic system with rapid progression and complex treatment... Disease for a long time is asymptomatic. An increase in sentinel lymph nodes without any other ailments and signs can act as a sign of pathology. This disease is treated with radiation and chemotherapy. In advanced cases, the disease can only be cured by transplantation. bone marrow... Due to the absence of specific symptoms at an early stage, the pathology is characterized by a high probability of death.
Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas are also called lymphosarcoma. Essentially, it is benign tumor lymphoid tissue, which spreads from one pathological focus throughout the lymphatic system. The first symptom of the disease is an enlargement of one or more superficial lymph nodes and general malaise. As a rule, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas are quite successfully treated, but timely diagnosis and therapy is important here. Any benign lymphoma carries some risk of malignancy.
Lymphomas are diagnosed with biochemical analysis blood. Since no one is immune from this disease, it is recommended to take a blood test annually.
Lymphostasis
On initial stage lymphostasis, lymphatic drainage massage shows high efficiency
The definition of lymphostasis is the accumulation of fluid with a high protein content in the lower or upper extremities. Pathology develops as a result of a violation of lymph outflow due to damage to the lymphatic vessels, removal of lymph nodes or oncopathologies.
The disease usually affects the lower extremities. The development of lymphostasis of the hands is associated mainly with mastectomy.
Typical symptoms of the disease:
- severe swelling of the affected limb;
- a noticeable increase in the affected leg or arm in volume;
- pain during exertion;
- disorders of tissue trophism.
The disease greatly impairs the patient's quality of life and is difficult to treat. The initial forms of lymphostasis are treated with lymphatic drainage massage and wearing special compression hosiery to prevent hyperextension of the lymphatic vessels. Severe forms of pathology do not respond to treatment. In these cases, lymphostasis leads to elephantiasis and disability.
Thus, the lymphatic system is an important part of the body, and the lymph is its main instrument. Pathologies of the lymphatic system are very dangerous, therefore, they require timely treatment. Lymph can be checked with a blood test, which doctors recommend taking annually, even if there are no symptoms.
Today we will talk about beauty again, but instead of testing new creams and face masks, we will turn our attention deep into the body, namely, we will study the lymphatic system, lymphatic drainage and their effect on beauty and health in general.
The skin is of great importance for us, and not only because it is well-groomed and beautiful, it makes us beautiful. The skin performs many different functions - protection from harmful external influences, maintains the temperature of internal organs, softens the body as a whole, poisonous waste products of the body are constantly released through the skin. In other words, the skin is an intermediary between the body and the external environment.
The respiratory and excretory functions of the skin are vital to health. If the normal functioning of the skin ceases, poisoning of the body can occur. A skin disease always affects the health of the body, in the same way, a disease of any organ affects the condition of the skin. By acting on the skin with various medical means, it is possible to influence the entire body, for example, hydrotherapy, massage, etc.
And so, everything in our body is interconnected. When we talk about skin care, we always start with cleansing, then moisturizing, etc. But most importantly, if the body is not cleansed from the inside, then all efforts to rejuvenate the skin will be in vain. Therefore, let's first think about health. What we are going to talk about now will tell us what efforts and where each of us needs to make in order to combine beauty and health.
Today we will talk about such an important system that plays a special role in the human body, this is the lymphatic system. For you to seriously think about how important it is for the skin and the whole organism as a whole, you will have to delve a little deeper into the structure of your body. Perhaps then many of us will understand what prevents our skin from having beautiful colour, to be firm, supple and velvety.
The lymphatic system is part of the vascular system in the human body. The lymph circulating in the body moves slowly under little pressure, since there is no organ in the lymph system that acts as a pump, which the heart plays in the circulatory system. Its movement speed is 0.3 mm / s. The lymph moves in one direction - towards the large veins.
It plays an important role in the metabolism and cleansing of cells and tissues of the body. Thus, we can already see where the cleansing of the body begins, and in particular the skin, which we care about in the first place.
The lymphatic system includes:
Lymphatic vessels and capillaries
The lymph nodes
Lymphatic trunks and ducts
Tonsils, thymus, or thymus gland.
How is lymph formed and, in general, what is this structure?
Even ancient Greek doctors discovered that in the human body, in addition to the red liquid, there is also a transparent one, which was called lymph, which means “pure water, moisture” in translation from Greek.
As a result of the contraction of the heart, the liquid part of the blood penetrates the walls of the blood vessels, and tissue fluid is formed. Part of the interstitial fluid returns to the bloodstream. Since the heart works, and blood constantly flows through the vessels, the difference in fluid pressure outside the vessels and inside always exists.
It looks like a perpetual motion machine that works as long as the heart lives ... But part of the tissue fluid, washing the cells, enters the lymphatic capillaries, which permeate the tissues of the whole organism, this is how lymph is formed. The tissue fluid nourishes the cells, removes their waste and moisturizes the body.
The fluid that has entered the lymphatic system is already called lymph. Tiny lymphatic capillaries drain into lymphatic vessels, which have thin walls and valves that prevent lymph drainage. Lymph moves in one direction along the lymphatic vessels, along which there are also lymph nodes.
The lymph nodesThese soft and small internal structures produce immune cells. It is the nodes that act as filters in which microbes are neutralized. When there is a threat to our body from infection, and various bacteria enter the lymph, the lymph nodes increase the production of protective cells that are actively involved in the destruction of microbes and foreign substances.
From the lymph nodes, the filtered lymph through the lymphatic vessels enters the veins, that is, returns to the blood. You can feel the largest lymph nodes yourself, they are located in the cervical regions. Large nodes are also found in the axillary, popliteal, and groin areas. When you get sick with a sore throat, an increase in lymph nodes - tonsils occurs, because it is here that a battle takes place between microbes and the protective substances of the body.
The lymphatic system contributes to the redistribution of fluid in the tissues of the body, since its capillaries drain all tissue intercellular spaces. From here we see that the lymphatic system not only cleanses our body, but also moisturizes it. And we hope to achieve skin hydration only with the help of moisturizing creams, when all this directly depends on the lymphatic system.
If everything is in order in our body, there are no failures, excess tissue fluid does not accumulate in the tissues, since the lymphatic system moves it through the lymphatic vessels and returns it to the blood. Otherwise, fluid accumulates in the intercellular space, and edema occurs.
For example, in cellulite, the accumulation of fluid in the tissues is often associated with the presence of toxins in the body. In this way, the lymphatic system cleanses and moisturizes all tissues of the body and also carries nutrients.
Cosmetology apparatus for lymphatic drainage
If, after reading, you understand everything, then you will be able to answer the question, why is at least morning exercises so important for our body? The answer is simple. After all, lymph moves very slowly. But if there is no "pump" in the lymphatic system, then how can it move, no matter how due to muscle contraction, which pushes the lymph further on its difficult life path.
Lymphatic capillaries and blood vessels penetrate the muscle tissue, the muscles contract - the lymph is pushed, but there is no way back to it, the valves in the lymphatic vessels do not pass. But if the muscle around the vessel does not work, then where does the movement of lymph come from? Now you understand what movement means and, in general, physical exercise.
Stagnation and damage to the lymph from the fact that the muscles are lazy, because we are too lazy to do exercises, leads to sad consequences. Exercise significantly speeds up the movement of lymph. And this, in turn, improves the condition of tissues with edema and congestion.
A sedentary lifestyle, combined with an abundant intake of food, leads to an overload of the lymphatic system, and often for this reason, various diseases and immunity disorders occur.
From all that has been said, we see that the lymphatic system
Redistributes fluid in the body;
Protects the body from infections and diseases by removing and destroying various bacteria in the lymph nodes; human immunity depends on it;
Removes foreign substances and waste products;
It transfers nutrients from tissue spaces into the blood.
Now imagine that the lymph nodes are clogged, what will happen then, because they are the body's filter? Then, let's put it this way, dirty lymph cannot pass through the lymph node, and the body throws it out onto the skin. What will you see on your skin? - There will be dermatitis, furunculosis, acne, acne, diathesis, psoriasis ... Probably enough to list.
When we catch a cold, we get a runny nose and a stuffy nose. Since the body is fighting microbes, and lymph is directly involved in this, before it enters the blood, it must be cleansed of toxins. Lymph gets rid of this rubbish through mucous membranes and skin. Therefore, you should not use vasoconstrictor drops for a long time during a runny nose, we interfere with the work of the lymphatic system.
The second example where we deliberately disrupt the work of the lymph nodes is a deodorant for sweat. Excretion of sweat is a release from the body of not just moisture, but also toxins. If you constantly use deodorant that blocks sweat, you harm your body by leaving harmful substances in tissues in certain areas, for example, in the armpits. In this area, the mammary glands are very close. And then you should understand a lot.
And what will help the lymphatic system work, besides charging?
In Russia, treatment with a steam bath with a broom, tea with currant leaves or raspberries has long been used. You should consult your doctor about using the bath.
Breathing techniques can also stimulate lymph flow, improving your health.
The movement of lymph is also helped by massage, which increases the outflow of tissue fluid. However, massage should be in the form of light and gentle circular stroking and kneading. In addition, you need to know for sure that massage is not contraindicated for you.
The main reason for contraindications may be malignant neoplasms (cancer). After all, massage movements force the lymph to move, and with it the malignant cells, which contributes to the formation of metastases. Anyway, any procedures that affect the lymphatic system are unacceptable for cancer.
How does massage affect the lymphatic system?
Accelerates the movement of lymph in the lymphatic vessels. Massage movements should occur in the direction of the outflow of lymph to the nearest lymph nodes. The pressure on the muscle tissue facilitates the penetration of tissue fluid through the vessel walls, and this prevents or reduces edema.
Harmful substances that easily pass through the walls of the lymphatic vessels are removed from the body faster. Massage movements - stroking, pressing and squeezing should be gentle. With swelling of the legs, the outflow of fluid will help if they are raised, since in this case gravity will help the movement of fluid and lymph.
A professional massage therapist can do a lymphatic massage with benefit, and not harm. You can do it yourself at home, but for this you need to get instructions on the main techniques also from a specialist. the volume of lymph flow can be increased 20 times, which means increasing the ability of the lymphatic system to remove toxins and harmful bacteria, and strengthen the immune system.
It is useful not only for problems with the lymphatic system, but also when you catch a cold or just want to relieve fatigue. All touches should be gentle and soft.
Massage with essential oils such as geranium, rosemary and juniper, grapefruit, atlas cedar and lemon oils is effective to activate the movement of lymph and reduce edema. And also used essential oils anise, orange, basil, clove, oregano, ginger, hyssop, cypress, coriander, lavender, lemongrass, carrot, nioli.
Transport oils can be wheat germ oil, almond oil, avocado, peach oil, jojoba, macadamia oil, safflower oil.
Lymphatic drainage of the face and body at home
At home, you can use a bath with a lymphatic drainage mixture, which includes:
geranium -3 drops
lemongrass - 3 drops
hyssop - 2 drops
nioli - 2 drops
wild carrots - 2 drops
If you add 30 ml of grape seed oil to this mixture, you can do self-massage with it.
Disruptions in the functioning of the lymphatic system are indicated not only by edema or cellulite, but also by other diseases, where there is an ineffective excretion of harmful substances from the body. For example - frequent colds, headaches, skin problems, etc.
Lymphatic drainage will help in stimulating the immune system, removing toxins from the body, poor complexion, fading skin, and bruising under the eyes. After a course of lymphatic drainage, cell nutrition usually improves, the body is cleansed, metabolism improves, skin regeneration processes are stimulated, its dryness is eliminated, bags under the eyes disappear, wrinkles are smoothed.
Now you see the necessity and importance of the lymphatic system, on which human immunity depends. And immunity is life!
The lymphatic system (translated from Latin - systema lymphsticum) is a component of the circulatory system in humans and vertebrates. Its functions are diverse, it plays an important role in the metabolism and processes of self-purification of cells.
Unlike arteries and veins, which provide blood transport, lymph is transported through the lymphatic vessels - a transparent liquid, which is a type of intercellular substance. We will talk about the features of lymph circulation, anatomy and physiology of vessels and system nodes in our review and video in this article.
General information
The lymph circulation system is closely related to, accompanies and complements it. Through individual vessels, there is an outflow of tissue fluid into the blood. In addition, the system is involved in the transport of fats from small intestine into the bloodstream and protect the body from infections and damaging environmental factors.
Structure
In anatomy, the following elements of the lymphatic system are distinguished:
- capillaries and vessels;
- large trunks of large diameter;
- ducts;
- nodes;
- lymphatic organs - tonsils, thymus (thymus) and spleen (see photo).
Lymphatic capillaries are the smallest hollow vascular tubes closed at one end, forming a powerful branched network in organs and tissues. Since the walls of such capillaries are very thin, protein particles and interstitial fluid easily penetrate into them, which are then transported to the circulatory system. Be sure to read this article to the end to find out what value the lymphatic system occupies the human body.
Merging, many small capillaries form vessels, the diameter of which increases from the periphery to the center. The structure of the lymphatic vessels is similar to the structure of the veins, but the former have thinner walls and a significant number of valves that prevent the reverse movement of lymph into the interstitial space. What are lymphatic vessels made of?
The wall of the hollow tube that transports lymph has three layers:
- external connective tissue;
- medium smooth muscle;
- internal endothelial.
It is interesting. For the first time, the lymphatic vessels were examined and described by the French anatomist Jean Peke in 1651.
The lymphatic vessels usually leave the tissues of the body along with the blood vessels.
Depending on the location, they are divided into:
- deep - localized in the internal organs;
- superficial lymphatic vessels are located near the saphenous veins.
Note! Lymphatic vessels are located in almost all tissues and organs. However, there are exceptions: cartilage, functional fabric spleen, lens and membrane of the eyeball.
As they move from the periphery to the center, the formations of small diameter merge into larger ones, forming regional lymphatic vessels. In this case, each vessel passes through the so-called nodes located in groups throughout the body. Lymph nodes are small clusters of lymphoid tissue, round, ellipsoid, or bean-shaped.
Here's the lymph:
- filtered;
- cleared of foreign elements;
- freed from harmful microorganisms.
Note! Also in the lymph nodes, lymphocytes are synthesized - immune cells aimed at fighting infection.
Large vessels of the lymphatic system form trunks, which subsequently merge into the lymphatic ducts:
- Pectoral - collects lymph from all organs below the ribs, as well as the left arm, left half of the chest, neck and head. It flows into the left v. Subclavia.
- Right - collects lymph from the upper right parts of the body. It flows into the right v. Subclavia.
Functions performed
Among the functions performed by the lymphatic system, experts distinguish the following:
- Transport of tissue fluid from the intercellular space to the circulatory system.
- Transport of lipid molecules from food from the small intestine into the blood.
- Filtration and removal of waste products of vital activity of cells and foreign substances.
- The production of lymphocytes that protect the body from the action of pathogenic bacteria and viruses.
How lymph is formed
The main component of lymph is intercellular fluid. As a result of filtration processes in blood vessels small diameter, plasma is released into the interstitial space. Subsequently, such tissue fluid is reabsorbed (subject to reabsorption) into the blood, and also enters the lymphatic capillaries.
It is interesting. You can notice lymph if you accidentally get hurt. The clear liquid flowing from the cut site is colloquially called "ichor".
Topographic anatomy
Knowledge of the topography and functioning of the lymphatic system is extremely important for any specialist in the field of medicine. When examining a patient, the doctor should pay attention to pathological changes from the side of the lymphatic vessels, nodes or organs.
Head and neck
Lymph nodes and vessels of the head and neck are of great practical interest for therapeutic and pediatric specialists.
Lymph from these organs is collected in the jugular trunks, which run parallel to the veins of the same name and flow into:
- on the right - into the right duct / right venous angle;
- on the left - in the ductus thoracicus / left venous angle.
On their way, the vessels pass through several groups of regional lymph nodes, which are described in the table.
Table: Groups of lymph nodes of the head and neck:
| Name | Latin name | Provide lymph drainage |
| Occipital | occipitales | From the occipital, as well as the back of the parietal and temporal regions of the head |
| Mastoid | mastoidei | The same + from the ear (back surface), eardrum, ear canal |
| Parotid | parotidei | From the skin of the forehead, temple, outer surface of the ear, part of the eyelids, parotid gland, tympanic membrane |
| Submandibular | submandibulares | From the lateral surface of the chin, tissues of the lips, nose and cheeks, as well as teeth and gums |
| Facial | faciales | From facial muscles and other facial tissues |
| Chin | submentales | From the tip of the tongue and lower jaw |
| Anterior cervical | cervicales anterior | From the larynx thyroid gland, trachea and anterior neck |
| Lateral cervical | cervicales laterales | From deep tissues and organs of the neck |
Upper limbs
From tissues and organs located in the belt upper limbs, the lymph is collected in the subclavian lymphatic trunk, which accompanies the artery of the same name and flows on the corresponding side either into the thoracic or right duct.
The main lymphatic vessels of the hands are divided into:
- superficial:
- medial;
- lateral;
- deep.
Regional lymph nodes of the upper extremities are located near the largest joints and are called elbow, shoulder and axillary.
Chest organs
From the organs of the chest cavity (including the lymphatic vessels of the heart, lungs and organs of the mediastinum), lymph is collected in large trunks - the right and left broncho-mediastinal, each of which moves to the ducts on the corresponding side.
In the chest cavity, all lymph nodes are divided into parietal and visceral. The first are located on the back, front and lower surface of the chest.
In turn, they are:
- prevertebrates;
- intercostal;
- near-ore;
- peri-sternal;
- upper diaphragmatic.
Among the visceral lymph nodes are pre-pericardial, lateral pericardial, mediastinal (anterior, posterior).
Abdominal organs
The lymph nodes and vessels of the abdominal cavity have some differences from the components of the lymphatic system located in other topographic areas. So, in the structure of the small intestine, special chyle vessels are isolated, which lie in the mucous membrane of the organ, and then continue into the mesentery, transporting the absorbed fat.
For the characteristic type of lymph, which acquires a white striped shade due to saturation with fats, such vessels are often called milky.
Note! The rest of the nutrients (amino acids, monosaccharides), vitamins and trace elements are absorbed directly into the venous system.
The abdominal lymphatic vessels are classified as follows:
- vessels of the stomach and duodenum;
- lymphatic vessels in the liver and gallbladder;
- vessels located in the pancreas;
- vessels of the serous membrane of the intestine;
- mesenteric vessels (left, middle and right groups);
- vessels of the upper and lower abdomen.
As in the chest cavity, in this topographic formation, there are parietal (lie around the aorta and v. Cava interior) and visceral (located along the branches of the celiac trunk) lymph nodes.
Pelvic organs
The lymphatic vessels of the pelvic organs collect lymph from organs and tissues of the corresponding topographic area and, as a rule, accompany the veins of the same name.
There are slight differences in the structure of the lymphatic system in men and women. So, the lymphatic vessels of the cervix pass mainly through the iliac (external, internal) and sacral lymph nodes. Lymphatic drainage from the testicle is carried out through the lumbar nodes.
Lower limbs
In the structure of the lymph drainage system of the lower extremities, several large groups of lymph nodes are distinguished:
- Poplitealis - located in the popliteal fossa.
- Inguinales (deep and superficial) - localized in the groin area.
The superficial vessels pass through two collecting groups and flow into the inguinal lymph nodes, where the outflow from the outer surface of the buttocks, the abdominal wall and the distal parts of the NPO is also carried out. Deep vessels pass through the popliteal nodes, reaching the deep inguinal lymph nodes.
Common pathologies of the circulatory system
Unfortunately, diseases of the lymphatic system are not uncommon. They are found in representatives of any age, gender and nationality.
Conventionally, all pathologies in which the circulatory system suffers can be divided into four groups:
- Tumor - lymphocytic leukemia, lymphosarcoma, lymphoangioma, lymphogranulomatosis.
- Infectious and inflammatory - regional lymphadenitis, lymphangitis.
- Traumatic - rupture of the spleen in accidents, blunt trauma to the abdomen, etc.
- Developmental defects - hypoplasia and aplasia of the components of the lymphatic system, lymphangiectasia, lymphangiomatosis, lymphangiopathy obliterating.
Important! The diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the lymphatic system is carried out by specialized specialists - an angiologist or angiosurgeon.
Any disruption of the lymphatic system can lead to fatal consequences for the body, the cost of delay in which is too high.
If there are complaints, it is important to seek help in a timely manner: only a doctor can draw up an individual plan for diagnosis and treatment (for each disease there is its own medical instruction). Compliance with the recommendations of a specialist and an integrated approach to therapy will help improve health and avoid the development of complications.
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