Where there is an upper-eyed sinus. Features of the location and structure of the gaymor

The nasal cavity has an apparent sinus, which are communicated with various nasal strokes (Fig. 50). Thus, the body of the main bone body and the rear cells of the lattice bone are opened in the upper nose, in the middle nose - the frontal and topless sinuses, the front and middle cells of the lattice bone. A tear canal flows into the bottom nasal stroke.

Fig. fifty.
A - outer wall of the nasal cavity with holes in the apparent sinuses: 1 - frontal sinus; 3 - opening of the frontal sinus; 3 - hole of the front cells of the lattice bone; 4 - hole of the maxillary sinus; 5 - Recently rear cellular bone cells; 6 - the main sinus and its hole; 7 - Plotching hearing pipe; 8 - hole of the rosestand. B - Nasal partition: 1 - Crista Galli; 2 - LAMINA CRIBROSA; 3 - Lamina Perpendicularis Ossis Ethmoidalis; 4 - couch; five - solid sky; 5 - Cartilago Septi NASI.

Topper-eyed sinus (SINUS MAXILLARIS HIGHMORI) is located in the body of the upper jaw. She begins to be created from the 10th week of embryonic life and develops to 12-13 years. In an adult cavity amount fluctuates within 4.2-30 cm 3, it depends on the thickness of its walls and less - from its position. The sinus shape is wrong, has four main walls. Front (in 1/3 cases) or an appointment (in 2/3 cases) the wall is represented by a thin plate corresponding to Fossa Canina. On this wall there is n. InfraorBitalis Together with the same blood vessels.

The top wall of the sinuses is at the same time the lower wall of the orbit. In the thickness of the wall there is canalis infraorbitalis containing the mentioned vascular-nervous beam. At the location of the last bone can be thinned or have a gap. In the presence of the slot, the nerve and vessels are separated from the sinuses only with the mucous membrane, which leads to inflammation of the lower-chain nerve during sinusites. Typically, the top wall of the sinuse is located at one level with top Middle nasal stroke. N. N. Rezanov indicates a rare option when this wall of the sinuses is low and the middle nasal move goes to the inner surface of the orbit. This causes the possibility of penetrating the needle in the eyeball when puncture of the gaimore sinus through the nasal cavity. Often, the dome of the sinus applies to the thickness of the inner wall of the orbit, pushes the lattice sinuses up and the stop.

The lower wall of the maxillary sinus is represented by an alveolar jaw process, corresponds to the roots of the 2nd small and front large indigenous teeth. The zone of the position of the root of the teeth can go into the cavity in the form of elevation. The bone plate separating the cavity from the root often turns out to be thinner, sometimes has a slot. These conditions favors the spread of infection with affected dental roots on the topless sinus, explain the cases of penetration of the tooth in the sinus at the time of its extirpation. The bottom of the sinus can be 1-2 mm higher than the bottom of the nasal cavity, at the level of this bottom or below it as a result of the development of the Alveolar Bay. The Gaimorest cavity rarely spreads under the bottom of the nasal cavity, forming a small depression (BUCHTA PALATINA) (Fig. 51).

Fig. 51. Putness sinuses of the nose, the maxillary sinus.
A - sagittal cutting: b - frontal cut; B - build options - high and low position of the lower wall: 1 - canalis infraorbitalis; 2 - Fissura Orbitalis Inferior; 3 - Fossa Pterygopalatina; 4 - maxillary sinus; 5- cells of the lattice bone; 6 - Elets; 7 - Processus Alveolaris; 8 - bottom nose sink; 9 - the nasal cavity; 10 - buchta prelasalis; 11 - Canalis InfraorBitalis (deprived of the bottom wall); 12 - Buchta Palatina; 13 - buchta alveolaris; G is a frontal sinus on a sagittal cut; D - options for the structure of the frontal sinuses.

The inner wall of the maxillary sinus arrives to the middle and lower nose. The wall of the lower nasal stroke is solid, but thin. It relatively easily managed to punish the sinus gaymorov. The wall of the middle nasal stroke has a considerable interfachable structure and a hole that informs the sinus with the nasal cavity. Hole length 3-19 mm, width 3-6 mm.

The rear wall of the gaimor sinus is represented by a maxillary hill in contact with the pile of a straw where N. InfraorBitalis, Ganglion Sphenopalatinum, a. Maxillaris with its branches. Through this wall can be approached to the Cuttle Pile.

Frontal sickles (Sinus Frontalis) are located in the thickness of the frontal bone, respectively, the abnormal arcs. They have the form of three-edged pyramids with a base pointing down. The sinuses are developing from 5-6 to 18-20 years. In adults, their volume reaches 8 cm 3. Up to the sinus spreads somewhat for the overhead arcs, the duct - to the outer third of the upper edge of the orbit or up to the topless cutting and down in the nose dice. The front wall of the sinus is represented by an overbroken hill, the rear is relatively thin and separates the sinus from the front cranial fossa, the lower wall is part of the upper wall of the socket and in the middle line of the body - part of the nasal cavity, the inner wall is a partition separating the right and left sinuses. The upper and side walls are absent, since the front and rear walls converge under an acute angle. The cavity is missing in about 7% of cases. The septum separating apart from each other, 51.2% does not occupy a median position (M. V. Miloslavsky). Opens the cavity through the channel (Canalis Nasofrontalis) with a stretch of up to 5 mm in the middle nose, ahead of the holes of the maxillary sinus. In the frontal sinus Canalis Nasofrontalis is formed at the bottom of her funnel. This contributes to the outflow of mucus from the sinuses. Tillans indicates that the frontal sinus can sometimes be opened in the Gaimorov sinus.

Sinus lattice bone (SINUS ETHMOIDALIS) are represented by cells according to the level of the upper and medium nose shells, constitute the upper part of the side wall of the nasal cavity. These cells communicate with each other. From the outside of the cavity is excluded from the eye with a very thin bone plate (Lamina Papyrocea). In case of damage to this wall, air from the cavity cells can penetrate into the fiber of the fragant space. The emerging emphysema generates the protrusion of the eyeball - Exophthalm. On top of the cell sinuses are linked with a thin bone partition from the front cranial fossa. The front group of cells opens into the middle nose, the rear - to the top nose.

Main sickness (Sinus sphenoidalis) is located in the body of the main bone. It develops aged 2 to 20 years. The partition along the middle line of the sinus is divided into the right and left. The sinus opens to the top nose. The hole lies with 7 cm from the nostril along the line, next through the middle of the middle nasal shell. The position of the sinus allowed to recommend to surgeons to approach the pituitary gland through the nasal cavity and the nasopharynx. The main sinus may be absent.

Tears Canal (Canalis Nasolacrimalis) is located in the zone of the sidebar of the nose region (Fig. 52). It opens into the bottom nasal stroke. The channel hole is under the front edge of the bottom of the sink on the outer wall of the nasal stroke. It is 2.5-4 cm from the rear edge of the nostril. The length of the tear-axis channel is 2.25-3.25 cm (N. I. Pirogov). The channel passes in the thickness of the outer wall of the nasal cavity. In the lower segment, it is limited to bone tissue only from the outside, from other sides is covered with mucous membrane of the nasal cavity.

Fig. 52. Topography of tear strokes.
1 - Fornix Sacci Lacrimalis; 2 - DUCTUS LACRIMALIS SUPERIOR; 3 - Papilla et punctum Lacrimale Superior; 5 - Caruncula Lacrimalis; 6 - DUCTUS ET AMPULA LACRIMALIS INFERIOR; 7 - Saccus Lacrimalis; 8 - m. Orbicularis Oculi; 9 - m. Obliquus Oculi Inferior; 10 - SINUS MAXILLARIS; 11 - Ductus Nasolacrimalis.
A - cross section: 1 - Lig. Palpebre Medialis; 2 - Pars Lacrimalis m. Orbicularis Oculi; 3 - septum orbitale; 4 - f. lacrimalis; 5 - Saccus Lacrimalis; 6 - periosteum

Gaimorov Pazukha A person belongs to the apparent voids located near the nasal cavity.

In addition to them, there are frontal, lattice and wedge-shaped sinuses that perform several functions in the facial skull.

First of all, they warm the air penetrating the upper respiratory tract. Also, the camcoring epithelium displays small particles, pathogenic microorganisms, allergens, dust, guiding it into the nasopharynx area.

Gaimorov sinuses Location: where are located

The structure of the apparent emptiness each person is the same. The maxillary sines, which are located above the jaw on both sides of the nose pyramid, are called hymorov. Their walls come into contact with eye sockets, mouth and nose.

Why do you need additional holes in the face of the skull, it is still unknown. But there are several probable reasons for their presence:

It is believed that at the expense of additional holes The mass of the skull decreases. Especially large volume occupies facial bone. The fastening of the muscles of the face depends on the form of the skeleton and, accordingly, the functionality of the mimic movements.

The maxillary sinus increases the voice resonance.

During injuries, empty holes Perform the role of buffer protecting the brain from strong blows.

Isolate vital organs From sharp hypothermia when inhaling cold air.

React to environmental pressure become a barometer that warns about the oscillations.

Gaimorov's empty areas are formed in children not immediately from birth, but only from 4-5 years of age. Until that time, they remain very small.

The development of sinusoidal cave occurs gradually, so the diagnosis of sinusitis is impossible to put children in 2-3 years old.

If the breast child has a nose, then, most likely the etiology of the illness

Toppers interior spaces Remind small cave with access to the pyramid of the nose. They are eliminated by the mucous tissues and a thick grid of small blood vessels. If an inflammatory process begins inside, then because of the abundance vascular grid The shell swells, overlapping the outlet into the nose.

It is important to note that the emptiness gaymors are located on the right and to the left of the nasal pyramid. But signs of inflammation are noted only on the one hand or affect both sinuses over the upper jaw.

Nose sinuses hurt: Possible causes

Painful feelings in the field of faces arise because of various diseases or pathological changes. To identify the exact root cause is impossible without instrumental research.

Gaymorov sinuses Pictures

First of all, a person with complaints about pain is directed to X-ray. If using the picture failed to understand clinical picture Unpleasant symptoms, then recommend a more detailed examination.

The source of discomfort in the cheekbone area can be both simple inflammation and a very complex disease. Here are the main factors provoking pains:

Schimorite. The patient will be clogged with the sinus of the nose, the breathing is hampered, the temperature, severe painful sensations during the skin of the skin under eyeballs in the cheekbone area. The disease occurs in sharp or chronic form. It is impossible to ignore because it threatens with serious complications, such as sepsis, meningitis, etc. Injuries. For strong bruises Heads can happen the fracture of the facial bone. Damage causes pain on the left or right, depending on the location of the injury. For treatment, surgery may be required. Cyst. Appears when blocking secretory ducts inside sinus. It is filled with light yellow liquid. A gradual increase in the cyst-shaped ball overlaps the volume of the parapasal cavity, which causes concreteness, the swelling of the shell and the difficulty of breathing. Eliminated by surgical path. Odontogenic cyst gaimor sinus. Developed due to inflammation of the nerves of the tooth, closely located on the wall of the cavity. In reproduction of bacteria, the inflammatory response proceeds to the canals of molars (indigenous teeth) and so formed a benign tumor. A crucial ball causes the appearance of symptoms only when an impressive size becomes. Therefore, it is very important to treat the root of the tooth as early as possible. Polyps. Long inflammation of secretory cells leads to gradual thickening. So in patients in internal nasal spaces develop hypertrophy of the mucous membrane. The growth of the shell contributes over time, polypotic neoplasms fall out and become noticeable with the front rososcopy on the inspection from the Laura.

Also, the cause of pain can be a foreign body. Usually it becomes sealing material.

Computed tomography (CT) helps to identify any changes in soft and bone tissues. After the body examination, the doctor will be able to assign effective therapy.

Diagnostics

To determine the source of uncomfortable sensations it is necessary to refer to Laura. At first he will ask the patient about the beginning of the development of the illness, the exact manifestations and intensity of pain.

After that, the doctor will hold the tool inspection of the nasopharynx to understand which pathological changes there are: expansion of vessels, swelling, selection, hypertrophy of the shell, and the like.

If you put an accurate diagnosis, it is difficult to send a patient to a radiological examination. X-ray can be done in the clinic, there are all the necessary equipment for the diagnosis of ENT diseases. When evaluating the result pay attention to the decrease in pneumatization, that is, a decrease in air volume.

With unclear etiology, pains are sent to magnetic resonance tomography or CT. MRI shows the condition of soft tissues. Also resort to the ultrasound of the nasal sinuses, since this is the easiest method of examination.

With it, it will be seen thickening of the mucous membrane, the presence of polyps, cysts, etc. Computer tomography explores bone structure, neoplasms. Power source: Site

Subtotal blackout sinuses: what does this mean?

On X-ray after plane radiography, it is clearly to see pathological changes inside the paranasal empty areas. Subtotal blackout says about low inflammation which concerns only secretory cells. If you make a nose-posing projection of the picture, then it will be good review lower part.

Total blackout indicates that the shells inflamed very strongly and, Most likely, the liquid of a mucous-purulent or purulent was already accumulated inside. If even after CT, it is not possible to understand the patient's condition, then puncture and find out the character of inflammation. The puncture is made by a needle Kulikova.

As a rule, full blackout indicates acute disease. Often after puncture, the patient receives a pus. The classic advantages of the puncture in the diagnosis of subtotal or total dimming in the picture:

Allows you to accurately determine the nature of the content - blood, mucus, pus.
It gives the opportunity to identify the infectious pathogen (fungus, bacteria, anaerob), as well as to conduct cytological studies of the epithelium.
Machine manual can be cleaned by a secretory layer, while efficient rejection is performed.

Sealing material in a gaimore sinus: consequences

To withdraw a particle of the seal, you need to make an operation. The consequences of the sealing material hit were already considered above - this is a fungal miscarriage. Conservative treatment will not have positive results, so the seal is getting together with the fungal masses endoscopic or external way with resection of the bone under the lip.
How do sealing material remove? The operation lasts about 15 minutes and is made under local anesthesia. After that, the person is observed in the hospital 2 days. Endoscopic surgery is more gentle, but does not fit the patients with strong septal curvature. Therefore, they are offered simultaneous correction and seizure of the seal.

Tooth root in a gaimore sinus: what to do?

Perforation of the bottom of the sinus over the upper jaw occurs when pulling the molar (root tooth), the root of which is inserted through the thin partition and protrudes over the surface separated only by the epithelium. At best, after the surgeon, a hole remains, a hole from the tooth. At worst, part of the root is climbing and becomes a foreign body.

Ostope with a gaimor sinus after removal of the tooth occurs in patients with the specific structure of the root form. Also, such a phenomenon occurs when the molar spike with the wall of the upper jaw due to the periodontitis moved. Then removing it opens a hole in the air cave.

The seized sprouted tooth makes perforation into the bone. Inside the void comes blood with bubbles of blood. After that, inflammation is developing with purulent exudate. Treat pathology as a purulent sinusitis.

Another factor affecting the formation of the hole is the cyst tooth. It is located in the gum and occurs for the following reasons:

Jaw injuries;
Getting infections after cleaning the nerve and incorrect channel sealing;
Infectious sinusitis.

The cyst on the tooth can spread to neighboring premolars. It is also formed if the dentist will infection with a surgical instrument in gums. For example, if you pull the wisdom tooth or the top five, the film-shaped neoplasm may appear on adjacent roots.

Perforation of the bottom of the gaimore sinus when removing the tooth treatment

Effects surgical intervention In dentistry are different. If when removing the tooth was damaged by the wall of the gaimor sinus , then the perforation can be closed. How do it do?

If the extended tooth left a small hole, That in the hole is introduced Turundum or immediately erect her edges. After the formation of the blood clots, the mucous is hammered and heals. But at this place is difficult to put an implant.

With high perforation without inflammatory process The cam is closed with a composite material that forms the bone scar, overlapping the mouth of the wells.

Also make the transplant of the bone block of the live periosteum.If, after the tooth seizures, the face hurts in the cheekbone area, it is necessary to seem the dentist and Laura.

How to clear the sinuses in the home and is it possible?

Of course, rinse cavity can be at home but only after the resolution of Laura. Well dilute mucus or thick purulent exudate with various saline solutions. Many people ask if Dolfin is rinsed with inflamed zones? Yes, it is designed for irrigating the nasopharynx in sinusitis and rhinitis.

At home, it is also useful to use the aqualor, funeral, sain, and the like. But before producing washing, you need to remove the edema to open the dysfast of the air canals. For this, vasoconstrictors or steam inhalations are used (only if there is no temperature).

You can be expelled as follows:

A warm saline solution is poured into a special kettle.
Lean over the sink and the tip is introduced in the nostril.
Smoothly poured the liquid to be poured out of the second nostrils.
After the procedure, it is necessary to clean the respiratory tract from the residuals of the solution, visoring.

With strong congestion, such physiology is prohibited.

How to introduce a medicine in the Gaimor Pitza

In the stationary compartment for cleansing empty parapasal areas, a device is used, which is called "Cuckoo". With its help, medicinal substances are introduced, leaning the pathogenic microflora and removing the inflammatory process.

The physiological method is almost painless, but may cause uncomfortable sensations. It does not apply under anatomical features overlapping air and liquid access on air-and-axial channels. It is an alternative to puncture.

The separation sinuses are emptiness filled with air, which are located in the bones of the facial skull. They have some ducts in nasal cavity. In total, a person is distinguished by 4 groups of cavities, gaymors and frontal cavities are symmetrically located, that is, on both sides of the nose. Their inner surface is lifted by epithelium with some cells that have the ability to produce mucous content. The mucus of this kind with ciliations is moving towards the channels and is replete.

The incomplete sinuses surround the nose of a person from all sides, they are presented in the form of cavities, which are attributed to the hymorov. At the location of the localization, they are called the maxillary sinuses of the nose, and they received their first name in honor of the English physician first described the sneak disease. In internal parts Such cavities are vessels and nerve endings. Such components are redesessing the nasal cavity with the help of society.

The features of the structure of the maxillary sinus

Gaymorov sinuses are formed much earlier than air-capable cavities located in the face of the skull. In infants, they have the form of some small sizes. The process of their formation is completely completed by 12-14 years.

It is interesting to know that people of old age often occurs the disintegration of bone fabrics, and that is why the upper-eyed sinus increases.

Anatomically, the structure of the geimor sinuses is as follows. They are combined with the nasal cavity through the connecting channel of a narrow form, which received the name of the oddé. Anatomical feature Their structures are that in a calm state, they are filled with oxygen and pneumaticized. Inside, these notches consist of thin mucous membranes on which there is some quantity. nerve plexuses and elastic formations. It is precisely why those localized in the nasal cavities often proceeds in a hidden form, and only then expressed symptoms appear.

Gaimorov sinuses consist of the upper, external, internal, front and rear walls. For each of them, individual characteristics are inherent. It is worth noting that it is possible to note the manifestation of the disease independently, but to take any actions aimed at treatment is not worth it. Self-treatment is a rather dangerous occupation that often becomes the cause of negative consequences. A person should contact a specialist who will select treatment.

Sustain and its structure

This part of the nose is responsible for the free circulation of air inside the cavity. The cassette of the maxillary sinuses is located in their rear walls. It is inherent round or oval form. Foust size from 3-5 millimeters. It is covered with mucous membranes, in which the ministers of nerves and vessels are located.

Ostope has a feature to expand and narrow. It increases due to the outflow of the mucus that protects it. The following reasons may provoke the narrowing of the fatality:

virus and infectious diseases;
features of the structure of the body;
various pathologies of the upper respiratory tract.

A set of small particles called cilia, which are constantly in motion and promote the accumulated mucus to exit. If the oddine has a significant diameter, mucous contents, as a rule, does not have time to accumulate. Content evacuation is provided in this case even at the time of viral diseases.

Changing the configuration of Fousta is definitely affecting the development of diseases. If the oddine decreases, the mucus produced accumulates in the cavity, and then its stagnation occurs. Thus, the maximum favorable environment is created for the development and reproduction of pathological bacteria. It happens, and diagnose sinusitis.

The extension of vessels is also often caused by pathology, in some cases cysts arise. This happens due to the fact that with each breath in the cavity penetrates the current of the cool air. The formation of this kind in most cases does not require therapy, but the continuous monitoring of them is simply necessary. The main task of the patient is only consisting of a regular visit to the otolaryngologist.

Top and bottom walls

The thickness of the upper walls of the gaymoretum sinuses does not exceed 1.2 mm. They border the eyeball, and that is why the inflammatory process in such an cavity often has a negative effect on the eyes and the function of view in general. It is worth noting that the consequences in this case can be the most unpredictable. Against the background of the hymoritis often develops conjunctivitis and the rest, more dangerous pathology organs of vision.

The thickness of the lower wall is quite small, it is absolutely absent at certain parts of the bone, and the vessels passing in such places and the nerve endings are separated only by the periosteum. It is this factor that increases the risk of hymorite due to diseases of the teeth. This is due to the fact that the roots of the tooth of the upper jaw are located quite closely and are not protected.

Inner wall

The inner wall is also called medial, it is located next to the middle and lower nose strokes. The adjacent zone is often connected, but at the same time quite thin. It is through it that they are often carried out.

The wall that joins the bottom go, in most cases has a refigble structure. In this area there is a hole of the maxillary sinus, through which the connection of the hymic meloders and the nasal cavities occurs, in the case of clogging of which the inflammatory process is formed. That is why it is worth remembering that the usual runny nose should be a reason to appeal to the doctor, because long-term aircraft often becomes the cause of negative consequences.

It should be noted that the upper-eyed sinus has a fool, the length of which reaches 1 centimeter. Because of his location in the upper department, the sinusitis acquires chronic form. This is due to the fact that the outflow of the fluid is very difficult.

Front and rear walls

The facial wall of the maxillary sinuses is characterized as the tight. It is closed with cheek fabrics, and only it is available for goodbye. On its front wall there is a canine fossa, the landmark is held at the opening of the mandibular cavity.

The deepening of this kind may have a different depth. In some cases, it reaches significant sizes and when puncture of the sinuses from the bottom nasal needle, has the ability to penetrate the eye or soft tissue cheeks. This often becomes the cause of purulent complications, because it is extremely important to carry out the manipulation to attract only an experienced specialist.

The rear wall of the skimmed sinuses is often adjacent to the topless hill. With the back side, it is rotated to the stubborn fossa, in which there is some specific venous plexus. Do not forget that with inflammatory processes in the apparent sinuses it is possible to infect blood.

Gaimorto sinus performs the most important internal and external functions. Among the internal, the ventilation and drainage, among the external - barrier, secretory and suction.

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- the largest of the incomplete sinuses (see Fig. 1). The sinus shape mainly corresponds to the shape of the body of the upper jaw. The volume of the sinus has age and individual differences. The sinus can continue in Alveolar, Zhilogo, Opening and Labor Process. In the sinus distinguish the top, medial, transcereral, rear agent and lower walls. It appears before other sinuses and newborns have in the form of a small fifth. The sinus gradually increases by the period of puberty, and at the old age it becomes even more due to the resorption bone tissue.

Top wall sickooseparating it from the orphanage, at a greater mass consists of a compact substance and has a thickness of 0.7-1.2 mm, thickened at the sublizzhent edge and the zicky process. The lower wall of the under-judicial canal and the porzhazhnichny groove is very thin. Sometimes in some parts of the bone, it is completely absent, and the nerve and vessels passing in this channel are separated from the mucous membrane of the maxillary sinus only by the periosteum.

Medial wall, bordering the nasal cavity, consists entirely of compact substance. Its thickness is the smallest in the middle of the lower edge (1.7-2.2 mm), the greatest - in the region of the front angle (3 mm). At the place of transition to the rear agent wall, the medial wall is thin, when switching to the front it is thickened and there is a fang alveol. In the upper seat of this wall there is a hole - the topless cleft, which connects the sinus with the middle nasal stroke.

Overlate wall In the field of the fanging fossa, several apart. In this place, it consists entirely of a compact substance and has the smallest thickness (0.2-0.25 mm). As the wall removes from the hole, the wall is thickened (4.8-6.4 mm). Alveolar, cheekly, frontal processes and the lower decoral edge of the soccer, the compact plates of this wall are separated by the spongy substance to the outer and inner. Antercore wall contains several front alveolar tubules, which come from the attribute channel to the roots of the front teeth and employees to pass vessels and nerves to the front teeth.

Fig. 1. Topper dashy; Frontal cutting skull, rear view:

1 - furrow of the upper sagittal sinus; 2 - a roasting comb; 3 - lattice plate; 4 - frontal sinus; 5 - lattice labyrinth; 6 - Elets; 7 - maxillary sinus; 8 - couch; 9 - the incisive hole; 10 - notice proceedings; 11 - bottom nose sink; 12- average nasal sink; 13 - upper nasal sink; 14 - perpendicular plate of lattice bone

Rear agent wall At a greater distance, it is a compact plate that expands in the transition to zilly and alveolar processes and contains the spongy substance in these places. The wall thickness is the smallest in the upper seat (0.8-1.3 mm), the greatest - near the alveolar process at the level of the 2nd molar (3.8-4.7 mm). The thicker of the rear agent walls are the rear alveolar tubules, from which branches connect with the front and medium alveolar tubules are departed. With strong pneumatization of the upper jaw, as well as as a result of pathological changes, the inner wall of the tubules is thinned and the mucous membrane of the maxillary sinus arrives to alveolar nerves and vessels.

The lower wall has a shape of a gutter, where the front -lateral, medial and rear agent of the sinuses converge. The bottom of the gutter in some cases is smooth, in others has a protrusion corresponding to Alveolas of 4 front teeth. Compulsion of the alvetol of teeth is most pronounced on the jaws, in which the bottom of the sinus is at the level of the nasal cavity or below it. The thickness of the compact plate separating the bottom of the alvealum of the 2nd molar from the bottom of the maxillary sinus often does not exceed 0.3 mm.

Ocanification: in the middle of the 2nd month of intrauterine development in connective tissue Multiple and medial nasal processes appear several points of ossification, which merge by the end of the 3rd month, forming the body, nasal and roasting the upper jaw proges. An independent point of ossification has a cutting bone. At the 5-6th month of the intrauterine period, the maxillary sinus begins to develop.

Anatomy of man S.S. Mikhailov, A.V. Chukbar, A.G. Tsybulkin

The maxillary sinus ─ is a pair of organ, the cavity located on the right and to the left of the nose. Other names ─ Gaimores in the sinus, maxillary sinus. It is the largest of all nasal cavities. It occupies most of the bone, the amount of 10-12 cm 3. The type of sinuses depends on the individual constitution of a person, can change with age.

How is the apparent sinus

The sine of the upper jaw resembles a four-headed pyramid consisting of 5 inner walls:

top;
lower;
front (facial);
rear (recking);
internal (medial).

The top wall of the middle thickness (no more than 1.2 mm) is located near the eyelane. Approaching the cheekbone and the porcier edge, it thickens. In the thicker passes the supporting nerve. In infectious inflammation, the risk of involvement in the pathological process of an organ of vision increases.

Bottom wall is the thinnest. It is formed by an alveolar process lower jawwhich forms the border between sinus and oral cavity. Some people have bone tissue on the partition sections. There is only an assault, which protects the nerves and vessels from the epithelial shell. This is the bottom of the sinus, anatomically corresponds to the wellms of the last 4 teeth on the upper jaw. Through the hole, the tooth can be opened with a sinus when the exudate is clusted. A sharp inflammatory process can cover teeth, gum.

The medial wall comes into contact with the nasal cavity. It completely consists of spongy bone tissue. Thickness in the middle part 0.7-2.2 mm, to the edge of the front angle to 3 mm. At the top and stop on the wall there is a cleft ─ hole connecting the sinus sinus with a nose passage. It is localized high, under the bottom of the eye. Such anatomy contributes to the stagnation of mucus and the development of inflammation. A rosal channel will arrive to the front of the medial wall, to the rear ─ cells of the lattice labyrinth.

The anatomy of the facial maxillary sinus covers the area of \u200b\u200bthe upper jaw between the alveolar process and the edge near the eyeboard. This is the thick wall of the apparent sinus. Outside its muscular facial fabric blocks. In this place sinus can be palpable. In the center there is a deepening ─ "Fang Pie" (thin face of the face wall). At the top edge there is a hole where the porznilny nerve comes out. Here also intertwined the branches of the trigeminal nerve and major porazhny arteries.

The rear wall is located in parallel to the topless hill, has the form of a compact plate. It expands and forms an alveolar and zilly process, consisting of a spongy substance. Thickness varies from 0.8 to 4.7 mm. The wall passes a lot of capillaries and alveolar tubules. With excessive filling of sinuses with air or as a result of destructive processes of the wall of the tubules are thinned. This leads to the fact that the epithelial shell arrive to the nerves and blood vessels. From the back of it, it is adjacent to the poklotnaya fossa and the plexus of lymphatic, venous vessels. Therefore, when inflammation, the risk of blood infection is created.

Inside all the walls of the maxillary sinus are lined with fiscal epithelium. It is characterized by a small number of vessels, nerves, glassoid cells, which produce mucus for the normal functioning of the organ. Therefore, inflammatory-infectious diseases can continue to flow without explicit symptoms and move into a chronic stage. Pneumatization (filling the sinuses air) is a physiological norm.

Physiology of the top jaw

The main functions of the maxillary sinuses:

breathing;
protective;
olfactory;
speech (resonator).

The maxillary sinus is actively involved in his nose breathing. When inhaling the air falls into sinus, where cleansing, moisturizing, in winter season heating. These actions perform a fixed epithelium. It delays small foreign particles, harmful substances. The mukiciliary system (semicircle) provides protection against pathogenic microbes (mucus has bactericidal properties), overcooling respiratory organs. Dry air is moisturized in the sinuses and prevents the drying of the larynx, trachea, bronchi.

Sinuses also have baroreceptor properties, stabilize air pressure in nasal passages with external precipitation of atmospheric pressure.

For diseases of the sinuses, the olfactory nasal analyzer is disturbed. The perception of smells in a special area is violated from the olfactory slot to the nose of the middle nasal shell. During its layout, the forcing and diffusion (penetration) of the air is disturbed.

Air sines along with a larynx, the throat is involved in the formation of the voice. When passing over sinuses, the air resonates that it gives a certain individual voice of the audio published. With inflammation, the mucous membrane is thickened, the volume of the sinuse is reduced. This partially changes the voice of a person. If the nerve is damaged, which resulted in paresis or paralysis, develops an open or closed bench.

The air volume of the maxillary sinuses total is 30-32 cm 3. Folding out with air, the sinuses facilitate the weight of the cranial bones. They also give an individual shape, the features of the structure of the face of the head. With physically exposure, the sinuses perform the function of shock absorbers, reducing the force of external blow, reducing the degree of injury.

Diseases of Gaimorovy Sinusov

The disease diagnosed more often than others is inflammation of the maxillary sinus. In form, the disease is acute and chronic, at the location of localization, the sinusitis is divided into one-sided (right or left), bilateral.

Causes of inflammation according to the degree of decrease:

viruses;
bacteria;
allergic agents;
mechanical injuries, chemical burns;
congenital anomalies of the nasal partition and facial bones;
polyps malignant tumors, foreign body.

Depending on the listed factors, the inflammation of the sinuses is an infectious, allergic, vasomotor (violation of the tone of vessels).

Children often diagnose injuries of sine mucosa associated with the ingredient bodies. Severe consequences happen when mechanical damage The integrity of the bones during the strike of the swing, fall. The most dangerous car injury at which there are serious bones of bone fragments with damage to the main vessels and nerves.

Congenital and acquired anomalies, which subsequently lead to Qatar: